Voicing the Silenced: A Critique of “The Other Side of the

Silence” in Post-Colonial Feminist Perspective

ABSTRACT

The study investigates the German colonial conquest of West Africa (now Namibia)
and its impact on the unequal power relationship between colonizers and colonized.
It focuses on the issue of double colonization, where women in the colonies suffer
from both the highhandedness of the invading colonists and male chauvinism of the
natives. The research aims to trace the effects of foreign occupation and the
complications that relegate women to an inferior position and provoke complicated
reactions. The study is based on key features of colonialism and gender inequality, as
portrayed in Andre Brink's novel The Other Side of The Silence. The research is
conducted using Fairclough's Three-Dimensional Model of CDA and critically
analyses how post-colonial writers like Andre Brink portray women and their
responses during the colonial era. The novel gives voice to the voiceless, powerless
groups of society, highlighting the importance of recognizing and addressing
colonial subjectivity.

Introduction:

The study explores German colonial rule in Namibia, focusing on the story of Hanna
X, a real-life woman who is transported as a slave to provide wives and domestics for the
military. Hanna is mutilated and sexually assaulted by a drunken German officer, leading her
to a desert house called "frauenstein." She rescues another girl, Katja, from a rape by a
colonizer and the natives, discovering the power of hate. The study also exposes the secrets
of colonial trades in women and the rise of post-colonial feminism, which focuses on
sisterhood and rejects universal oppression. It embraces the potential for diverse, organic
feminism that seeks to end the ramifications of sexism, racism, and imperialism in their
totality.
Post-colonial writings like 'The Passage to India' and 'Orientalism' highlight the
antipathy and hatred between colonizers and the colonized. French theorists like Aime
Cesaire and Frantz Fanon also emphasized the concept of self and other. Gayatri Spivak's
'Can Subaltern Speak' discusses colonialism and oppressed groups, particularly women. Post-
colonial feminism addresses the long-lasting effects of colonization on nonwhite women,
including racism, unequal power relations, and political, economic, and cultural effects.
African author Tsitsi Dangarembga's novel 'Nervous Conditions' delves into the challenges of
becoming a woman in post-colonial violent contexts.
The study explores the relationship between discourse and gender and identity
construction, highlighting that discourse is a social practice that shapes our world. Unequal
power relations create social identities, leading to the notion of self and other. Discourse is
not a monolithic entity, but rather a constitutive and dialectical relationship with other social
dimensions. It also highlights the power of language, which can be individual or collective,
and can be exercised through discourse, control, or production. Powerful individuals manage
the manufacturing of public knowledge, attitudes, and ideologies. The study aims to
investigate how the image of females is constructed in post-colonial discourses in the context
of colonialism and the discursive strategies employed by discourse producers to construct this
image.
Research Questions:
  Does the Jargon colonizer and colonized succeed to interpret the highhandedness of
the oppressor?
 Are social effects on both, male colonized and female twice colonized are fair
unsilenced?
 Is the examination by the post-colonial not only the effects of foreign occupation but
also the resultant complications that relegate the women to an inferior position and
provokes complicated reactions?
Significance of the Study:
This study will be beneficial in contributing to the post-colonial larger body of
knowledge, particularly to the literary study of unequal power relationship between the
colonizers and colonized but by including the feminist perspective, it has narrowed down to
the issue of double colonization whereby women in the colonies suffer not only the
highhandedness of the invading colonists but also male chauvinism of the natives. Through
this study the researcher has tried to find the unequal power relationship between the
colonizers and colonized by including the feminist perspective. This study has also helped to
find out the role of periphery in discovering one’s self and voice in binary relation of
colonizer and colonized.
1.5 Research Aims & Objectives:
 To investigate and identify how the image of females is portrayed by post -colonial
writers in a colonial feminist perspective.
 To investigate how women in the colonial times were ‘double colonized’ in terms of
simultaneous suppression by colonizers and patriarchy.

The study will be a significant endeavour as it explores new angles in post-

colonial ideologies. The discourse analysis opens the window to a new thought that the
language can be used as a tool of communication and only by analysing the language of the
creative writers one can easily understand the myths of ideologies. The study is beneficial for
the researchers in future as critical discourse analysis is relatively a new method for the
research, so it will contribute to the improvement of new research methods. Since now no
significant work has been conducted in the area of critical discourse analysis with respect to
colonialism therefore this study is a step forward to novelty.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a comprehensive framework that
examines texts and their underlying influences of inequalities, domination, exploitation, and
power within discourse. It has been continuously revised and developed in his works,
including Language and Power, Discourse and Social Change, Critical Discourse Analysis,
Media Analysis, and Discourse in Late Modernity. Fairclough aims to unite three major
methods of textual and discourse analysis within CDA.
 In-depth textual analysis on the basis of Halliday’s (1985) functional grammar theory
 Macro-sociological analysis using Foucault’s (1980) theory
 Micro-level social traditions within sociology, ethnomethodology and conversation
analysis
Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a comprehensive approach that
focuses on the relationship between text and society, examining three interconnected
dimensions of discourse: object, processes, and socio-historical processes. These dimensions
are analyzed through textual, processing, and social analysis. However, the CDA does not
rely solely on textual analysis, as it fails to account for the inter-relationships between texts
and internal structures within a society and culture.
Some key concepts in Fairclough's CDA include text analysis, process analysis,
transitivity, inter-textuality, inter-discursivity, nominalization, and modality. Formal features
like grammar, syntax, sentence coherence, and vocabulary are critical in text analysis, as they
significantly affect production and consumption processes. Inter-textuality refers to the
presence of one text within another, often in direct quotations from the source text.
Interdiscursivity is a form of intertextuality that provides change and continuity, but can be
hindered by hegemonic relations and hegemonic struggle.
Transitivity and modality are two important grammatical elements in textual analysis.
Transitivity observes the connection between subjects and objects, while modality focuses on
the speaker's affiliation towards written statements. These concepts are essential for
understanding the relationship between society, discourse, and language use.

2.2 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s Post-Colonial Feminist Perspective

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is an influential name in the field of Post-Colonial

Feminism. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a prominent figure in Post-Colonial Feminism,
highlighting how colonial powers in the Indian Subcontinent aided in the subjugation of
brown women rather than liberating them from Hindu society. Her work, "Can the Subaltern
Speak?", has been widely debated in academic circles. The concept of subaltern refers to
brown under-privileged women in the Colonial-era Subcontinent India, who were silenced by
the scholarly works of Colonial British intellects. Imperial intellectuals of that era often
depicted brown women as voiceless entities confined to dark corners, subjected to barbaric
religious practices, and believed they were unable to decide their fate. Spivak differentiated
between two types of representation: darstellen, which refers to aesthetically and vertreten
representation of the others, and politically-motivated representation, which is seen as a
superficial attempt to celebrate cultural and social diversity, but in reality, it is an instrument
for propagating Western Imperialist ideals.

METHODOLOGY
This research deals with the issues like power, hegemony, dominance, class
ideology, gender, race discrimination, social structures and social orders. CDA explores
all these inter-related issues. CDA as a theory of language stresses at the multifunction
language which is the basic purpose of this study. Since a researcher cannot distance
him/herself from (1) what is being observed (2) the subject matter and (3) the methods
of study, the research becoming laden with inherent ideas reflected by the background,
status, beliefs, interests, values and skills of the researcher is inevitable. The researcher ‘s
active involvement minimizes the distance between the researcher and what is being
researched. The researcher has tried to focus on the meanings of social phenomena in order to
understand and explain a problem in its contextual setting. It is a question of meanings; the
individuals attach to a given situation. The researcher believes categorizing phenomena into
causes and effects is unnecessary and does not use the reduction method. They aim to
understand social reality through phenomenological insight, focusing on human nature
beliefs. They use small text samples, informal language, and accepted qualitative words to
investigate the issue in depth, allowing for personal voice and evolution of decisions through
analysis.
3.1 CDA as a Methodology
The critical theory of language gave rise to CDA which takes the use of language as a
form of social practice. Social practices are in turn tied to particular contexts. These are the
means to produce and reproduce existing relations with different interests. It is a question of
how a text is positioned. Whose interests are served by this positioning? What interests are
negated? Does this positioning have some consequences? All these questions relate to power
and hegemony. There searcher seeks to understand how and why discourse is related to
power. Since reality is constructed through discourse which can be investigated in CDA
paradigm, this research uses CDA as a methodology.
Fairclough‘s model for CDA consists of three interlinked analysis processes:
1. The analysis of the object.
2. The process by which the object is produced and received.
3. The social plus historical conditions that govern these processes.
The research analyses the selected texts by employing Fairclough’s Three-
Dimensional Model which comprises the following three levels:
1. Description
2. Interpretation
3. Explanation

The reason of using this approach in this research is that it focuses on the significance
which is attached to the makes up of the text, particular linguistic selections, their sequence,
layout and juxtaposition. Since the texts are instantiations of social discourses and are bound
socially, CDA is the most appropriate choice as it provides all these analytical tools.
The three boxes by Fairclough are nesting one inside the other. The technique used by
the researcher initially was to draw three empty embedded boxes. The researcher recorded the
analytical comments in the appropriate box as they occurred. This method enabled the
researcher to work with multiple analyses simultaneously. These three dimensions of
discourse are distinguished by the researcher as three stages of critical discourse analysis.
The first level is known as description which is concerned with formal properties of text.
Analysis in this level is generally thought of as a matter of identifying and labelling formal
features of a text in terms of the categories of descriptive framework. In simple terms, in first
level, the researcher examined:
1. Lexicalization
2. Activation and passivation
3. Nominalization
4. Mood choices
5. Modality
6. The theme of the text
7. Verb analysis
8. Cohesion

At the second level which is known as that of interpretation, the researcher is

concerned with the relationship of text with reference to MR knowledge of the author. The
perceptional position of the text producer is reflected in the text and this perspective is the
focus in this level. The researcher views the text as a product of a process of production.
Analysis cannot be seen as applying a procedure to an object. What the researcher
analyses is less determinate. This stage is more related to cognitive processes of participants.
The process of production of text is always determined socially which shows that language is
a social practice and it is conditioned by certain non-linguistic parts of society as well. The
researcher in this stage is more concerned to the MR (Member Resource) knowledge which
people draw upon to produce and interpret text. They are cognitive in the sense that they are
in people ‘s heads but social in the sense that their origins are social because they are
generated socially. The analysis is to analyse how the author has internalized what is socially
produced and available for him. This stage is concerned with how the author has used this
internalized MR to engage in social practice including discourse. Moreover, the researcher in
this level is more concerned to the social conditions which shape the MR people bring to
production and the way in which texts are produced and interpreted.
The third level is explanation and it is related to the relationship between interaction
and social context as well as the social determination of the processes of production,
Interpretation and the social effects. In this stage the researcher is concerned with the context
which is related German colonization of Africa in which the text being analysed is produced.
The researcher in this position has to offer interpretation and explanation of complex and
invisible relationships which are the result colonization.
3.2 Data Collection Procedure
Data collection procedure included researching, finding and selecting a text (book)
which best addressed the research questions and filled up the objective of this study. CDA is
considered to be the best method for educational research to investigate use of language
within social context. This method provided opportunities to consider the relationship
between discourse and society, between language and power and between text and context.
By accepting that the world around us is constantly changing the researcher has been
cognizant of the need of a theory which may be able to flex, bend and work with these
changes. CDA, in this regard, has been particularly useful. This study is purposive and is
given the name of social research. The book that has been chosen is the novel The Other Side
of The Silence by Andre Brink (African Post- colonial writer). Four extracts are carefully
chosen as data from the book that best addressed the research questions of the study. These
extracts are then critically analysed in three stages:
1. Description
2. Interpretation
3. Explanation

These three levels worked as a tool kit for linguistic analysis of the text. By using the
above-mentioned levels as a method in stage one, the linguistic characteristics of text are
described. In the second stage, the relationship between the productive and interpretive
processes has been described. In the third and last stage the relationship between text and its
social context has been explored.

3 Theoretical Framework

A theory provides a cushion to a certain study and the theoretical framework serves as
a guide to tour the research. Gayatri Spivak’s theory will be used in the current study as a
theoretical framework as it meshes well with the objectives of the study. The theory speaks
strongly about the disempowered groups of the society particularly the unrepresented
powerless women. The study tends to explore the same issue therefore Spivak’s theory
systematically guides the research questions and data analysis. It contains all interrelated
coherent set of ideas that are relevant to the process of this study. She proposes a flexible post
Marxist definition of ‘subaltern’ which takes women’s lives and histories into account and
she opens up all forms of social and cultural relationships e.g gender, race, sex and so on .In
this sense she provides a base to this research work because she also links up colonialism
with feminism which will be the key interest of this research research.
DATA ANALYSIS
This section of the paper deals with the analysis of the data. Data analysis has been done
according to Fairclough’s Three Dimensional Model, by using its three levels:
1. Description
 2. Interpretation
3. Explanation
In the first stage of analysis linguistic features of the text will be analyzed. Furthermore the
textual and contextual features of the text will also be analyzed in detail to find out how
females’ image is constructed through discourse with relation to colonialism.
4.1 Extract 1:
“The time before was green and wet, and it was permeated by the booming of bells.
Here is only silence, a silence of distance and of open space, too deep even for terror, too
everywhere, and marked only, at night, by the scurrilous laughter of jackals, the forlorn
whoops of a stray hyena, or more immediately, by the whimpering and hysterical
ratings of the women withdrawn into their rooms. “This is the Time After.”
(Brink,n2004,p.1)
The way capitalization is used in a text explicitly demonstrates the mind frame of the text
producer. The author has used capital’ T’ for the word’ time ‘and capital’ B’ for the word
‘before’ which shows the importance of a specific time period. The choice of using this
discursive strategy is not random, rather ideological in its construct. By using capital ‘T’ he
has given it the status of a proper noun. Words and phrases which attract capital letters are
often invested with socio-cultural importance. This asserts the writer’s belief of the time more
special before colonization. This special time hints to the time before colonization as with
adjectives “green and wet” which are giving a positive connotation. These very adjectives
are giving the connotation of happiness, fertility, growth, abundance, veracity and
productivity. Again in the very next sentence the word ‘booming’ is used by the author to
describe animate noun ‘bell’ which again signifies the concept of happy and flourishing times
before the era of colonization.
The writer used intense negative wording, for example, scurrilous, whoops, whimpering
and hysterical. The non-possessive attributes are shown here by using certain adjectives. A
sentence can be either positive or negative. The experiential value of negation is that it is the
basic way to distinguish what is not the case in reality from what is the case. The sentences
are declarative as they are marked by having an S followed by a V. The subject position of
the author is that of a giver of information here.
The experiential aspects have the connection to the ways in which the grammatical forms of a
language code happenings or relation in the world, the people or animals or things involved
in those happenings or relationships. The author exhibits the relationship of the colonized and
the colonizer by involving animals like ‘hyenas’ and’ jackals’ to show the bleak and intense
dark aspects of colonization. The text producer could have included the names of animals like
‘lion’ or ‘tiger’ or ‘rabbit’ or ‘deer’ but these animals have the connotation of bravery,beauty
and innocence. On the other hand animals discussed in the text have extreme negative
connotation of wildness and brutality thus asserting the ideology that the period of
colonization is marked with abusive darkness and beastlike wildness that is explicit in the
environment.
Present tense is used to illustrate that the fact is still relevant. This helps the text producer to
build up an event or an opinion as a reality. The text has the experiential value which cues the
way in which the text producer experiences the social or natural world around him. In order
to identify these experiences he uses the sentence “hysterical ratings of women, withdrawn
into their rooms” defining the feminist perspective. This scheme is ideologically specific to
classify the behaviors. This illustrates how women were treated in a colonized colony where
colonizers are powerful. Feminism is of a special interest to the post-colonial discourse
because both patriarchy and imperialism can be seen as forms of domination over those they
render subordinate. The females are “double colonized” as from one aspect by the colonizers
and from the other aspect by the males of the colonized society. Language, thus, is crucial to
identify the formation. Feminism like post-colonialism is concerned with the way to the
construction of subjectivity. For both languages is like vehicle to subverting patriarchal and
imperial power.
The text holds relational value as it cues the social relationships which are enacted via text in
the discourse. The horror effect is used by repetition. The writer uses “silence” word two
times to show the emphasis. The metaphor of silence is used to show the voiceless colonized
females and natives. Furthermore the text has the cohesive feature of a formal connection
between sentences and the text. Cohesion involves the link between the sentences, repetition
of words, use of connectors which mark the temporal, spatial and logical relationship
between sentences.
The activity that is going on the text is the portrayal of the colonial society while the topic is
‘Feminism with relation to Colonization’. The colonized people are involved in the
description. The females of the colonized society have the subject position here. The
relationship of unequal power (colonizer, colonized) and social distance (females, males) is
enacted in the situation. Language is used as an instrument of social formation to constitute
the reality. Here discourse is working as the system of knowledge about the world with in
which acts of colonization took place and through this the colonized may come to see
themselves.
The context involves a post-colonial situation in which the Germans occupied Namibia. In
this context the females were imported from outside to satisfy the physical needs of the
soldiers of the colonizers who were staying in the colony.The writer uses his pen as power to
describe how women of that time were treated and by doing so he is giving voice to the
females who were victim of the colonial machine.
4.2 Extract 2:
“Not all women were flotsam from the fatherland washed up in search of employment
or matrimony. But they had in common the fact that they were all rejects of society,
whether through widowhood, indigence, moral turpitude or disability of one kind or
another, and that no one else could or would be burdened with the care of them. “
(Brink, 2004.p.12)
The authors usually exhibit the ideological differences in their text to represent the world and
by coding it in their vocabulary. So in most of the cases what are ideologically significant
about a text are the vocabulary items: for instance, the words flotsam, reject, indigence,
turpitude, disability and burdened belong respectively to a certain ideological frame work.
The use of nouns like flotsam….. Burdened is loaded with meanings which reflect the
ideology of the autho;2r. Over generalization is also worthy of note in the present extract.
The occurrence defines a particular feminist ideology about the females of post-colonial era.
Moreover the collocation here is giving a specific scheme to classify a negative behavior
against women. The above mentioned vocabulary items of this extract have various
meanings, however, have a common core. These words are ideologically contested to define
the place of women of the post-colonial society in which females are double colonized; by
the colonizers and by the males.
The main meaning relations are synonymy, hyponymy and antonymic. Here we can find the
meaning relation of synonymy; not absolute but near synonymy between words. Words are
likely to have relational values simultaneously with other values. For instance, use of
negative vocabulary for females has experiential value in terms of gender representation of a
particular gender grouping. The gender specific ideology is the common ground for the
speaker and other participants. The text producers have avoided euphemism which clearly
shows that he had no intention of avoidance with respect to showing unequal power relation
between genders.
The sentences are active rather than passive and they are of negative type. The sentence mode
is declarative as the subject position of the writer is that of a giver of the information.
Furthermore, the sentences are coherent and cohesive as they are connecting the ideas. The
first sentence is not as much informational as the second one is. The text producer is using
discourse as a social practice to portray the image of females and for this purpose he has used
expositive discourse type.
The text producer is foregrounding responsibility in others that “no one… care of them” the
use of adjective “burdened” is central to the construction of reality. Moreover, evaluation can
be of two types; inscribed and evoked here. Here the inscribed evaluation has taken place
because the evaluation is carried by specific lexical choices demonstrating the attitudinal
judgment of the text producer.
The author of the text is making a statement of gender discrimination by using his MR
knowledge .The narrative is written in the scenario of post-colonialism in which gender
discrimination was a burning issue. Colonialism is an enormous problematic category. It is in
the MR knowledge of the writer that it is used in relation to very different kinds of historical
and social oppression and control. In the same way the term “patriarchy” shares the similar
problems with relation to the concept of colonialism. It gives hint to European colonist
history and institutional practices. Furthermore the complex oppression of imperialism
problematically affects the existence of political categories of response such as colonizer and
the colonized. These positions are constantly diffused within the rhizome of imperial contact.
The ex;2periences of woman in patriarchy and those of colonized subjects can be paralleled
in number of ways. Both feminist and post-colonial politics oppose such dominance. The
language used by the author is crucial to the identity of females as subjects. In colonies they
were perceived reductively as reproductive subjects, as literal “Wombs of Empire” whose
function was limited to the population of the colonies with white colonizers.
The activity that is going on is the process of female sale as wives for the colonizers. Topic is
description of dominated females with relation to colonizers. The overriding purpose is the
elicitation of the issues of feminism and patriarchy. The unequal relationship of power and
social distance is also enacted in the situation. Language is constitutive and it is constituted.
Here language is playing the role of a tool to constitute females’ identity as rejected,
indigence and disabled.
The context includes a post-colonial scenario in which women were treated as a degraded
entity rather than a human being. The text producer is manipulating discourse and at the same
time trying to define it in the context of global feminism, gender extremism which results in
the stereotypical image of females throughout the world.
4.3 Extract 3:
“Then her mouth forced open, a piece of wood wedged between her teeth to give access
to her tongue choking in blood and then her nipples cut off. The viscous chicken liver of
her labia excised. “Oh God, oh God, Give me a knife,” she thinks “let me kill myself,
how can you let me live like this? I am no longer a woman, a human being, I am a
thing”.
(Brink, 2004,p.52)
The text producer has used language to explicitly embark the ideology of unequal power
relations between genders .Language activity taken by the writer here is the reflection of the
social practices of the Colonial era. Extremely negative sentences are used over here to show
the suffering of females by being victim of double colonization. The lexical choices of verb
‘cut’, noun ’excised’, verb ’choking’ are chosen not randomly by the author rather they are
used as to create a certain ideological perspective to show gender discrimination. Similarly
the use of feminist ideological vocabulary has experiential value in terms of gender
representation of a particular social group of females highlighting the patriarchal social
orders.
The character uses the inclusive pronoun for herself as she is marginalizing herself as an
unrepresented group who has no voice in the society .The presupposition here is that
woman’s ‘women hood’ is only used as a narrow sense of her sexual attraction to men. There
is monologue presented by the character ‘Hanna X’ that ‘I am no longer a woman, a human
being, I am a thing. ‘Utterances like these draw upon the semantic aspect of the MR
knowledge of the author as this monologue gives a global context to the theme of feminism.
These lexical items identify and rule out the specific societal orders related to females.
The activity is showing extreme derogation of women. Topic is feminism and both genders
are involved in action as the Colonial officer mutilated ‘Hanna X’ badly at her refusal to have
sex with him.
This clearly exhibits that women were just used as a commodity or just as a sex tool for
reproduction. Her words ‘produced’ are shaped by the author are an aspect of an internal
contradictory hegemonic process which is related to conceiving of sex as a commodity.
This very concept of commodity significantly predicted rape myth acceptance and violence in
colonial rule of which ‘Hanna X’ became a victim.
4.4 Extract 4:
“When they found black people in the veldts they caught them and beat them and
gouged their eyes out and tied them to anthills and left them there and some they
hanged from thorn trees, you know, those big ones, camel thorns, and some they took
and cut off everything, and their ears and noses, their hands, their feet, their things,
everything. And they put their things in their mouths and stood round them and
laughed and smoked and drank schnapps.” (Brink , 2004,p. 24)
The linguistic choices are ideologically specific in this extract as the wording is dominant and
classifying a certain behavior of the text producer. The verbs “caught, beat, tied, hanged,
cut” are loaded with ideological implications about the colonizers. The discourse type is
expository demonstrating and making audience believe that it was a reality in the German
colonial times.
Moreover language here is used as an instrument to define the ideological perspective of the
author regarding the attitude of the colonials with the native African people. There is over
wording and an unusual high degree of wording in this piece of text which exhibits the
writer’s preoccupation with the idea how colonizers treated the natives. This very idea is
center of interest in this extract. The words are not synonyms but all words are giving a
mutual meaning of brutality and by doing so the writer has embodied his ideology as a base
through text.
The sentences are declarative, negative and inscribed evaluation is present here because
evaluation is carried by certain lexical choices. These choices are not random as they impact
clearly on the representation of the very fact as relevant, true and significant. The narrator
draws upon a reality according to his MR knowledge about the German colonizers .The
situation tells the reader that the enunciator wants us to believe that the colonizers treated the
colonized in an in humane way and the discourse here demonstrates as a vehicle to show that
un equal power relations between the powerful and the powerless.
The question that who is involved is important at it is connected with relations .In order to
understand this one has to specify the subject position which can vary according to
situation .There are two subjects in this extract. One is, the native Africans who are victim of
tyranny of the colonizers and have the position of the Other. The writer has portrayed them
as powerless because they are treated like animals by the colonizers and do not have free will
of action .The other subject are the colonizers who acted as powerful Self. The relationship
between the colonizers and the colonized is the topic here and the extract is dynamic in a
sense that it evaluates the unequal power relation in terms of political context and social
distances .This also manifests the power abuse and dominance of a specific political group.
The victims of such power were mostly the natives in a colonized area.
The context involves the German colonial times in Africa where Germans ruled for almost 25
years. Those times are marked with German’s brutal defense system which included killing
of native Africans in a large number. According to historical facts almost six thousand
natives were killed only for defense by the Germans in this colony.