Chapter02 of Data Communication

Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Data
Comm
and Data Communication

Computer and Computer
Networks Networks
(ECEg 4191)
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 1
Chapter 2
Data
Introduction to Computer
Networking
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

2.1 Introduction
Data ➢ A network is a set of devices or nodes

connected by communication links.
Comm ➢ A node can be computer or any other devices
capable of sending and/or receiving data
and generated by other nodes on the network.
Computer
A network is a combination of hardware and
Networks software that sends data from one location to
another.

2.1 Introduction
Data ➢ Most networks uses distributed processing, in

which a task is divided among multiple
Comm computers.
➢ A network must able to meet a certain
and criterions. Some of those criterions are
Computer a) Performance
Performance is often evaluated by two networking
Networks metrics: throughput and delay. Every network
needs more throughputs and less delay. The
throughput is a measure of how fast we can
actually send data through a network.

2.1 Introduction
Data b) Reliability
Reliability is measured by the frequency of failure.
Comm
c) Security
and Security is protecting data from unauthorized
access and from damage too.
Computer
In networking, there are two possible types of
Networks connections. They are
a) Point-to-point
b) Multipoint.

2.1 Introduction
Data a) Point-to-point
A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated
Comm link between two devices.
and
Computer
Networks
➢ It uses the entire capacity of the link for
transmission between two devices.

2.1 Introduction
Data b) Multipoint
A multipoint or multidrop connection is one in
Comm which more than two specific devices shared a
single link.
and
Computer
Networks

2.1 Introduction
Data ➢ In multipoint environment the capacity of the

channel is shared; either spatially or temporally.
Comm ➢ If several devices can use the link
simultaneously, then it is called spatially
and shared connection.
➢ If users must take time turns, then it is called
Computer time shared connection.
Networks

2.2 Network Topologies &
Devices
Data ➢ Two or more devices connect to a link; two or
more links form a topology.
Comm ➢ The network topology is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all the links
and and linking devices (nodes) to one another.
Computer There are four basic topologies possible.
Networks

Devices
Data
a) Mesh Topology
➢ In a mesh topology, every device has a
Comm
dedicated point-to-point link to every other
device.
and
Computer
Networks

Devices
Data
If we use duplex connection between two devices,
then for ‘n’ stations to be connected in mesh
Comm
topology, we need
and (n − 1) + (n − 2) + (n − 3) + .................. + 3 + 2 + 1
Computer Using arithmetic progression, the total number of
links needed for n stations is given by
Networks
n −1 n(n − 1)
TotalLink = [2  1 + (n − 1 − 1)  1] =
2 2

Devices
Data Advantages of mesh topology
➢ Eliminates traffic problem.
Comm ➢ It is robust; one link fails won’t affect other links.
➢ It is secure and maintains privacy.
and ➢ Fault identification and isolation is easier.
Computer Disadvantages of the mesh topology are

➢ Installation and reconnection are difficult.
Networks ➢ It has more wiring thus expensive.
The mesh topology is used for connection

between regional telephone offices.
Devices
Data
b) Star Topology
➢ Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
Comm
only to a central controller, called a hub.
➢ The devices are not directly linked to one
and
another.
➢ The controller acts as an exchange.
Computer
➢ If one device wants to send data to another, it
sends data to the controller (hub), which then
Networks
relays the data to the other connected device.
The star topology is used in local area networks

and high speed LANs.
Devices
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks
The star topology is used in local area networks
and high speed LANs.

Devices
Data Advantages:
➢ It is cheaper than mesh topology.
Comm ➢ Easy to install and reconfigure.
➢ It needs less cabling.
and ➢ It is robust.
➢ Fault identification and isolation is easier.
Computer
Disadvantages:
Networks ➢ Whole topology is depending upon one point, if
hub fails then the complete system is dead.
➢ Less cabling than mesh topology, but more
than in bus and ring topology.
Devices
Data c) Bus Topology
➢ A bus topology is a multipoint topology,
Comm whereas both star and mesh topologies are
point-to-point connections.
and ➢ In bus topology, nodes are connected to the
bus cable by drop lines and taps.
Computer
Networks

Devices
Data
A drop line is a connection running between the
device and the main cable, whereas a tap is a
Comm
connector that either splices into the main cable or
punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a
and
contact with the metallic core. As signal travels
along the backbone, some of its energy is
Computer
transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes
weaker as it travels farther and farther. For this
Networks
reason, there is a limit on the number of taps a
bus can support and on the distance between
those taps.

Devices
Data Advantages:
➢ Bus topology is easy to install.
Comm ➢ It uses less cabling.
and Disadvantages:
➢ Difficult to reconnect and isolate the fault.
Computer ➢ Difficult to add new devices in bus topology.
➢ Signal reflection at the taps can cause
Networks degradation in quality.
➢ If bus fails, the complete system halts.
Ethernet LANs can use a bus topology.

Devices
Data
d) Ring Topology
➢ In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated
Comm
point-to-point connection with only the two
devices on either side of it.
and
➢ A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction, from device to device, until it reaches
Computer
its destination.
➢ Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
Networks

Devices
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks
The ring topology was prevalent when IBM

introduced its LAN as Token Ring.
Devices
Data
Advantages:
➢ Ring topology is relatively easy to install and
Comm
reconfigure.
➢ Fault isolation is simplified.
and
Disadvantages:
Computer
➢ Normal ring topology has unidirectional traffic.
But this is rectified by dual ring technique.
Networks

Devices
Data Hybrid Topology
A network can be hybrid. For example, we can
Comm have a main star topology with each branch
connecting several stations in a bus.
and
Computer
Networks

2.3 Categories of Networks
Data The category into which a network falls is

determined by its size.
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Data a) LAN (Local Area Network)

➢ LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a
Comm printer; or it can extend throughout a company.
➢ LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
and ➢ LANs are designed to allow resources
(hardware, software, data) to be shared
Computer between personal computers or workstations.
➢ The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring
Networks and star.
➢ Today LAN has data rate in 100 to 1000 Mbps.

Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Data b) WAN (Wide Area Network)

➢ A WAN provides long distance transmission of
Comm data, image, audio and video information over
long geographic area.
and ➢ A WAN can be as complex as the backbone
that connects the internet (switched WAN) or as
Computer simple as a dial-up line (point-to-point WAN)
that connects a home computer to the internet.
Networks ➢ The switched WAN connects the end systems,
which usually comprise a router that connects
to another LAN or WAN.

Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Data ➢ The point-to-point WAN is normally a line

leased from a telephone or cable TV provider
Comm that connects a home computer or a small LAN
to an internet service provider (ISP). This is
and often used for internet access.
Computer
Networks

Data c) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

➢ A MAN is a network with a size between a LAN
Comm and a WAN.
➢ It normally covers area inside a town or a city.
and ➢ It is designed for customer who needs a high
connectivity.
Computer ➢ Example of a MAN is the part of the telephone
company network that can provide a high
Networks speed DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) line to the
customer. Another example is the cable TV
network.

2.4 The Internet
Data ➢ The internet is the best example of computer

networking.
Comm ➢ It has brought a wealth of information to our
finger tips and organized it for our use.
and ➢ The internet is a structured and organized
system.
Computer
Networks

2.4 The Internet
History
Data ➢ Came into existence only in 1969.
➢ 1967: Advanced Research Project Agency
Comm presented its idea for ARPANET, a small
network of connected computers, in Association
and for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting.
➢ In 1969, ARPANET becomes reality. Four
Computer nodes (University of California, Los Angeles &
Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Institute,
Networks and University of Utah), were connected via the
interface message processors (IMPs) to form a
network. Software used was the Network
Control Protocol (NCP).
2.4 The Internet
History….
Data ➢ In 1973, Cerf and Kahn’s outlined the protocol
to achieve end-to-end delivery of packets in
Comm their paper. This was about Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP). But then it was divided
and into two protocols: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internetworking Protocol
Computer (IP). This was the benchmark afford to bring the
internet in today’s form.
Networks

2.4 The Internet
➢ The internet is a combination of several LANs,
Data MANs and WANs.
➢ There are international service providers,
Comm national service providers, regional service
providers, and local service providers.
and
Computer
Networks

2.4 The Internet
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

2.5 Protocols and Standards
Data Protocols
➢ A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
Comm communications.
➢ For communication to occur, the entities (end
and users capable of sending and receiving
information) must agree on a protocol.
Computer ➢ A protocol defines what is communicated, how
it is communicated, and when it is
Networks communicated.
➢ The key elements of a protocol are: syntax,
semantics, and timing.

Data Syntax
➢ This refers to the format or structure of the
Comm data, i.e. the order in which they are presented.
For example, the first 8 bits of data may be
and address of the sender, the second 8 bits to be
the address of the receiver, and the rest may be
Computer message itself.
Networks

Data Semantics
➢ The word semantics refers to the meaning of
Comm each section of bits. How a particular pattern to
be interpreted, and what action is to be taken
and based on that interpretation. For example, does
an address identify route to be taken or the final
Computer destination alone?
Networks

Data Timing
➢ It refers to when data to be sent and how fast
Comm they can be sent. For example, if a sender
produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can
and process data at only 1 Mbps, then the
transmission will overload the receiver and
Computer some data may be lost.
Networks

Data Standards
➢ Standards are essential in creating and
Comm maintaining an open and competitive market for
equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing
and national and international interoperability of
data and telecommunications technology and
Computer processes.
➢ Standards provide guidelines to
Networks manufacturers, venders, government agencies,
and other service providers to ensure the kind
of interconnectivity.

Standards..…
Data ➢ Data communication standards fall into two
categories:
Comm a) De facto (Meaning by fact or convention):
Standards that have not been approved by
and an authorized body but have been adopted
as standards through widespread use are
Computer de facto standards. It is established by
manufacturers.
Networks b) De jure (Meaning by law or regulation):
Those standards that have been legislated
by an officially recognized body are de jure
standards.
Data Some of the standard organizations are

▪ ISO (International Organization for
Comm Standardization): ISO is a multinational body to
maintain the standards.
and ▪ ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union
– Telecommunication Standard Sector)
Computer ▪ IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers)
Networks ▪ EIA (Electronics Industries Association)

2.6 Addressing
Data Four levels of addresses are used in internet

employing the TCP/IP protocols.
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

2.6 Addressing
Data Each address is related to a specific layer in the

TCP/IP architecture.
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

2.6 Addressing
a) Physical/Link Addresses
Data ➢ The physical address or link address is the
address of a node (entity) as defined by its
Comm LANs or WANs. It is included in the frame used
by the data link layer.
and ➢ The physical addresses have authority over the
network. The size and format of these
Computer addresses vary depending on the network. The
Ethernet uses a 6-byte or 48 bit (12
Networks hexadecimal digits) physical address that is
imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).
07:01:02:01:2C:4B

2.6 Addressing
b) Logical/IP Addresses
Data ➢ Physical addresses are not adequate in an
internetwork environment where different
Comm network can have different address formats.
➢ Logical addresses or IP addresses are
and necessary for universal communications that
are independent of underlying physical
Computer networks.
➢ A logical or IP address in the internet is
Networks currently 32-bit address that can uniquely
define a host connected to the internet.
➢ No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on
the internet can have the same IP address.
2.6 Addressing
c) Port Addresses
Data ➢ The IP address and physical address are
necessary for a quality of data to travel from a
Comm source to the destination host.
➢ If 2 or more than 2 processes are involved at a
and time, we need to define the port addresses.
➢ In TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a
Computer process is called a port address.
➢ A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.
Networks ➢ The physical addresses change from node to
node or machine to machine, but the IP
addresses and port addresses remain the
same.
2.6 Addressing
d) Specific Addresses
Data ➢ Some applications have user-friendly
addresses that are designed for the specific
Comm applications.
➢ For example, the E-mail addresses
and (aksum@aku.edu.et) and the Universal
Resource Locators (www.aku.edu.et).
Computer
Networks

2.7 Network Models
Every work is a layered task.
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

2.7 Network Models
The data communications through networks do
Data have a layered model. This is defined in two
different models.
Comm ➢ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model.
➢ TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
and Internetworking Protocol) Protocol suite.
Computer The OSI model had dominated the layered model

of data communications and networking literatures
Networks before 1990.
Whereas, the TCP/IP protocol suite becomes the
dominant commercial architecture, especially for
internet.
2.7.1 Network Model: The OSI
Model
Data ➢ In late 1970, ISO had introduced a networking
standard called OSI model.
Comm ➢ The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model
for understanding and designing a network
and architecture that is flexible, robust &
interoperable.
Computer ➢ It is a layered framework for the design of
network systems that allows communication
Networks between all types of computer systems.
➢ It consists of seven separate but related layers,
each of which defines a part of the process of
moving information across a network.
Model
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data ➢ Within a single machine, each layer calls upon
the services of the layer just below it. Layer 3,
Comm for example, uses the services provided by
layer 2 and provides services for layer 4.
and ➢ Between other machines, layer say on one
machine communicates with the same layer
Computer say in other machine.
➢ This is governed by protocols.
Networks ➢ The processes on each machine that
communicate at a given layer are called peer-
to-peer processes.

Model
Data ➢ The passing of the data and network
information down through the layers of the
Comm sending device and back up through the layers
of receiving device is made possible by an
and interface between each pair of adjacent layers.
➢ Each interface defines the information and
Computer services a layer must provide for the layer
above it.
Networks

Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data ➢ The process starts at layer 7, and moves from
layer to layer in descending order.
Comm ➢ At each layer, a header and possibly a trailer as
well, can be added to the data unit.
and ➢ When the formatted data unit passes through
the physical layer, it is changed into an
Computer electromagnetic signal and transmitted along a
transmission medium.
Networks ➢ Upon reaching its destination, the signal is
transformed into digital form and passes into
layer 1.

Model
Data ➢ As each block of data reaches the next higher
layer, the header and trailer attached to it at the
Comm corresponding sending layer are removed, and
action appropriate to that layer are taken.
and ➢ By the time it reaches layer 7, the message is
again in a form appropriate to the application
Computer and is made available to the recipient.
➢ A complete packet; header, data, and possibly
Networks trailer as well, of earlier layer is encapsulated in
a single packet at next level or layer.

Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Layer 1: Physical Layer
➢ It coordinates the functions required to carry a
Comm bit stream over a physical medium.
➢ It deals with the mechanical and electrical
and specifications of the interface and transmission
medium.
Computer ➢ It also defines the procedures and functions
that physical devices and interfaces have to
Networks perform for transmission to occur.
➢ The physical layer is responsible for
movements of individual bits from one
hop/node to the next.
Model
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data
The physical layer is concerned with the following:
1) Physical characteristics of interface and
Comm
mediums.
2) Defines the type of encoding to be used.
and
3) Data rate.
4) Synchronization.
Computer
5) It defines whether it is point-to-point or
multipoint configuration.
Networks
6) Physical (network) topology.
7) Transmission mode (simplex or half-duplex or
duplex).

Model
Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer
➢ It transforms the physical layer, a raw
Comm transmission facility, to a reliable link.
➢ It makes the physical layer appear error free to
and the upper layer, i.e. to network layer.
➢ The data link layer is responsible for moving
Computer frames from one hop/node to the next.
Networks

Model
Data
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Other responsibilities of the data link layer include
the following:
Comm a) Framing: The data link layer divides the stream
of bits received from the network layer into
and manageable data units called frame.
b) Physical addressing.
Computer c) Flow control.
d) Error control.
Networks e) Access control.

Model
Data ➢ Communication at the data link layer occurs
between two adjacent nodes.
Comm ➢ To send data from A to C, three partial
deliveries are made.
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Layer 3: Network Layer
➢ It is responsible for the delivery of individual
Comm packets from the source host to the
destination host.
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Other responsibilities of the network layer include
the following:
Comm a) Logical addressing.
b) Routing: When independent networks or links
and are connected to create internetworks (network
of networks) or a large network, the connecting
Computer devices (called routers or switches) route or
switch the packets to their final destination.
Networks One of the functions of the network layer is to
provide this mechanism.

Model
Data Figure below illustrates end-to-end or source-to-
destination delivery by the network layer.
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Layer 4: Transport Layer
➢ The transport layer is responsible for process-
Comm to-process delivery of the entire message. A
process is an application program running on a
and host.
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Other responsibilities of the transport layer include
the following:
Comm ➢ Service-point addressing: Deliver the entire
message to the correct process by using a type
and of address called a service-point address (or
port address).
Computer ➢ Segmentation and reassemble.
➢ Connection control.
Networks ➢ Flow control.
➢ Error control.

Model
Data Figure below makes clear about process-to-
process delivery by the transport layer.
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Layer 5: Session Layer
It is responsible for dialog control and
Comm synchronization (by adding checkpoints).
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Layer 6: Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for
Comm translation, compression, and encryption.
and
Computer
Networks

Model
Data Layer 7: Application Layer
➢ The application layer enables the user, whether
Comm human or software, to access the network.
➢ It provides user interfaces and support for
and services, i.e., it provides services to the users.
Computer
Networks

Model
Data The specific services provided by the application
layer include the following:
Comm a) Network virtual terminal: A network virtual
terminal is a software version of a physical
and terminal, and it allows a user to log on to a
remote host.
Computer b) File transfer, access, and management.
c) Mail service.
Networks d) Directory services: This application provides
distributed database sources and access for
global information about various objects and
services.
Model
Data Summary of Layers
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

2.7.2 Network Model: TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Data ➢ The TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five
layers.
Comm ➢ The first four layers provide physical standards,
network interfaces, internetworking, and
and transport functions, and they are corresponds
to the first four layers of OSI model too.
Computer ➢ The three topmost layers in the OSI model,
however, are represented in TCP/IP by a single
Networks layer called application layer.

Protocol Suite
Data Comparison between the TCP/IP and OSI model
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Protocol Suite
Data The supporting protocols and functionalities of
each layer in the TCP/IP are shown below.
Comm
and
Computer
Networks

Data
Comm
and
Thank You
Computer
Networks
For Attending

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Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

and Data Communication

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 2

Data ➢ A network is a set of devices or nodes

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 3

Data ➢ Most networks uses distributed processing, in

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 4

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 5

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 6

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 7

Data ➢ In multipoint environment the capacity of the

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 8

Computer There are four basic topologies possible.

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 9

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 10

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 11

Computer Disadvantages of the mesh topology are

The mesh topology is used for connection

The star topology is used in local area networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 14

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 16

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 17

Ethernet LANs can use a bus topology.

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 19

The ring topology was prevalent when IBM

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 21

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 22

Data The category into which a network falls is

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 23

Data a) LAN (Local Area Network)

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 24

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 25

Data b) WAN (Wide Area Network)

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 26

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 27

Data ➢ The point-to-point WAN is normally a line

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 28

Data c) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 29

Data ➢ The internet is the best example of computer

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 30

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 32

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 33

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 34

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 35

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 36

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 37

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 38

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 39

Data Some of the standard organizations are

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 41

Data Four levels of addresses are used in internet

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 42

Data Each address is related to a specific layer in the

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 43

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 44

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 47

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 48