M101 – College and Advanced Algebra

Midterm

Mathematical expressions Mathematical expressions

• A variable is a symbol (usually a letter) that stands for a value • 1. 20 + ÷5x
that may vary. • 2. 13 x + 5y
• Mathematical Expressions is a combination of numbers and • 3. 2 3y 2 - 15x
variables in a valid way, using operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and other • 4. 2 + 3(12
operations and functions as yet unlearned.
• Examples:
12a, x + 35, and 3y 2
A mathematical expression must be well-formed.

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Translating Words into Mathematical Translating Words into Mathematical

Expressions Expressions
• Phrases that translate into sums and difference: • Phrases that translate into products and quotients

Phrase Translates to: Phrase Translates to: Phrase Translates to: Phrase Translates to:
sum of x and 12 x+12 difference of x and 12 x-12 product of x and 12 12x quotient of x and 12 x/12
4 greater than b b+4 4 less than b b-4 4 times b 4b 4 divided by b 4/b
6 more than y y+6 7 subtracted from y y-7 twice r 2r the ratio of 44 to r 44/r
44 plus r 44+r 44 minus r 44-r
3 larger than z z+3 3 smaller than z z-3

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Examples: Examples:
1. “120 larger than z” z+120 5. Thewidth of a rectangle is 14 cm shorter than its
2. “51 less than m” m-51 length L. Express the width of the rectangle in terms of its
3. “t decreased by 19” t-19 length L. W=L-14
4. Let x represent the width of the rectangle. The length represented
by y of a rectangle is 15 feet longer than its width. Express the length
of the rectangle in terms of its width x. 6. A wood measures 25 inches is cut into two pieces.
Let x represent the length of one of the resulting pieces.
y=x+15
Express the length of the second piece in terms of the
length x of the first piece.
length of 2nd piece= 25-x

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Examples: Combinations

7. “15 times x,” 15x • Some phrases require combinations of the mathematical
operations
8. “quotient of y and 8” y/8
Example:
9. “thrice w.” 3w
1. The second number y is 4 more than twice the first number.
10. A plumber has a pipe of unknown length L. He cuts it Express the second number in terms of the first number, x.
into 6 equal pieces. Find the length of each piece in terms
of the unknown length L. y=2x+4
Length of each piece= L/6

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Combinations
Example:
2. A first number x is 2 less than 5 times the second number.
Express the first number in terms of the second number y.
ALGEBRAIC
x=5x-2 EXPRESSIONS

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LEARNING OUTCOMES Algebraic Expressions

• At the end of this unit, the student should
be able to:
• 1.define the following: constants, variables,
expressions, terms, monomial, multinomial
,polynomials, coefficients,, factors, degree
of a term/polynomial and degree of a term
• 2.perform the fundamental operations on
polynomials and algebraic fractions
• 3.identify and factor polynomials
with common factors with special
products of the general quadratic
trinomial form, by adding and
subtracting the same expression
• 4. treasure the value of patience and
endurance
• Algebraic expressions are the equations we get when operations such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. are operated
upon any variable.
Example: Let us assume that Yuan and Zian were playing with lego
blocks and thought of Dino figure using them. Yuan took 16 pcs of
green lego blocks and 6 yellow lego blocks and formed the body of the
Dino figure. Zian added 11 more green lego blocks, 8 pcs of white lego
blocks and 6 pcs of black lego block to form the head of the Dino. He
then attached the head to the body to form the Dino. From this, they
concluded that they need (g +y) + (g + w + b) lego blocks, to make a
Dino lego figure. Here, (g +y) + (g + w + b) is called an algebraic
expression.

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Algebraic Expressions Algebraic Expressions

• An algebraic expression (or) a variable expression is a combination of
terms by the operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, • There are different
division, etc. components of an
algebraic expression.
• Examples:
• Variables,
• 1. 3y + 19
• Constants,
• 2. 8m – 3xy + 2
• Terms, and
• 3. (x+ y ) = 15x + 3
• Coefficients

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Algebraic Expressions

• Variable - a symbol that doesn't have a fixed value and can take any value.
• a,b, x, y, z, m
• Constant - a symbol that has a fixed numerical value. All numbers are constants.
• 16, 9, -(1/4), √7
• Term - a variable alone (or) a constant alone (or) it can be a combination of variables and
constants by the operation of multiplication or division.
• 9x2, -(4y/3), √(7x)
• Coefficients - the numbers that are multiplying the variables.
• 9, -43, and 7.

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Algebraic Expressions
• To simplify an algebraic expression:
• For each algebraic expression, identify the number of terms. Then list • combine the like terms.
the coefficients and any constant terms. • combined together the same powers.
Simplifying Example: y3 + 5y2 − 2y3 + 6y − y2 + 8 − 7y

Expressions No. of Coefficients Constant Variables Algebraic • = (y3 − 2y3) + (5y2 − y2) + (6y − 7y) + 8
• = −y3 + 4y2 - y + 8
1. 7a + 21
terms
2 7 21 a
Expressions • Hence, the algebraic expression y3 + 5y2 −
2. 5x + 3y – 2z + 4 4 5, 3, -2 4 x,y,z 2y3 + 6y − y2 + 8 − 7y simplifies to −y3 +
3. ¼ x 1 1/4 None x
4y2 - y + 8

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Algebraic Expressions Algebraic Expression Formula

• Simplify the following expressions. • Algebraic formula are the derived short formula that help us in
1. 4x + 5x + 7 + x + 2 = (4x+5x+x)+(7+2)= 10x+9 solving the equations easily.
2. 2n + 3 – 5n + 6 = (2n-5n)+(3+6)= -3n+9 • They are just a rearrangement of the given terms in order to create a
better expression that is easy to memorize.
3. 5b + 7 – 3b3 – 4= -3b3 +5b+(7-4)= -3b3 +5b+3
• Some of the basic formula
4. -8 + 2d – 7 – 5d + 12= (2d-5d)+(-8-7+12)= -3d-3
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
5. 9b2 + 2n – 4 + 2b2= (9b2 + 2b2 )+ 2n – 4= 11b2 + 2n – 4
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a - b) = a2 - b2
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + x(a + b) + ab

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Types of Algebraic Expressions Types of Algebraic Expressions

• The types of algebraic expressions are based on the variables found in
the expression, the number of the terms of that expression, and the
values of the exponents of the variables in each expression.
1. Monomial - An expression with only one term where the exponents
of all the variables are non-negative integers.
Example: 5y, 14xy
2. Binomial - An expression with two monomials.
Example: (1/5)y – 4x2
3. Trinomial - an expression with three monomials.
Example: 5x - 3y + 4xz
4. Polynomial - an expression with one or more monomials.
Example: -(1/4)x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 7
5. Multinomial - An expression with one or more terms (the exponents
of variables can be either positive or negative)
Example: 5x-2 +3y+7z

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Algebraic Expressions Algebraic Expressions

• Identify the terms and the type of expressions . • Similar terms – terms that have the same literal part.
• Example: 1. 2ab and -4ab
Expression Number of Type of
• 2. xy and 15yx
Terms Expression
• Not similar or Dissimilar Terms – terms that have different literal part.
1. a + 5c
• Example 1. 4ab and 4a
2. p – px + py
• 2. x2 y and xy
3. a2 – b + 0.1
4. 3xy + 7x - 21 y +
4
5. 4xy

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Combining similar terms Removing Grouping Symbols

• Example1: 2x2 + 7x2 + x2 = 2x2 + 7x2 + 1x2 = (2+ 7+1) x2 = 10 x2 • Example 1: 3a + 2(b – c) = 3a + 2b – 2c
• Example 2: 9a -14a = (9 – 14) a = -5a • Example 2: -2(-3 + 4x) = +6 -8x Rule 1 : If a plus sign is immediately in
front of grouping symbols, then you can
• Example 3: -4a2b + a2b = -4a2b + 1a2b = (-4 +1)a2b = -3a2b • Example 3: -8 [ x2 -2x +1] = -8x2 + 16x – 8 remove these symbols without changing
the signs of the enclosed terms.
• Example 4: 2xy + 3yx = 2xy + 3xy = (2 + 3) xy = 5xy • Example 4: 2 + (x – 2y) = 2 + x – 2y
Rule 2: You can remove a minus sign
• Example 5: 3x2 - 2x + 4 + 12x2 – 9x – 3 • Example 5: 2 – (x – 2y) = 2 – x + 2y immediately in front of grouping
symbols by removing the grouping and
3x2 + 12x2 -2x -9x + 4 – 3 = (3 + 12) x2 + (-2 – 9)x +(4 – 3) changing the sign of each of the
enclosed terms.
= 15x2 - 11x + 1

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Removing Grouping Symbols Simplifying the expression

• Example 6: 5a + (3 – 4b + 3c) = 5a + 3 – 4b + 3c • Example 1: (3x – y) – (-4y -2x + 3)
• Example 7: (5x – 2y) + 3 = 5x – 2y + 3 • = 3x – y + 4y + 2x – 3
• Example 8: - (-2 -4a + 3b) = +2 + 4a – 3b • = 3x + 2x –y + 4y – 3
• Example 9: - (3a -2b) = +3a + 2b • = 5x + 3y – 3
• Example 2: x2 + 3[-6x + x2]
• = x2 – 18x + 3x2
• = x2 + 3x2 – 18x = 4x2 – 18x

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Simplifying the expression Simplifying the expression

• Example 3: 3(x2 – 5) – 4{ -a2 + 2x2} + 5[x2 + 3] • Example 4: -2[ x - (5x – 3)]
• = 3x2 – 15 + 4a2 – 8x2 + 5x2 +15 • = 2[ x - 5x +3)
• = 3x2 + 5x2 – 8x2 + 4a2 – 15 + 15 • = 2x – 10x + 6
• = (3 + 5 – 8)x2 + 4a2 + 0 • = -8x + 6
• = 0 + 4a2 + 0 • Example 5: 2x – 3[-2(x – 1) – x]
• = 4a2 • = 2x – 3 [-2x + 2 – x]
• = 2x + 6x -6 + 3x
• = 11x - 6

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M101 – College and Advanced Algebra
Midterm

Board Work
• Simplify the following:
• 1. 8x2 + 3x2 + 4x2 = 15x2
• 2. -2(7x -8y + 2y)=-14x+16y-4y=-14x+12y
• 3. (3a – 2b) + (4a -6b + c) =7a-8b+c
• 4. 5[3x + 2(5 – x)}=5(3x+10-2x)=15x+50-10=15x+40
• 5. { 9a – (3b + a + c)} – 4{2b + 3c}=(9a-3b-a-c)-8b-12c=8a-11b-13c

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