Mini Project 1A

Report on

“Project on Laplace Transform of Periodic Functions”

Submitted by
Diksha Chetan Modi.
Bhakti Santosh Zade.
Kashish Jaywant Mhatre.
Aditi Achyut Patil.

Semester III Second Year

Under the guidance of

Prof. Jagdish N. Parate

Department of Electronics & Computer Science

Mahatma Education Society’s

Pillai HOC College of Engineering and Technology

Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOCL Colony, Rasayani Tal. Khalapur, Dist. Raigad-410207
University of Mumbai

Academic Year: 2023 – 24

1
Mahatma Education Society’s
Pillai HOC College of Engineering and Technology,
Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOCL Colony,
Rasayani, Tal: Khalapur, Dist: Raigad-410207
Department of Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
___________________________________________________________________________

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Diksha Chetan Modi, Bhakti Santosh Zade, Kashish Jaywant Mhatre,
Aditi Achyut Patil satisfactorily worked on project entitled “ Laplace Transform of
Periodic Functions”, as a part of EMIII Mini Project 1A in semester III, second year of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Computer Science.

_______________________ _________________________

Prof. Jagdish N. Parate

Name of Guide Dr. Mansi Subhedar
Head of Department

_____________________
Dr. J.W. Bakal
Principal

Seal of College

2
 Mini Project Submission Approval

This Mini Project 1A report entitled “ Laplace Transform of Periodic

Functions” by A Diksha Modi, Bhakti Zade, Kashish Mhatre, Aditi Patil , is
examined and approved for submission as part of term work.

External Examiner

Sign: _________________________
Name: _________________________

Internal Examiner
Sign: _________________________
Name: _________________________

Date:
Place: Rasayani

3
 Acknowledgment
This mini project report would not have been come into reality without the able
guidance, support and wishes of all those who stand by us in the development. We
wish to give our special thanks to our guide Prof. Jagdish N. Parate for his timely
advice and guidance.

We humbly thank our mini project Coordinators, Prof. Jagdish N. Parate and our
Head of Department, Dr. Mansi Subhedar , for their valuable guidance and
unending support. We would also like to thank our Principal, Dr. Jagdish Bakal for
his constant encouragement throughout the course. The cheerful spirit they radiated
all the time fuelled our desire to excel in the work that we had undertaken.

We acknowledge all the faculty members and non-teaching staff

of the Department of Electronics and Computer Science for their help and
suggestions during various phases of this project work.

Diksha Chetan Modi.

Bhakti Santosh Zade.
Aditi Achyut Patil.
Kashish Jaywant Mhatre.

4
 Abstract
The Laplace transform is a powerful mathematical tool that has wide applicability
in various fields, including mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics. It is
particularly useful for analyzing systems involving differential equations or
convolution integrals. Periodic functions are ubiquitous in nature and often
appear in engineering problems. Therefore, understanding the Laplace transform
of periodic functions is crucial for solving these problems.

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the Laplace transform of

periodic functions. It begins with a definition of periodic functions and then
introduces the Laplace transform of a periodic function. The report also discusses
several important properties of the Laplace transform of periodic functions,
including linearity, scaling, time shifting, and convolution. Finally, the report
explores various applications of the Laplace transform of periodic functions in
solving differential equations, analyzing electrical circuits, studying control
systems, and processing signals.

Understanding the Laplace transform of periodic functions is essential for

engineers, scientists, and mathematicians who work with systems that exhibit
periodic behaviour. This report provides a valuable resource for those seeking to
deepen their knowledge of this fundamental concept.

5
Contents

1.Introduction

2.Need and scope of Project

3.Defination

4.Properties

5.Example

6.Applications

7.Advantages

8.Disadvantages

9.Future Scope

10.Conclusion

11.References

6
 1.Introduction
The Laplace transform is a powerful mathematical tool used to analyze
and solve differential equations, convolution integrals, and other
mathematical problems. It is widely employed in various fields,
including mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics. Periodic
functions, which exhibit repetitive patterns at regular intervals, are
ubiquitous in nature and engineering applications. Therefore,
understanding the Laplace transform of periodic functions is crucial for
solving problems involving these functions.

Definition of Periodic Functions

A function f(t) is considered periodic with period T if it satisfies the

condition f(t + T) = f(t) for all values of t. This implies that the function
repeats itself every T units of time. Familiar examples of periodic
functions include sine and cosine functions, square waves, sawtooth
waves, and pulse trains.

7
 2.Need and scope of Project

The Laplace transform of periodic functions is needed for several

reasons:

Solving differential equations with periodic forcing functions: The

Laplace transform can be used to convert differential equations with
periodic forcing functions into algebraic equations, which are often
easier to solve. This is particularly useful in analyzing systems that
exhibit periodic behavior, such as oscillators, filters, and control
systems.

Analyzing electrical circuits with periodic inputs or periodic

components: The Laplace transform is widely used to analyze electrical
circuits with periodic inputs or periodic components, such as oscillators
and filters. By transforming the circuit into the frequency domain, the
Laplace transform allows for easier analysis of the circuit's response to
periodic signals.

Studying control systems with periodic disturbances or periodic

reference signals: The Laplace transform plays a crucial role in analyzing
and designing control systems, particularly those with periodic
disturbances or periodic reference signals. By transforming the system's
equations into the frequency domain, the Laplace transform enables

8
the analysis of the system's stability and performance under periodic
inputs.

Processing periodic signals in signal processing techniques: The Laplace

transform is employed in various signal processing techniques, such as
filtering, modulation, and demodulation of periodic signals. By
transforming the signals into the frequency domain, the Laplace
transform allows for more efficient processing and analysis of these
signals.

Modeling economic systems and analyzing financial time series: The

Laplace transform is used to model economic systems, analyze financial
time series, and evaluate investment strategies. By transforming
economic models into the frequency domain, the Laplace transform
allows for a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of economic
systems and financial markets.

In summary, the Laplace transform of periodic functions is a valuable

tool for solving differential equations, analyzing electrical circuits,
studying control systems, processing signals, and modeling economic
systems. Its ability to handle periodic functions makes it an
indispensable tool for a wide range of applications.

9
 3.Defination

Laplace Transform of Periodic Functions

The Laplace transform of a periodic function f(t) with period T can be

expressed as:

F(s) = ∫[0,T] f(t) e^(-st) dt / (1 - e^(-sT))

where s is the complex frequency variable.

This formula indicates that the Laplace transform of a periodic function

is equal to the Laplace transform of one period of the function divided

by (1 - e^(-sT)). The denominator term accounts for the periodicity of

the function.

10
 4.Properties

The Laplace transform of periodic functions exhibits several important

properties:

Linearity: The Laplace transform is a linear operator, meaning that the

transform of a sum of periodic functions is the sum of the transforms of

the individual functions.

Scaling: The Laplace transform of a scaled periodic function is the

product of the scaling factor and the transform of the original function.

Time Shifting: The Laplace transform of a time-shifted periodic function

is equal to the original transform multiplied by e^(-sτ), where τ is the

time shift.

Convolution: The Laplace transform of the convolution of two periodic

functions is equal to the product of their Laplace transforms.

11
5.Example

12
13
14
 6.Applications

The Laplace transform of periodic functions has numerous applications

in various fields, including:

Solving Differential Equations: The Laplace transform can be used to

solve differential equations with periodic forcing functions or periodic
coefficients.

Analyzing Electrical Circuits: The Laplace transform is widely used to

analyze electrical circuits with periodic inputs or periodic components,
such as oscillators and filters.

Studying Control Systems: The Laplace transform plays a crucial role in

analyzing and designing control systems, particularly those with
periodic disturbances or periodic reference signals.

Signal Processing: The Laplace transform is employed in various signal

processing techniques, such as filtering, modulation, and demodulation
of periodic signals.

Economics and Finance: The Laplace transform is used to model

economic systems, analyze financial time series, and evaluate
investment strategies.

15
 7.Advantages

A project on the Laplace transform of periodic functions would

provide several benefits, including:

Enhanced Understanding: A deeper understanding of the

Laplace transform of periodic functions and its applications.

Development of Computational Tools: Development of new or

improved computational tools for evaluating the Laplace
transform of periodic functions.

Contribution to Knowledge: Advancement of the knowledge

base in the area of the Laplace transform of periodic functions.

Practical Applications: Development of solutions to real-world

problems involving periodic functions.

16
Target Audience for a Project on the Laplace Transform of Periodic
Functions

A project on the Laplace transform of periodic functions would be of

interest to a wide audience, including:

Researchers: Researchers in mathematics, physics, engineering, and

economics who are interested in the Laplace transform and its
applications.

Engineers: Engineers who work with systems that exhibit periodic

behaviour, such as electrical circuits, control systems, and signal
processing systems.

Students: Students in mathematics, physics, engineering, and related

fields who are learning about the Laplace transform and its
applications.

17
 8.Disadvantages

Computational Complexity: Evaluating the Laplace transform of

periodic functions can be computationally expensive, especially for

functions with complex or non-uniform periods. This can pose

challenges in real-time applications or for problems involving large

datasets.

Limited Applicability: The Laplace transform is primarily applicable to

linear systems with constant coefficients. This limits its use in analyzing

nonlinear systems or systems with time-varying parameters.

Theoretical Challenges: Extending the Laplace transform to more

general classes of periodic functions, such as non-uniformly periodic

functions or functions with multiple periods, can introduce

mathematical complexities that may require further theoretical

development.

18
Practical Implementation: Implementing computational methods for

the Laplace transform of periodic functions can be challenging due to

numerical accuracy and efficiency considerations. Careful algorithm

design and optimization may be necessary for practical applications.

Interpretation of Results: Interpreting the results obtained from the

Laplace transform of periodic functions requires a strong understanding

of frequency domain analysis and the underlying system or problem

being investigated.

Despite these potential drawbacks, the benefits of a project on the

Laplace transform of periodic functions outweigh the limitations. With

careful planning, theoretical rigor, and appropriate implementation,

such a project can make significant contributions to the field of

mathematics and its applications.

19
 9.Future Scope

The project on the Laplace transform of periodic functions has the potential to be
expanded in several directions, leading to new theoretical insights, computational
tools, and applications. Here are some specific areas for future research:

1. Extension to Non-Uniformly Periodic Functions:

The Laplace transform has been extensively studied for uniformly periodic
functions, where the period remains constant throughout the function's domain.
However, many real-world phenomena exhibit non-uniform periodicity, where
the period varies over time. Extending the Laplace transform to handle non-
uniformly periodic functions would be a valuable contribution to the field. This
could involve developing new theoretical frameworks, devising efficient
computational methods, and exploring applications in areas such as signal
processing and control systems with non-uniform periodic inputs or disturbances.

2. Analysis of Nonlinear Systems:

The Laplace transform is primarily applicable to linear systems, where the

system's response is directly proportional to the input. However, many systems in
nature and engineering are nonlinear, where the response is not directly
proportional to the input. Developing techniques for applying the Laplace
transform to nonlinear systems with periodic inputs or periodic behavior would
be a significant advancement. This could involve extending the Laplace transform
to nonlinear functions, analyzing the stability and performance of nonlinear
systems in the frequency domain, and exploring applications in areas such as
nonlinear oscillations, chaotic systems, and nonlinear control systems.

20
3. Real-Time Applications:

The computational methods developed for the Laplace transform of periodic

functions can be further optimized for real-time applications. This would involve
improving the computational efficiency of the algorithms, reducing the memory
requirements, and developing techniques for parallel processing and hardware
implementations. Real-time applications of the Laplace transform of periodic
functions could include signal processing algorithms for filtering, modulation, and
demodulation of periodic signals, real-time monitoring and control of systems
with periodic behavior, and real-time analysis of financial time series.

4. Applications in Economics and Finance:

The Laplace transform has the potential to be a valuable tool for modeling
economic systems with periodic components and analyzing financial time series.
This could involve developing models for economic systems with seasonal
fluctuations, business cycles, and periodic financial events. The Laplace transform
could also be used to evaluate investment strategies, analyze risk management
problems, and develop new financial instruments. Exploring these applications
could lead to a deeper understanding of economic phenomena and improved
financial decision-making.

5. Theoretical Foundations:

Further theoretical research on the Laplace transform of periodic functions could

lead to new insights into the convergence properties, relationships with other
integral transforms, and connections to harmonic analysis. This could involve
exploring the conditions under which the Laplace transform exists for periodic
functions, investigating the behavior of the transform near singularities, and
developing new techniques for evaluating the transform for complex or
intractable cases. Theoretical advancements could also lead to the development
21
of more general and powerful tools for analyzing periodic functions in the
frequency domain.

10.Conclusion
A project on the Laplace transform of periodic functions would be a
valuable undertaking with the potential to make significant contributions to
the field of mathematics and its applications. Such a project would provide
a deeper understanding of the Laplace transform of periodic functions,
develop new computational tools, and contribute to the solution of real-
world problems.

Hence, presented the application of Laplace transform in different areas of

physics and electrical power engineering. Besides these, Laplace transform
is a very effective mathematical tool and this technique can be useful in
signal processing, convolution, Fourier transformation.

It becomes an integral part of modern science, being used in a vast number

of different disciplines. Whether they are being used in electrical circuit
analysis, signal processing, or even in modelling radioactive decay in
nuclear physics, they have quickly gained popularity among the intellectual
community that deals with these subjects on a day to day basis.

22
 11.References

 B.V.Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics,Tata Mc-

Graw Hill Publication
 H.K.Dassn” Advanced Engineering
Mathematics”S.Chand & company Limited,New Delhi,
2009.
 D. Poularikas, The Transforms and Applications Hand-
book (McGraw Hill, 2000), 2nd ed.
 M.J.Roberts, Fundamentals of Signals and Systems (Mc-
Graw Hill, 2006), 2nd ed.
 K. Riess, American Journal of Physics 15, 45 (1947).
 M. N. S. Charles K. Alexander, Fundamentals of
ElectricCircuits (McGraw Hill, 2006), 2nd ed

23
24