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Geography
Topic-2
PHYSICAL FEATURES

PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

● A chain of high mountains radiate out from the Pamir Knot which lies
just in the north of India.

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● In these mountains the Hindukush, the Suleiman and the Kinthar in

the east and the Himalayas in the west separate the Indian
subcontinent from rest of Asia Indian subcontinent can be divided
into following physical divisions:

● The Great Mountain wall of the North

● The Great Northern Plains.

● The Great Peninsular Plateau.

● The Coastal plains.

● The Great Indian Desert

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● The Island Group
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Geography
Topic-3
HIMALAYAS

● Himalayas are young fold mountains of tertiary period, which were

folded over Tethys Sea due to inter-continental collision.
● They stretch from the Indus River in the West to the Brahmaputra
River in the East.

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● The Himalayas, the highest mountain wall of the world, are situated
on the northern boundary of India like an ATC.
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● Mount Everest, the highest peak in the word, lies in these

mountains in Nepal. The total length is about 2500 km with varying
width of 240 to 320 km and a total area of 5000km2

DIVISIONS OF THE HIMALAYAS

The Himalayas consist of three parallel mountain ranges:

(1) The Greater Himalayas

(2) The Lesser Himalayas and

(3) The Outer Himalayas

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THE GREATER HIMALAYAS (OR HIMADRI)

● Northernmost part of the Himalayan range; it is the world's highest part

with an average altitude of 6,100 meters above the sea level . It includes
world's highest peak, Mt. Everest (8,850 m) located in Nepal. It is known
as Sagarmatha in Nepal and Chomolangma in China.
● Kangchenjunga that lies in Sikkim is the second highest peak of the
greater Himalayas.

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● Zanskar range is situated on the western part of Greater Himalayas. It
includes Nanga Parbat (8,126 meters of the Kashmir-Himachal region
and Nepal Dhaulagiri (8,172 meters).
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● This is the loftiest of the three ranges of Himalayas.

● Mount Everest lies in this range.

Location Important Passes

Jammu and Kashmir Burzil-LA ,Zoji-La ,Karakoram ,Banihal,

Rohtang

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Himachal Pradesh Barala,Chang -La, Shipki La

Uttarakhand Niti-La, Lipu-Lekh-La

Sikkim Jelep-LA, Nathu-La

Arunachal Pradesh Bomdi-La

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THE LESSER HIMALAYAS (OR THE HIMACHAL HIMALAYAS)

● South of the Greater Himalayas, the range also lies parallel to it from
west to east.
● Pirpanjal range (Jammu and Kashmir): It is the longest range of the
uniddle Himalaya.

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● Dhauladhar range (Himachal Pradesh); Missouri range (Uttarakhand):

Nag Tibba range (Nepal) Mahabharat range (Nepal).
● Important hill resorts are Shimla, Ranikhet, Almora, Nainital and
Darjeeling. Dharamshala, Dalhousie,Darjeeling, Mussorrie.
● Average height of the middle Himalayas is 3700-4500 km.
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THE OUTER HIMALAYAS (OR SHIWALIKS)

● This is the southernmost, the newest and the third parallel range of the
Himalayas.

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● Its breadth is only 10 to 50 kms. Shivalik range is broader in the west. .
Shiwaliks are characterized by fault scraps, anticlinales, crest and
synclinal hills.
● Average elevation is 900-1200m.
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TRANS HIMALAYAN ZONES

● This zone lies to the North of the Great Himalayas.

● Trans Himalayans, also known as Tethis Himalayang are the part of
Eurasian Plate and are formed of sedimentary rocks.
● Some important ranges of this zone are Karakoram and Ladakh, etc.

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● The highest peak in the region is K2 or Godwin Austin or Qatar (8,611 m

in Pak occupied Kashmir). Mount K2 is also the 2nd highest peak of the
world and the highest peak of India, located in the Karakoram range.
● Mt. Rakaposhi is the highest peak in Ladakh range and the steepest
peak in the world
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● Siachen glacier is the largest glacier of the world outside the polar
region (more than 72 km) and is located in Nubra valley.

● Indus river, flowing between Ladakh and Zanskar ranges from south
east to north west, originates from Chemayungdung glacier near
Kailash.

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THE GREAT NORTHERN PLAINS

● The northern plains are divided into three subdivisions.

● These are the Punjab and Haryana plains, the Ganga plains and the
Brahmaputra valley.
● The Ganga plains form the largest lowland drained by the Ganga and its
tributaries.
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● The Yamuna is the most important tributary of the Ganga
● The Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Kosi and the Tistas are other tributaries
of the Ganga.
● The Sone and the Damodar are tributaries of the Ganga while the
Chambal and the Betwa are tributaries of the Yamuna from the
peninsular plateau.
● It extends from west to east for 2400 km having an average width
150-300 km.
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● It is curposed of Bhangar (old alluvium), Khadar(new alluvium) in river

bed, Bhabar (porous grave) ridden plain at the foothills of Shivalik.

Difference between Bhangar and Khadar

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Bhangar Khadar

These are low plains composed The deposits of fresh alluvium

of older alluvium. every year brought by Himalayan
rivers makes this belt of northern
plains.

It contains calcareous deposits It does not contain calcareous

locally known as Kankar. deposits of locally known
deposits of calcium.
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Difference between Bhabar and Terai

Bhabar Terai

Bhabar is a long narrow plain Terai is a broad long zone at

along the foothills. south of bhabar plain

It is a pebble studded zone of It is a marshy damp area

porous beds. covered with dense forest .

It is 9-16 km wide. It is 20-30 km wide.

SUB-DIVISIONS OF GREAT PLAIN

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● Punjab Haryana plain:

It extends from Punjab in the west to Yamuna (Haryana, in the east.

They are composed of dhaya (heavily gullied bluffs and bets (Khadar
plains)
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● Rajasthan plain: Thar desert is the westernmost region of the great

Indian plain. A semi-arid plain lying to the east of the Thar desert is
known as Rajasthan bager. The Luni is the only south west flowing river
of the region.

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● Brahmaputra plain: A low level plain formed by the Brahmaputra river
system is situated between easter Himalayas in the north and lower
Ganga plain and Indo-Bangladesh border in the west.
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● The Eastern and Western Ghats demarcate the Faster and Western
edge of the Deccan Plateau.

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MEGHALAYA PLATEAU

● The Plateau is separated from the main block of the peninsular Plateau
by a gap called Garo-RajMahal gap.
● From east to west, the plateau comprises Garo Khasi, Jaintia and Mikir
Hills

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BUNDELKHAND UPLAND

● It is composed of granites and gneiss.

● It is located to the south of Yamuna river between Madhya Bharat
Pathor and Vindhyan scrap land.
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CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU

● It is composed mainly of Gondwana rocks with patches of granites and

gneisses and Deccan lavas .
● It covers mostly Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Purulia of West Bengal.

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DOAB

● Punjab Haryana plain is drained by five rivers and the intervening area
between the rivers is known as doab.

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● From South to North doabs are as follows:

Doab Region

Bist Doab Between Beas and Sutlej

Bari Doab Between Bees and Ravi

Rachna Doab Between Ravi and Chenab

Chai Doab Between Chenab and Jhelum

Sind Sagar Doab Between Jhelum and Indus

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THE GREAT PENINSULAR PLATEAU

● It is composed of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks.

● It covers a total area of 16000 km
● The Narmada which flows through a rift valley divides the region into
two parts, the central highland in the north and the Deccan Plateau in
the south. The Anamudi or Anamudi (2,695 meters) is the highest peak
of the peninsula.

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● The western edge of the plateau rises steeply from the Arabian Sea to
form the Western Ghats which includes the Sahyadri
● The eastern edge of the plateau is known as the Eastern Ghats.
● The north-western region of the Deccan Plateau is covered by nearly
horizontal sheets of lava. This region is called "Deccan trap region
● The Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Krishna and the Cauvery are the major
risers that have built deltas along the coast.
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● The Narmada and the Tapti rivers are west flowing .

● These rivers do not have deltas.

PLATEAUS UPLANDS OF PENINSULAR INDIA

Central Highland

● Central highland lies to the north of the Narmada river covering a major
area of the Malwa Plateau.
● The Aravallis range is bounded by the central highland on the north-west
and Vindhya range on the south.

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Deccan Plateau

● Deccan Plateau is a triangular land lying to the south of the river

Narmada.
● It comprises Maharashtra plateau, Kamataka plateau and the Telangana
and Rayalaseema plateau.

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