Exploring the Potential of Sawdust-

Induced Pads in Oil Adsorption

Reidge Denille D. Charm Sandy S.

Gillian P. Manatad Elaine S. Caraig
Valdez Gomez

Jemeia D. Villanueva Margie C.Condicion Nicole Erica M. Tabil

Francis b. Salva

Leah Rose Dela Rosa

INTRODUCTION

0
INTRODUCTION

Oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that harms the surrounding environment.

The catastrophic and massive spills are highly considered as their damage to

the environment is high in quantity. However the smaller and chronic oil spills

occur on a normal basis. Many techniques are used to clean oil spills. “Among

the many natural organic sorbents available, sawdust has big potential to be

used as oil absorbent due to its advantages of being low-cost source, low

density and exhibiting hydrophobic-oleophilic characteristics” (Hussein, 2018).

Oil spills can have disastrous effects on marine life and ecosystems. The

researchers will use sawdust to absorb oil spills, which is a typical strategy for

minimizing the environmental impact of oil spills on marine life which is

biodegradable, widely available, and can aid in the absorption and

containment of spilt oil. Sawdust, the most plentiful organic biodegradable

substance, is used to treat oil spills since it is inexpensive, safe, quick, easy to do,

an absorbent material, and can take up oil. Sawdust is often used as a sorbent

because it is readily available and effective. Since trees can be planted again

and will regrow. Furthermore, according to Amr S Ismail, 2015) "Treatment of oil

spills using natural sawdust, the most abundant biodegradable organic

material".

Reduced sawdust pads for oil spills are natural, sustainable substitutes for

more conventional absorbent materials like sawdust that are used to clean up

oil spills. These pads are made to absorb and hold oil more effectively while

causing the least amount of damage to the environment. Using sawdust as an

oil absorbent reduces the environmental impact of oil spills and leaks. It prevents

1
roil from spreading in bodies of water and reduces the impact on aquatic

habitats and wildlife. Oil absorbents based on sawdust are biodegradable and

may be disposed of more ethically than synthetic equivalents.

Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of the material for oil-

spill removal by investigating factors such as pH levels and contact time (Meez,

et al., 2021). This research will contribute to the development of more efficient

and eco-friendly methods for oil spill cleanup. Additionally, testing the

effectiveness of sawdust with different types of oils is crucial for advancing this

field and gaining insights into its efficiency across various oil spill scenarios.

Furthermore, extensive research is required to understand the ecological

consequences and long-term effects of oil spills and the use of dispersants,

evaluating their potential risks and benefits while developing innovative

technologies to mitigate their impact (Partha, 2014). Comprehensive

evaluations of cleanup techniques, including skimming, burning, dispersal

application, and bioremediation, are essential for assessing their efficiency in

cleaning dispersed oils and identifying areas for improvement to achieve more

effective and environmentally friendly approaches for oil spill cleanup

(Niyomugabo, 2015).

Sawdust-induced pads are one of the most important aspects to

consider. This entails calculating how much oil or other hydrophobic substances

a sawdust pad can absorb. This capacity is determined by parameters such as

sawdust type, particle size, and processing method utilized to manufacture the

pads. The researchers will use different classes of sawdust in various types of oils

and compare the results. Through this, the researchers are set to develop

2
strategies to improve oil adsorption properties of the sawdust-induced pads by

modifying its characteristics. Surface treatments or coatings can increase

hydrophobicity and improve oil-over-water selectivity. The researchers would

also test whether a disposable or reusable can be created out of the sawdust

pads. Cleaning and regeneration procedures for reusable and disposable pads

should be investigated.

While there are numerous significant progressions in understanding the

utilization of sawdust in the oil absorption process, more study involving

parameters such as effectiveness, duration of adsorption and conducting of

experiments on a variety of sawdust types should be focused on. The rationale

of the research is anchored on the fourteenth goal of the 17 Sustainable

Development Goals (United Nations, 2015). This revolves around the

conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas, and marine sources.

Current efforts in attempt to protect life below water are not meeting the urgent

need to safeguard the said resource. For open ocean areas, sustainability can

be achieved only through increased international cooperation to protect

vulnerable habitats. “Establishing complete, effective, and equitably managed

systems of government-protected areas should be pursued to conserve

biodiversity and ensure a sustainable future for marine life” (The Sustainable

Development Goals Report, 2023). The researchers are mapping perceptions

and ideas about the potential of sawdust as an oil spill clearance tool that is

cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and could be of use widely in the future

as an alternative organic material. The researchers’ locale, which is Calatagan,

Batangas and it is also known for its numerous coastal conditions and fishing, is

3
the main livelihood of the residents. This study is essential to reduce the effects

and speed up the clearance process of an oil spill incident if it will ever occur in

the locale.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Oil spills can have catastrophic consequences for ecosystems and

wildlife, significantly impacting marine life. This research aims to study the

effectiveness of various sawdust-induced pads as an alternative oil spill

absorbent in consideration with parameters such as pH levels and contact time.

This study will assess how the product would be useful as an oil spill response

material that is environmentally friendly and accessible.

This study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the materials to be used and how cost-efficient would they be?

2. In what possible ways can the researchers test the:

3. How long does it take for sawdust to absorb oil?

4. Which kind of sawdust absorbs most oil and how efficient is it in larger scale

testing?

4.1. Santol Sawdust

4.2. Molave Wood Shavings

4.3. Coconut Timber

4
5. How effective is the sawdust-induced pad in absorbing and separating oil

from water?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This research focuses on sawdust-induced pads for absorbing oil spills. The

Research study will be conducted at E. Zobel Foundation, Inc. Senior High

School, from August to Dec 2023. This study will determine the effectiveness of

sawdust in absorbing oil and how it can be environmentally friendly. It will focus

on investigating the effectiveness of sawdust in separating oil from water or

other fluids. The study's scope includes evaluating absorption capacity,

analyzing influential factors, assessing environmental impact, and exploring the

economic feasibility of such absorbents. The primary materials to be used are:

sawdust, binder, mold or frame, press or compressor and drying equipment.

On the other hand, this study has factors that would not be discussed and

presented. This includes the usage of chemical additives, plastics, metallic

components and hazardous substances in creating the sawdust pads. The study

will strictly avoid the use of substances that are known to be hazardous, toxic, or

pose a risk to human health or ecological systems. Other aspects of oil-water

separation, that is aside from absorption capacity, such as oil recovery methods

or separation efficiency will not be the primary focus. The specific oils chosen for

experimentation may also not encompass the entire spectrum of oil used in

practical applications. The investigation into the potential of sawdust-induced

5
pads for oil absorption offers a unique and innovative approach to address

issues posed by oil spills and contamination. However, it may be necessary to

conduct further studies to confirm and establish the reproducibility of results.

METHODOLOGY

This study uses experimental quantitative research design that utilizes the

scientific approach. The purpose of the research is to do a comparative

analysis between the variables which includes various types of sawdust and their

potential in oil adsorption. The first step is to prepare the samples for

experimentation. In this case, the sawdust-induced pads should be carefully

prepared, ensuring uniformity and standardization. Factors such as the particle

size of the sawdust, chemical treatment of the sawdust (if any), and the overall

construction of the pads need to be considered. The preparation of control

samples, such as commercially available oil adsorbents, will also be considered

for comparative analysis.

Data Gathering Procedures

The group initiated the process by collecting the required materials and

tools, followed by the choice of sawdust variety (santol & coconut timber) for

experimentation. Emphasis was initially placed on the measurement and

verification of material accuracy. Following this, diverse paper types from

different sources were tested to assess their oil absorption capabilities.

Ultimately, pads were made from pure sawdust, undergoing immersion in water

and oil for subsequent testing. The accurate testing procedures facilitated a

6
comprehensive analysis of the oil absorption capabilities of the pads induced by

sawdust.

Preparation of Materials

The research method focused on assessing Santol (Sandoricum koetjape),

Molave (Vitex parviflora) and Coconut Timber (Cocos nucifera) sawdust's oil-

absorbing capabilities using biodegradable and marine-friendly equipment.

Subsequently, tools were prepared in assistance to test the capabilities and

hydrophobic-oleophilic characteristics of each variety (Hussein et al., 2019). In

the post-testing experiment, the researchers constructed sawdust-induced pads

with the interventions of materials with low water solubility such as Gabi leaves

(Colocasia esculenta) and calcium carbonate (National Center for

Biotechnology Information, 2004). Mushy consistency was then achieved using a

blender and a wooden frame was used as a mold for the absorption pads.

1. Pulp Production Material

1.1. Sawdust

Sawdust or wood shaving is a relatively abundant and inexpensive

lignocellulosic compound, which is provided by mother nature (Mallakpour et

al., 2021). A sawdust product could be an oil sorbent for the separation of water

and gas-oil mixture (Zang, 2015).

2. Binder & Coating Production

2.1. Taro Leaves

7
 The waxy layer covering taro leaves, primarily composed of 1-

octacosanol, serves a dual purpose in water resistance. It acts as a hydrophobic

barrier, repelling water and preventing excessive absorption (Chemical &

Engineering News, 2019).

2.2. Calcium Carbonate

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is considered insoluble in water under

normal conditions due to its low solubility product. Calcium carbonate has an

extremely high lattice energy, which is one of the reasons it is insoluble in water.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1.
Preparation of Materials and Tools for Pre-Testing

A pre-test was conducted to determine the independent variables that

the researchers would use to manipulate the results of post-testing. A variety of

oils and wood shavings (as shown in Table 1) were put on trial to identify the one

with most effectiveness and functionality.

8
 Table 1.

Description About the Materials Used in Pre-Testing

Quantity Contact Description of the

Oil pH Level
(in mL) Time Results

The wood shavings

proved to be
Motor Oil absorbing
First
Crude 10 mL Stable excellently and
(Santol
Oil 10 mL 2 mins Stable effortlessly soaking
Wood
Vegetab 10 mL Stable up oil residue.
Shavings)
le Oil Moreover, crude oil
exhibits the most
visibility in the
observation phase.

The molave wood

shaving, upon close
observation, exhibits
Second a low oil-absorbing
(Molave Crude capacity. When
20 mL 3 mins Stable
Wood Oil placed in a
Shavings) container with oil, it
tends to sink,
indicating a limited
ability to absorb the
oil content.

After blending the

wood shavings, the
Third santol sawdust
Crude
(Santol 50 mL 4 mins Stable displays better
Oil
Sawdust) buoyancy. It remains
afloat and persists in
absorbing the oil
without submerging.

9
 As shown in Table 1, modifications were made in each experiment.

Measurement and contact time are directly proportional to each other, wherein

both increase to accommodate every additional factor.

Figure 2.

Process of Pre-Testing

The inherent qualities of wood shavings/sawdust, as an organic sorbent,

contribute significantly to the construction of an effective oil absorbent pad.

Notably, these materials possess natural hydrophobic and oleophilic properties,

making them well-suited for absorbing oils while repelling water (Hussein et al.,

2019). Considering the valuable input recorded, it was used as a foundation to

determine the procedures that would be implemented in the subsequent stages

or actions.

Experimental Design for Post-Testing

10
 Figure 3 serves as a visual aid, illustrating the potential wide-scale

application of the product. The visual representation provides a clear and

accessible way to convey the practical implementation of the sawdust-based

absorbent pads on a larger scale. The visual depiction likely showcases

scenarios such as large-scale oil spill responses, highlighting the adaptability and

effectiveness of the product in real-world situations.

Figure 3.

Potential Wide-Scale Application of Product

Figure 4.

Experimental Design

11
 An experimental design (as shown in Figure 4) was used to denote the

components of each sample and demonstrate the variables that would have

an impact on the product’s functionality. Eight (8) samples were made using

different ratios of variables and tested to compare each of the indicated

characteristics.

Figure 5.

Pad Pulp Production for Post-Testing

In this particular phase, the focus was narrowed down to the utilization of

only two types of sawdust: Santol (Sandoricum koetjape) and Coconut Timber

12
(Cocos nucifera). The shredded paper was subjected to a soaking process

lasting 2 hours and was blended to achieve a mushy consistency. This aligns with

the handmade approach to paper making, as outlined in the work by Alam et

al. (2018).

Figure 6.
Application of Hydrophobic Material (Gabi Leaves)

In the lead-up to pad production, a distinctive approach was adopted

by incorporating Taro leaves (Colocasia esculenta) into the pulp mixture. The

objective behind this was to augment the hydrophobicity and water resistance

characteristics of the pads (Kumar & Bhardwaj, 2020). The researchers’ focus is

to imitate the hydrophobic properties of Taro leaves (Dupiano et al., 2019).

Following this, the process was systematically replicated several times, allowing

for the creation of ten (10) distinct samples. Each was characterized by a variety

of combinations featuring different ratios of materials (as shown in Table 2).

Table 2.
Input of Each Sample

13
 Components Quantity Ratio of Drying Time
Components

Carton Box &

Pad A Sawdust Mixture
300 g
(Coconut Used Paper & 1:1 24 hrs
300 g
Timber) Gabi Leaves
Mixture
Pad B
Sawdust 500 g 41 hrs & 30
(Coconut 2: 1
Used paper 250 g mins
Timber)

Pad C Sawdust 150 g

19 hrs & 30
(Coconut Carton Box 150 g 1:1:1
mins
Timber) Gabi Leaves 150 g

Carton Box &

Pad D Sawdust Mixture
50 g 19 hrs & 30
(Coconut Used Paper & 1:3
150 g mins
Timber) Gabi Leaves
Mixture

Pad E Santol Sawdust 100 g

1:1 15 hrs
(Santol) Used Paper 100 g

Pad F Santol Sawdust 100 g

1:3 15 hrs
(Santol) Used Paper 300 g

Pad G Santol Sawdust 300 g

3:1 15 hrs
(Santol) Used Paper 100 g

Santol Sawdust 200 g

Pad H
Used Paper 200 g 1:1:1 15 hrs
(Santol)
Carton Box 200 g

Santol Sawdust
Pad I 300 g
Used Paper & 3:1 15 hrs
(Santol) 100 g
Carton Box Mixture
Figure 6.
Preparation of Labeled Samples for Testing

14
 Figure 7.
Pad Immersion Test (Absorption Test A)

Oil Absorption Capacity

To scrutinize the oil absorption process on the water surface, a controlled

experiment was conducted. This experimental setup allowed for the observation

and analysis of how the adsorbent interacted with the oil present on the water

surface (Liu & Wang, 2019). As seen in Fig. 7, The observed behavior of the pad

immersing rapidly in the oil, with an absorption time ranging from 10 to 20

seconds, signifies an outstanding sorption capacity for oil.

Contact Time and Oil Retention

15
 The capacity to retain oil is a crucial aspect of an effective absorbent,

complementing the initial absorption process. Some sorbents may release the

absorbed oil quickly, especially when faced with environmental disruptions or if

the weight of the recovered liquid exceeds their capacity. This challenge is

particularly notable in sorbents with low inherent strength. The specialized design

of these pads, tailored specifically for crude oil with its high viscosity, stands as

an advantage for enhanced oil retention (International Tanker Owners Pollution

Federation, 2014). Modifications were also made to accommodate oil retention

capacity after tests and remains a subject for improvement.

Figure 8.
Application of Material for Hydrophobicity and Buoyancy

Picture 1. Measure Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) with 1:1 ration to water. Picture 2. Coat the top of the

pad using the mixture and let it dry.

The incorporation of physical surface treatments, including coatings,

stands out as a method to enhance paper resistance to moisture or water

penetration (Hazwani et al., 2013). In the case of these samples, the observed

coating layer plays a crucial role in regulating buoyancy, effectively keeping

16
the pads afloat on the water surface. Research indicates that calcium

carbonate (CaCO3), employed as a surface coating, introduces hydrophobic

characteristics due to its low solubility in water (PubChem, 2023). By utilizing

calcium carbonate as a coating, moisture absorption is controlled, imparting a

buoyant property to the pads (Vahidgolpayegani et al., 2017).

Figure 9.
Hydrophobicity Test with Calcium Carbonate-Coated Pads (Absorption Test B)

The water immersion test, as depicted in Fig. 9, served as a method to

assess both the oil absorption and retention capacities of the modified pads

with surface coatings. This experiment was designed to reveal whether the

application of a calcium carbonate coating contributes to the enhancement of

hydrophobicity in the absorbent material.

Absorption Test A Results

17
 For the Absorption Test A, all eight (8) samples were subjected to trials.

Parameters such as contact time, pH level, and the relationship between the

input and output of oil were considered. Each sample was immersed in water

containing 10 mL of crude oil, initiating the absorption process. Subsequently,

the oil residue was meticulously filtered and measured using a clear beaker with

a maximum capacity of 50 mL. To quantify the effectiveness of the samples,

calculations were carried out to determine the percentage of oil absorbed

using equation:

Q = (V / T) × 100

Where:

Q: Represents the percentage of oil absorbed

V: The quantity of oil absorbed by the absorbent (in mL)

T: The total amount of oil before testing (in mL)

Table 3.
Oil Absorption Test A: Analyzing the Results

18
 Oil Absorbed Percentage
Contac Oil Residue
(difference of total of Oil
t Time (in mL)
value-oil residue) Absorbed

Pad A 42.11 s 1 mL 9 mL 90%

Pad B 19.32 s 5 mL 5 mL 50%
Pad C 27.43 s 5 mL 5 mL 50%
Pad D 19.85 s 5 mL 5 mL 50%
Pad E 19.88 s 5.5 mL 4.5 mL 45%
Pad F 15.95 s 4 mL 6 mL 60%
Pad G 22.47 s 7 mL 3 mL 30%
Pad H 18.00 s 6 mL 4 mL 40%
Pad I 18.00 s 5.5 mL 4.5 mL 45%

The analysis of results presented in Table 3 reveals that Pad A exhibits the

highest oil absorbency percentage among the tested samples. Notably, it also

boasts the longest contact time, emphasizing its inherent strength and the ability

to remain in contact while effectively retaining oil and maintaining buoyancy.

Further examination of the data indicates that Pad A through Pad D,

encompassing the range of 50% to 90%, demonstrate outstanding performance

in terms of oil absorbency. This pattern suggests that the similar components of

these pads, specifically Taro leaves (Colocasia esculenia) and Coconut Timber

(Cocos nucifera) sawdust, contribute significantly to the effectiveness of the

absorbent pads.

Absorption Test B Results

19
 For Absorption Test B, the procedures closely mirrored those of the
previous trials. Following the application and drying of the surface coating on
the pads, water immersion was carried out.

Table 4.
Oil Absorption Test B: Analyzing the Results

Oil Absorbed Estimated

Contact Oil Residue
(difference of total Percentage of
Time (in mL)
value-oil residue) Oil Absorbed

Pad A 26.36 s 0 mL 10 mL 100%

Pad B 20.23 s 4 mL 6 mL 60%
Pad C 21.91 s 4 mL 6 mL 60%
Pad D 27.43 s 1 mL 9 mL 90%
Pad E 18.68 s 5 mL 5 mL 50%
Pad F 22.23 s 4 mL 60 mL 60%
Pad G 23.23 s 3 mL 7 mL 70%
Pad H 19.48 s 5 mL 5 mL 50%
Pad I 17.87 s 5 mL 5 mL 50%

Based on the results (as shown in Table 4), reveal a significant difference in

the estimated percentage of oil absorbency for each sample. A noteworthy

observation is the decrease in contact time as the quantity of absorbed oil

increases, indicating a more rapid absorption process. This trend suggests a

tangible and effective impact stemming from the application of the surface

coating containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Particularly, the compositions

of Pad A exhibited exceptional adaptability to the conditions of the trials,

resulting in an estimated 100% oil absorbency.

Figure 10.

20
 Oil Absorbency Visual Representation

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

After the application of calcium carbonate-coating, each absorbent

increased in oil absorbency. This shows to prove that sawdust is an effective oil

absorbent (Ya Sippel et al., 2021) and exhibits a high crude oil removal capacity

(Kamgar et al., 2020). Additionally, the abundance and availability of Taro

(Colocasia esculenta) along with its hydrophobic nature which naturally repels

water (Dupiano et al., 2019) enhances its suitability for binding with other

materials in the absorbent pads. This property can aid in creating a cohesive

structure that resists the intrusion of water, ensuring that the absorbent remains

effective in oil-absorption scenarios. Lastly, the modification dealt with calcium

carbonate coating further developed the pads’ water resistance and

buoyancy (Hu et al., 2009).

CONCLUSIONS

21
 This study establishes the viability of absorbent pads crafted from sawdust

and recycled materials for use in oil spill responses. The incorporation of variables

such as Taro leaves as a binder and a surface coating consisting of a calcium

carbonate mixture contributes significantly to the pads' performance,

enhancing hydrophobicity, buoyancy, and oil retention. The researchers

successfully achieved their goal of expanding knowledge regarding the

potential of sawdust in oil adsorption through this comprehensive exploration. In

conclusion, these sawdust-based pads, combined with enhancement materials,

present practical applications in commercial markets and environmental crisis

response plans. The production process advocates for cost-efficiency, high

availability, and simplicity. While recommending further studies to enhance pad

quality and extend contact time without compromising inherent strength, future

research should incorporate equations for accurate oil absorbency

measurements and focus on parameters such as oil retention, hydrophobicity,

and reusability.

RECOMMENDATIONS

For the Students. The focus should be on prioritizing an in-depth examination of

various types of sawdust and their respective oil adsorption capabilities. It is

essential to recognize that not all sawdust types may exhibit the same

effectiveness in absorbing oil. It is also crucial to extend the investigation beyond

22
mere adsorption efficiency and delve into the potential environmental impact

of employing sawdust-based separators compared to conventional methods.

For the Teachers. Encourage students to conduct hands-on experiments using

different types of sawdust and varying parameters such as pH level and

concentration of the oil spill. This will allow students to gain practical experience

and develop critical thinking skills. It also promotes extracurricular programs,

such as environmental clubs or competitions, that focus on creating and testing

innovative environmental solutions, including sawdust-based pads for oil spill

cleanup.

For the Institution (EZF SHS). Establish a research initiative at EZF SHS dedicated

to understanding the prolonged effectiveness of materials like sawdust for oil spill

separation. Allocate resources for well-equipped laboratories, ensuring students

can conduct meaningful experiments.

For the Parents. Promote curiosity by engaging children in discussions about

possible applications of sawdust as an oil spill disperser. Encourage them to ask

questions and explore the environmental implications of this approach and

actively discuss the broader impact of their research on environmental

preservation. Lastly, raise awareness about the benefits of using sawdust-

induced pads for oil absorption through community initiatives, educational

programs, and social media.

For the Society. Emphasize that sawdust pads are a sustainable and

environmentally friendly solution for mitigating the effects of oil spills. As a natural

material, sawdust can minimize environmental damage and reduce the

23
ecological footprint of cleaning operations. Finally, advocate for policies that

promote the adoption of environmentally friendly solutions and contribute to a

more sustainable future.

For the Future Researchers. The focus should be on prioritizing an in-depth

examination of various types of sawdust and their respective oil adsorption

capabilities. It is essential to recognize that not all sawdust types may exhibit the

same effectiveness in absorbing oil. It is also crucial to extend the investigation

beyond mere adsorption efficiency and delve into the potential environmental

impact of employing sawdust-based separators compared to conventional

methods.

REREFENCES

Sha, L., Ma, C., Zhao, H., Qiu, S., Yan, Z., & Guo, D. (2021, May 27). Facile

fabrication of superhydrophobic filter paper with improved durability and

water repellency. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. Retrieved

November 18, 2023, from

24
 https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/npprj-2021-0010/html

?lang=en&fbclid=IwAR0UGYigentemee9vvXnlovdsDN710ucocxLwb0rqUl-

JTz17UuMn7o4drY

Yin, Z., Li, Y., Song, T., Bao, M., Li, Y., Lu, J., & Li, Y. (2020, April 20). Preparation of

superhydrophobic magnetic sawdust for effective oil/water separation.

Journal of Cleaner Production. Retrieved September 22, 2023, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S09596526203010

50?fbclid=IwAR3bjnCQy8hGKCtO-

VNwSYMSbque7A9SuaEHbNTMoNUBwNCfqye7HzRbZBM

Zaker, A., Chen, Z., Lee, K., & Hammouda, S. B. (2021, November). Development

of Sludge-Based Activated Char Sorbent with Enhanced Hydrophobicity

for Oil Spill Cleanup. Environmental Technology. Retrieved September 24,

2023, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356623958_Development_of_Sl

udge-

Based_Activated_Char_Sorbent_with_Enhanced_Hydrophobicity_for_Oil_S

pill_Cleanup?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YAbdullah, H.

H., Asa'ari, A. Z. M., Zawawi, N. I. M., Abdullah, L. C., & Zakaria, S. (2013).

Effects of Physical Treatments on the Hydrophobicity of Kenaf Whole Stem

Paper Surface Using Stearic Acid. BioResources. Retrieved November 18,

2023, from

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BioRes_0

8_3_4088_Abdullah_AZAZ_Phys_Hydrophob_Kenaf_StearicAcid_3924.pdf \

25
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. (2014, May 19). USE OF
SORBENT MATERIALS IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE. International Tanker Owners
Pollution Federation. Retrieved November 18, 2023, from
https://www.uvm.edu/seagrant/sites/default/files/uploads/TIP8UseofSorbe
ntMaterialsinOilSpillResponse.pdf

Lei, H., Chen, X., Guan, S., Liu, Y., Ding, X., & Wang, Z. (2009, December 29).
Hydrophobic calcium carbonate: an option for the value-added
conversion of wastes resulting from biodiesel production. Environmental
Chemistry Letters. Retrieved November 18, 2023, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-009-0267-1

Lv, N., Wang, X., Peng, S., Lou, L., & Zhou, R. (2018, August 28).
Superhydrophobic/superoleophilic cotton-oil absorbent: preparation and
its application in oil/water separation. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Retrieved November 19, 2023, from
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2018/ra/c8ra05420g

Meez, E., Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A., Rahdar, A., Thysiadou, A., Matis, K., & Kyzas,
G. (2020, December 18). Synthetic Oil-Spills Decontamination by Using
Sawdust and Activated Carbon from Aloe vera as Absorbents | Request
PDF. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. Retrieved September 7,
2023, from
https://biointerfaceresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20695837
114.1177811796.pdf

Niyomugabo, A. (2015). Review on the Oil Spill Detection, Oil Spill Incidences
and Cleanup. Academia.edu. Retrieved September 7, 2023, from
https://www.academia.edu/18866487/Review_on_the_Oil_Spill_Detection
_Oil_Spill_Incidences_and_Cleanup

NURLIYANA, S., & Hussein, M. (2019, January). (PDF) Study of Acid Treated Mixed
Sawdust as Natural Oil Sorbent for Oil Spill. Science Direct. Retrieved

26
 September 24, 2023 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338638843_Study_of_Acid_Tre
ated_Mixed_Sawdust_as_Natural_Oil_Sorbent_for_Oil_Spill

Odugbose, B.D., Dada, O.I., Adeyemi, H.O., Opafola, T.O., & Emeadi, C.F. (2022,
November 23). ASSESSMENT OF THE ADSORBENT CAPACITY OF SAWDUST
BRIQUETTE IN TREATING CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATED WATER. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology (JAET) Volume 27 No 1 (2022).
Retrieved September 7, 2023, from file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/224-
Article%20Text-388-1-10-20221122.pdf

Rosdi, M. H. H. M., Ahad, N. A., & Shahdan, D. (2022). Comparison on oil and
water absorption ability of various natural fiber. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2169/1/012021/pdf

Suiliaman, A., Hassan, A., Aldebany, M., & Amid, R. (2023, November 14). (PDF)
Comparative study on the effect of (sawdust) & ( charcoal) adsorption of
crude oil and engine oil from seawater. ResearchGate. Retrieved
November 21, 2023, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375636119_Comparative_stud
y_on_the_effect_of_sawdust_charcoal_adsorption_of_crude_oil_and_engi
ne_oil_from_seawater

Vahidgolpayegani, A., Wen, C., Hodgson, P., & Li, Y. (2016, November 18).
Production methods and characterization of porous Mg and Mg alloys for
biomedical applications. Metallic Foam Bone. Retrieved November 18,
2023, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B97800810128950
00020

Venosa, A., Anastas, P., Barron, M., Conmy, R., Greenberg, M., & Wilson, G.
(2014). Science-Based Decision Making on the Use of Dispersants in the

27
 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Request PDF. Oil Spill Remediation: Colloid
Chemistry-Based Principles and Solutions, First Edition. Retrieved
September 7, 2023, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277701635_Science-
Based_Decision_Making_on_the_Use_of_Dispersants_in_the_Deepwater_H
orizon_Oil_Spill

Wolok, E., Barafi, J., Joshi, N., Girimonte, R., & Chakraborty, S. (2021, November
21). Study of bio-materials for removal of the oil spill. Arabian Journal of
Geosciences. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-020-06244-3

Ya Sippel, Akhmetgaleeva, G. A., & Magdin, K. A. (2021, March). Application of

modified ash-tree sawdust for oil removal from water surfaces. DAICRA
2020. Retrieved September 7, 2023, from
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/699/1/012031/pdf

Mallakpour, S., Sirous, F., & Hussain, C. M. (2021, September). Sawdust, a

versatile, inexpensive, readily available bio-waste: From mother earth to
valuable materials for sustainable remediation technologies. Advances in
Colloid and Interface Science. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00018686210013
30

Yulinda, L., & Gadang, P. (2018, May). Corrosion resistance of API 5L grade B
steel with taro leaf (Colocasia esculenta) addition as corrosion inhibitor in
HCl 0.1 M. NASA/ADS. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1964b0031L/abstract

Zang, D., Liu, F., Zhang, M., Gao, Z., & Wang, C. (2015, June 16). Novel
Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Sawdust as a Selective Oil Sorbent
for Oil Spill Cleanup. Chemical Engineering Research and Desig. Retrieved
November 21, 2023, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278969662_Novel_Superhydro

28
 phobic_and_Superoleophilic_Sawdust_as_a_Selective_Oil_Sorbent_for_Oil
_Spill_Cleanup

Al-Majed, A., Adebayo, A., & Hossain, M. E. (2012, December 30). A sustainable

approach to controlling oil spills. Journal of Environmental Management.

Retrieved September 24, 2023, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03014797120040

33?

fbclid=IwAR3PStUy1V2M7nO9JhA5tS2TcV4XLoJVBY_jYxFmF0_YP6tG7nSx0W

2E2mQ

Dupiano, X., Junio, C. J., Sereno, A., & Sanchez, A. (2019, December). TARO

LEAVES (Colocasia esculenta) AS HYDROPHOBIC BIO-WAX COATING FOR

RECYCLED GROCERY PAPER BAGS. Research Gate. Retrieved November

18, 2023, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361330985_TARO_LEAVES_Col

ocasia_esculenta_AS_HYDROPHOBIC_BIO-

WAX_COATING_FOR_RECYCLED_GROCERY_PAPER_BAGS?

fbclid=IwAR3xQboGAFAfussZskptUF9eKWxWuKJWUnyA3kkMJhDL7cUAqtU

Eq5lJ2uE

Evangelista, C., Mallari, J. M., & Bolgado, C. (2018, May 18). .The Effectiveness of

the Bio-Wax Extract from Taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Waterproofing

Paper. Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts.

Retrieved November 19, 2023, from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/4683?

29
 fbclid=IwAR1n3Ra0I3GZcct4uzCrq4Go5aTOk12FX3Bp4Nu7e3Md-

i_CyBoOddv-4r0

Ghiasvand, S., Rahmani, A., Samadi, M., Asgari, G., Azizian, S., &

Poormohammadi, A. (2021, February). Application of polystyrene

nanofibers filled with sawdust as separator pads for separation of oil spills.

Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Retrieved September 21,

2023, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S09575820203171

34?fbclid=IwAR2pyc2TgA0VpAnKAsHAy1XncfZMuCKJWEdVSir-

CX67xXbPSDtBkei_eE8

Hussein, S. N., Othman, N. H., Dollah, A., Rahim, A. N., Japperi, N. S., &

Ramakrishnan, N. S. (2019). Study of Acid Treated Mixed Sawdust as

Natural Oil Sorbent for Oil Spill. Science Direct. Retrieved September 24,

2023, from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S22147853193384

16?

fbclid=IwAR03IRnBxmSU3xt7GX5Ft4PAOB_9xQWV8cU1sHikqurMQWgEh5zq

kMYUsC0

Ifelebuegu, A., & Johnson, A. (2017, June 2). Non conventional low-cost

cellulose and keratin based biopolymeric sorbents for oil/water separation

and spill cleanup - A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science

and Technology. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316229603_Non_conventional

30
 _low-

cost_cellulose_and_keratin_based_biopolymeric_sorbents_for_oilwater_se

paration_and_spill_cleanup_-_A_review?fbclid=IwAR3bjnCQy8hGKCtO-

VNwSYMSbque7A9SuaEHbNTMoNUBwNCfqye7HzRbZBM

Ishak, I. C., Mat Zaid, M. F., & Ramli, M. K. (n.d.). AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SIX

DIFFERENT TYPES OF THE NATURAL FIBRES AS AN OIL SPILL ABSORPTION.

Maritime Management Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute

Marine Engineering and Technology. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from

https://www.mimet.edu.my/v07/index.php/research-and-innovation/tech

nical-bulletin/category/8-marine-frontier-vol-11-ed-1-2020?

download=25:ismila-che-ishak-2020-an-experimental-study-of-six-different-

types-of-the-natural-fibres-as-an-oil-spill-absorption-pp

Ismali, A. S. (2015, September). Preparation and Evaluation of Fatty-Sawdust as a

Natural Biopolymer for Oil Spill Sorption. Research Gate. Retrieved

November 19, 2023, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299487282_Preparation_and_E

valuation_of_Fatty-

Sawdust_as_a_Natural_Biopolymer_for_Oil_Spill_Sorption?

fbclid=IwAR3_NAFdyiCNd1m3-ep_7kDJ6cD2EH8x59Fju5n-

Cis6lLczdFOZx7z5KkMmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicH

JldmlvdXNQYWdlIjo

Zamparas, M., Tzivras, D., Dracopoulos, V., & Ioannides, T. (2022, October 2).

Application of Sorbents for Oil Spill Cleanup Focusing on Natural-Based

31
 Modified Materials: A Review. MPDI. Retrieved September 24, 2023, from

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/19/4522?

fbclid=IwAR3bjnCQy8hGKCtO-

VNwSYMSbque7A9SuaEHbNTMoNUBwNCfqye7HzRbZBM

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

DDW

WWW

32