CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

By: Molla B.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Digital signal processing is an area of science and engineering that has developed rapidly
over the past 30 years.

 The rapid developments in integrated-circuit technology, starting:

 With medium-scale integration (MSI)

 progressing to large-scale integration (LSI),

 And now, very-large-scale integration (VLSI) of electronic circuits has encouraged

the development of:
 Powerful, Smaller, Faster and cheaper digital computers and special-
purpose digital hardware.

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 These inexpensive and relatively fast digital circuits have made it possible to
construct highly sophisticated digital systems.

 Capable of performing complex digital signal processing functions and tasks,

which are usually to difficult too expensive to be performed by analog signal
processing systems.

 Many of the signal processing tasks that were conventionally performed by

analog means are realized today by less expensive and often more reliable
digital hardware.

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 Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing
Signals: is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other
independent variable or variables. Mathematically, we describe a signal as a function of
one or more independent variables.

Example: (1.1)

(1.2)
Describe two signals, one that varies linearly with the independent variable t(time) and a
second that varies quadratically with t.

(1.3)

This function describes a signal of two independent variables x and y that could represent
the two spatial coordinates in a plane.
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Example1: Temperature over time t, brightness (luminance) of an image over (x; y),
pressure of a sound wave over (x; y; z) or (x; y; z; t) Speech signal:

Example2: pressure as a function of altitude, sound as a function of time, color as

a function of space, ……

(1.4)

System: is a physical device that performs an operation on a signal

Examples: Analog amplifier, noise canceller, communication Channel, transistor, filter

For example: a filter use to reduce the noise and interférence corrupting a desired
information- bearing signal. In this case the filter performés some operations on the signal

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 In General if the operation is linear, then the system is called linear and if the
operation is non linear, the system is said to be nonlinear.

How is a System Represented?

 A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal

Input signal Output signal

System
x(t) y(t)

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 Types of Systems
 Causal & Non-causal

 Linear & Non Linear

 Time Variant &Time-invariant

 Stable & Unstable

 Static & Dynamic

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 Basic Elements of a Digital signal processing system
Most of the signal encountered in science and engineering are analog in nature
The signals are functions of a continuous variable, such as time or space and values in a
continuous range
Signals can be processed directly by appropriate analog systems
Analog Analog
Analog
signal output signal
input signal
processor
Figure 1.1: Block diagram of analog signal processing system

 Digital signal processing provides an alternative method for processing the analog
signal to perform the process digitally
 The convertor which interface between analog to digital is called analog-to-digital
(A/D)
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  The output of the A/D convertor is a digital signal that is appropriate as an input to the
digital processor.
 The digital output from the digital signal processor is to the user in analog form.
 The interface between digital to analog is called Digital-to-Analog (D/A) convertor

Analog Digital Analog

A/D D/A
input signal signal output signal
convertor convertor
processor

Digital Digital
input signal output signal

Figure 1.2: Block diagram of a digital signal processing system

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 Advantages of digital signal processing

 System allows flexibility in reconfiguring

 More Accuracy
 Signals are easily stored on magnetic media without loss of signal
fidelity
 Easily applied in practical systems
 Digital implementation of signal processing system is cheaper
 It allows the implementation of more sophisticated signal
processing algorithms

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 Classification of Signals
Deterministic vs. Random Signals
Deterministic signal:
 Any signal that can be uniquely described by an explicit mathematical
expression, a table of data, or a well-defined rule
 All past, present and future values of the signal are known precisely without
any uncertainty
Random signal:
 Any signal that lacks a unique and explicit mathematical
 It may not be possible to accurately describe the signal
 The deterministic model of the signal may be too complicated to be of use.
 These signals can’t be expressed mathematically
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 Continuous-Time vs. Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signals:
 signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent variable
that ranges over the real numbers and are denoted as x( t ) .
 Signal is defined for every value of time in a given interval (a, b) where (a ≥ -∞)
and (b ≤ ∞).
Examples: voltage as a function of time, height as a function of pressure….
Discrete-Time Signals:
 Signal is defined only for certain specific values of time; typically taken to be
equally spaced points in an interval.

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 signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent variable
that ranges over the integers and are denoted as x[n]
Examples: number of stocks traded per day, average income per province.

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