22.10.

09 Arc Flash Breaker > 120 volts

This shows 0 or close to it resistance fault. If it was 0 it would be strait up, but there is always some
resistance. The added resistance slows this rate of rise so it provides some time to allow for switches
to fire, and build arc voltages. The R is on the neutral transformer cirxuir and between the VI
contacts. So it is not normally in the circuit until the arc flash to ground arrives. This is HRG systems
which Jim Bowen / Aramco / Powell Principal has led in 2009, for LV MCC’s, now apply at over 1000
volts.

One advantage MV has is the Principal Switchgear Engineer at Eaton, General Electric and ABB (that
is me) also worked along side the LV 120 volt Residential Home Arc Flash Designers. They actually
tested these breakers in the same labratory I worked for, and saw both LV and MV arc flash testing.
Even tested the black box circuitry, closing the switches on lamp cords, hair dryers, and many
different home appliances. I thought from 2010 to 2022, how can I apply this to technology to larger
breakers - using the natural X of the system, and the availability of adding R, using fast acting
switches - such that the arc is controlled before the arc flash event happens at the fault location, or
at least bring it down ALOT. From Dangerous to PPE 4, or preferably all the way to PPE 1. The shock
hazard still exists and some PPE will always be required. BUT space ship suits are hot, bulky, and
holding the tools - is challenging. Slipping or dropping the tool with heavy gloves - still can blast a
worker out of a cubicle. You survive with just a minor head injury. My PAR Authorization

Will discuss how di/dt, dv/dt - PD signals, can pre fire the VI switches- if the fault is not
persistent/short time pick up, then it resets - waiting 1/2 half a loop, to make another switching
decision.

Rather than have massive 50 ms operations- we have many 1 ms motions, every ready to open or
close at intervals of 1/2 half loop. For symmetrical that time is 8.33 ms (60 Hz) or 10 ms (50 Hz). VI
contacts can easily do 1 million operations. So yes they are moving alot. The arcing voltages of
vacuum are close to zero at current zeros - so it is closed during high currents and open just before
current zeros.

Very simple math, and KEMA star top labratory expert in Orlando Florida confirmed - yes Steve, I
agree with your Math, and I will test it for you. That is what KEMA does to show results for the
Utilities. It was at that moment - full green light to proceed, it works. Many - dozens of experts in the
field understand this exactly. It is not rocket science.

There is no excuse for loss if life whether it is hourly worker or highly trained arc flash engineer
rubbing nameplates on live equipment.