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Wwalmhle 16 LX
Wwalmhle 16 LX
Wwalmhle 16 LX
Contents Males period lx Period lx, number of males surviving to age x, age 0-100, 1981-2066
Females period lx Period lx, number of females surviving to age x, age 0-100, 1981-2066
Males cohort lx Cohort lx, number of males surviving to age x, age 0-100, 1981-2066
Females cohort lx Cohort lx, number of females surviving to age x, age 0-100, 1981-2066
Terms and conditions
Life Tables The life table describes the course of mortality throughout the life cycle. It is a method of analysing age-specific death
rates and is a standard demographic tool used to measure expectation of life by age. For more information see life tables
quality report. Period and cohort life expectancy tables are produced biennially based on historic data and assumptions for
future mortality from the national population projections (NPP). These tables give historic and projected life expectancies by
single year of age and sex. Alongside publication of the period and cohort life expectancy tables, ONS prepares databases for
the UK and each of the constituent countries. These contain mortality data used in the calculation of historic and projected life
tables. Published in this release along with period and cohort life expectancy tables are tables of historic and projected q x
(probability of dying at each age) and lx (numbers of people surviving at each age) values for the UK and constituent countries,
on a period and cohort basis, for each year 1981 to 2066 and for the five variant projections: principal, high life expectancy, low life
expectancy, moderately high life expectancy and moderately low life expectancy.
Period and Cohort rates Period rates are calculated using age-specific death rates for a given period with no allowance for any actual or projected
future changes in mortality. In contrast cohort rates are calculated using age-specific mortality rates which allow for known or
projected changes in mortality throughout a person’s life. For more information on the differences between period and cohort
rates see the ‘Guide to period and cohort life expectancy’.
lx Formula:
lx+ n = lx * npx
where px is 1 - qx
lx is the number of persons alive at exact age x. l0 (at age 0) is an arbitrary number called the radix; in these tables it is 100,000.
Since everybody ultimately dies, lx is a curve which takes the value 100,000 (at age 0), and falls to zero at whatever age
represents the maximum attainable human life-span. The data in the tables in this workbook stop at age 100, and as
Figure 1 shows by 2026 the curve does not quite fall to zero by age 100 and by 2066 the numbers projected to survive
beyond age 100 is in the tens of thousands. The maximum age is about 120 years and since the 2010-based projections this
maximum age has been extended to 125 years. As only one person 1 worldwide has ever been verified as having lived beyond
120, estimates of numbers surviving to very old ages are highly uncertain and have not been published as part of this release.
However figures are available by request for research/modelling purposes from lifetables@ons.gsi.gov.uk
Figure 1 Numbers of survivors at exact age, period life table, 1986, 2026, 2066, Wales
moderately high life expectancy variant What does the graph show?
Numbers Figure 1 presents the lx values from the male
and female period life tables for selected years
100,000
for the moderately high life expectancy variant.
The graph shows two main features. Firstly,
there is the survival to older ages. This is
80,000 shown by the increasing age over time at where
the slope begins its rapid decline. For example,
the age at which the number of survivors falls
below 90,000 is increasing; in 1986 for males it
60,000
was age 55, in 2026 it is projected to be age 64, and
in 2066, according to the moderately high life expectancy variant,
it is projected to be age 72. Secondly, the gap
40,000 between numbers of males and females
Males 1986 surviving to older ages is narrowing. This is
Males 2026
particularly noticeable at age 70; in 1986 the
Males 2066
gap between numbers of men and women
20,000
Females
1986 surviving to age 70 was around 15,000 per
Females 100,000 born; by 2066 this is projected
2026 according to the moderately high life expectancy variant to
0 reduce to around 2,700.
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99
Age
Source: ONS, males and females period lx, moderately high life expectancy variant
1. Jeanne Calment, born 1875 in France, died 4 August, 1997 aged 122 years, five months and 14 days; the longest lived human being to date.
Interpreting the tables: Period tables
In the period lx tables for both males and females, 'year' corresponds to the year of interest. For example if you were
interested in the year 2016, you would navigate to 2016 across the top of the table. 'Exact age (years)' is the age of interest,
for example the 31st birthday. If you navigate down the table to age 31 and across to the corresponding year, 2016, an l x is
displayed. This is the number surviving at exact age 31 in the year 2016, under the projected assumptions for mortality
rates in 2016 for ages up to 31.
Cohort tables
In the cohort lx tables for both males and females, ‘year of birth’ corresponds to the year that the cohort was born, for example
the group of people that were born in 1987. ‘Exact age (years)’ is the age of interest, for example age 10. You would navigate
down the table to age 10 and across to the year 1987. This means that you are looking at someone aged 10 in 1997, because
they were born in 1987. The lx that is displayed is the number surviving to their 10th birthday for the cohort that was born
in 1987.
Note that the lx displayed is a hypothetical figure from the life table and is not a population estimate.
The lx is often used to calculate the probability of surviving from one age to an older age. The probability is usually presented
as a percentage.
The calculation is:
(lx + n / lx ) * 100
Note that for this calculation you can only use lx values from the same column.
Example: What is the probability of a woman aged 30 in 2016 surviving to age 100, under the moderately high life expectancy variant?
The calculation is:
(l100 / l30) * 100
This can be calculated using the period or cohort tables. The period tables will only use the rates or numbers for that year
i.e. age 30 and age 100 will both refer to the mortality experience in 2016 and the calculation will not take into account past or
future mortality improvements. In contrast the cohort tables will have taken into account past rates from the year of birth, 1986
up to age 30 in 2016 and then projected improvements in mortality from age 31 up to age 100. For the example below, the cohort
table for females has been used.
A woman aged 30 in 2016 would have been born in 1986 and would reach age 100 in 2086.
Numbers from 'Females cohort lx' table; year of birth 1986, exact ages 100 and 30 are: (39707 / 99449 ) * 100 = 39.9%
In summary, a woman born in 1986 and having survived to age 30 has a 39.9% chance of surviving to age 100 under the moderately high life
expectancy variant.
Note: When using the cohort expectation of life the user should be aware that any calculation will include assumed
future mortality improvements and that these become less reliable the further into the future from the projections base year.
be age 64, and
high life expectancy variant,
xpectancy variant to
e moderately high life
Terms and conditions
National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. They a
produced free from any political interference.
The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Stati
Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.
Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics:
• meet identified user needs;
• are well explained and readily accessible;
• are produced according to sound methods, and
• are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest.
Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall con
be observed.
About us
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department w
reports directly to Parliament. ONS is the UK government’s single largest statistical producer. It compiles information abou
society and economy, and provides the evidence-base for policy and decision-making, the allocation of resources, and pub
accountability.
The Director-General of ONS reports directly to the National Statistician who is the Authority's Chief Executive and the Hea
Government Statistical Service.
You may re-use this document/publication (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Govern
Licence v3.0. To view this licence visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence; or write to the Information Po
The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU; or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.
Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.
Based on historical mortality rates from 1981 to 2016 and assumed calendar year mortality rates from the 2016-based moderately high life expe
Exact Year
Age 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
0 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000
1 98598 98870 98913 99028 98809 98870 98902
2 98499 98751 98847 98973 98727 98822 98845
3 98438 98720 98814 98918 98678 98757 98793
4 98408 98686 98788 98875 98639 98686 98760
5 98374 98662 98772 98854 98607 98664 98733
6 98328 98639 98754 98814 98581 98659 98717
7 98312 98627 98736 98802 98558 98643 98706
8 98275 98611 98696 98796 98523 98621 98696
9 98250 98595 98663 98751 98505 98603 98673
10 98232 98565 98647 98734 98471 98586 98656
11 98206 98542 98632 98697 98465 98563 98650
12 98170 98507 98618 98667 98439 98557 98638
13 98136 98494 98587 98644 98424 98536 98611
14 98119 98468 98574 98626 98382 98516 98590
15 98085 98437 98513 98581 98360 98475 98560
16 98064 98387 98474 98559 98333 98443 98518
17 97984 98321 98403 98533 98293 98412 98460
18 97886 98252 98324 98460 98209 98323 98370
19 97782 98127 98241 98369 98117 98242 98275
20 97684 98046 98158 98293 98039 98150 98176
21 97610 97969 98095 98201 97946 98088 98095
22 97519 97902 98018 98107 97869 97971 97983
23 97462 97865 97929 97985 97799 97853 97874
24 97376 97766 97825 97903 97696 97791 97794
25 97324 97687 97750 97850 97609 97709 97705
26 97228 97639 97675 97775 97513 97636 97651
27 97167 97556 97610 97711 97416 97583 97586
28 97088 97472 97521 97650 97352 97522 97513
29 96982 97364 97449 97589 97297 97392 97442
30 96955 97278 97351 97499 97225 97310 97340
31 96893 97147 97275 97423 97141 97244 97242
32 96809 97026 97171 97337 97055 97172 97161
33 96693 96900 97070 97238 96963 97091 97078
34 96570 96827 96964 97137 96876 97005 96987
35 96468 96717 96865 97016 96802 96880 96890
36 96328 96623 96722 96917 96691 96781 96734
37 96205 96518 96583 96779 96555 96631 96599
38 96078 96361 96494 96672 96413 96505 96484
39 95969 96259 96364 96509 96275 96359 96345
40 95832 96122 96176 96374 96040 96178 96218
41 95633 95938 95984 96144 95853 95970 96041
42 95412 95701 95800 95930 95677 95825 95808
43 95152 95474 95575 95740 95470 95575 95606
44 94957 95253 95252 95443 95281 95330 95426
45 94686 94950 95008 95179 94965 95079 95166
46 94360 94671 94716 94892 94721 94777 94892
47 93936 94403 94340 94539 94418 94419 94465
48 93497 94000 93920 94297 94072 94141 94097
49 93145 93583 93388 93841 93649 93737 93731
50 92571 93120 92830 93365 93081 93262 93153
51 92065 92484 92252 92768 92529 92715 92718
52 91303 91809 91691 92183 91890 92088 92090
53 90552 91080 90983 91527 91172 91309 91489
54 89684 90313 90208 90802 90521 90454 90774
55 88645 89312 89292 90008 89566 89629 90072
56 87628 88129 88322 89069 88574 88783 89201
57 86402 87025 87141 88006 87622 87757 88224
58 85182 85743 85913 86875 86358 86687 87154
59 83840 84350 84568 85655 84952 85446 85946
60 82430 82929 83131 84307 83602 83814 84530
61 80689 81244 81478 82770 82047 82177 83055
62 79008 79636 79663 80965 80314 80404 81474
63 77149 77879 77661 79226 78563 78737 79912
64 75120 76112 75488 77239 76565 76983 77963
65 72973 73809 73489 75136 74431 74987 76060
66 70730 71578 71175 73036 72122 72831 74031
67 68468 69207 68841 70585 69843 70648 71790
68 66028 66567 66167 68082 67407 68232 69290
69 63355 63848 63344 65256 64805 65575 66793
70 60277 60828 60385 62497 62135 62730 63828
71 57103 57778 57405 59422 59144 59769 61089
72 54099 54598 54269 56363 56035 56746 57992
73 50678 51390 51143 53282 52810 53534 54965
74 47187 48104 47717 49875 49646 50418 51816
75 43648 44337 44358 46452 46242 47085 48533
76 40488 40854 40971 42909 42509 43552 45108
77 37060 37318 37567 39625 39138 40043 41608
78 33891 33981 33995 36079 35530 36497 38268
79 30551 30473 30493 32747 32284 33032 35073
80 27078 27206 27323 29485 29026 29704 31347
81 23789 24026 24038 26162 25712 26328 28176
82 20664 20978 21135 23221 22635 23218 24977
83 17974 17914 18260 20294 19426 20100 22028
84 15257 15482 15651 17500 16671 17549 19235
85 12942 13159 12920 14818 14121 14990 16413
86 10504 10827 10783 12278 11929 12656 13997
87 8641 8537 8631 10287 9798 10591 11921
88 6789 6946 6922 8471 8030 8832 9765
89 5451 5448 5539 6862 6288 7001 7888
90 4237 4488 4376 5540 4809 5474 6286
91 3268 3485 3399 4359 3569 4479 4896
92 2650 2719 2568 3309 2700 3446 3732
93 2044 2031 2005 2578 2034 2572 2840
94 1560 1506 1538 2043 1465 1914 2232
95 1130 1094 1155 1452 1086 1358 1635
96 849 807 831 1107 712 1048 1262
97 532 538 604 760 462 825 988
98 387 344 415 614 312 557 666
99 230 226 294 454 199 381 547
100 140 177 191 320 101 315 395
2016-based moderately high life expectancy variant projections
Based on historical mortality rates from 1981 to 2016 and assumed calendar year mortality rates from the 2016-based moderately high life expe
Based on historical mortality rates from 1981 to 2016 and assumed calendar year mortality rates from the 2016-based moderately high life expe
Exact Year
Age 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
0 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000
1 98903 99006 98958 99219 99228 99234 99199
2 98810 98927 98865 99127 99136 99140 99128
3 98768 98866 98831 99092 99096 99088 99089
4 98743 98842 98798 99052 99056 99054 99061
5 98712 98804 98762 99041 99050 99031 99049
6 98712 98773 98743 99017 99022 99008 99032
7 98683 98736 98712 98998 99010 98997 99015
8 98660 98736 98699 98991 98985 98997 99010
9 98650 98714 98682 98985 98966 98978 98992
10 98640 98693 98682 98974 98960 98972 98967
11 98599 98678 98671 98962 98942 98960 98955
12 98585 98664 98652 98941 98909 98943 98955
13 98567 98646 98633 98941 98888 98920 98943
14 98540 98628 98614 98913 98868 98899 98921
15 98522 98619 98587 98880 98849 98885 98900
16 98505 98588 98565 98852 98830 98875 98875
17 98483 98549 98552 98834 98811 98837 98833
18 98449 98528 98517 98808 98779 98819 98809
19 98402 98499 98475 98799 98752 98768 98777
20 98376 98464 98429 98760 98712 98732 98744
21 98321 98411 98408 98722 98690 98699 98720
22 98287 98371 98383 98701 98665 98664 98711
23 98227 98347 98355 98679 98622 98638 98661
24 98181 98327 98331 98651 98613 98616 98626
25 98143 98274 98295 98621 98585 98606 98613
26 98121 98252 98252 98565 98545 98565 98609
27 98060 98207 98219 98527 98530 98550 98571
28 98032 98179 98168 98460 98503 98498 98522
29 97974 98146 98156 98420 98452 98460 98491
30 97930 98107 98106 98402 98394 98404 98452
31 97899 98052 98051 98357 98336 98370 98436
32 97827 97993 97990 98285 98268 98294 98391
33 97777 97926 97931 98268 98164 98239 98339
34 97670 97842 97895 98214 98114 98200 98245
35 97584 97805 97820 98138 98050 98113 98196
36 97510 97719 97718 98067 97963 98039 98093
37 97378 97655 97646 98009 97904 97947 98003
38 97285 97557 97551 97950 97816 97878 97937
39 97123 97463 97441 97871 97713 97777 97879
40 97034 97300 97293 97717 97580 97669 97759
41 96927 97145 97140 97614 97426 97590 97656
42 96771 97037 96997 97478 97294 97458 97477
43 96567 96900 96870 97334 97181 97316 97330
44 96437 96769 96677 97170 97044 97169 97178
45 96168 96608 96490 96975 96875 97009 96987
46 95943 96344 96305 96732 96712 96815 96804
47 95697 96125 96047 96447 96519 96603 96611
48 95424 95822 95785 96107 96242 96362 96344
49 95075 95459 95477 95826 95885 96090 96097
50 94682 95139 95191 95505 95623 95816 95723
51 94281 94763 94797 95143 95227 95535 95369
52 93977 94342 94426 94700 94822 95153 95085
53 93530 93886 93999 94312 94448 94743 94700
54 93048 93367 93483 93903 93994 94400 94197
55 92462 92810 92857 93321 93472 93928 93672
56 91799 92228 92272 92747 92935 93275 93088
57 91057 91618 91593 92174 92316 92610 92506
58 90150 90860 90919 91392 91540 91904 91926
59 89406 90050 90076 90604 90718 91165 91248
60 88589 89244 89264 89696 89915 90391 90424
61 87646 88318 88230 88850 89035 89468 89571
62 86716 87351 87168 87867 88033 88478 88597
63 85691 86222 86075 86925 86851 87321 87517
64 84661 85001 84930 85822 85619 86284 86411
65 83413 83695 83707 84796 84327 85073 85195
66 81922 82333 82496 83467 82978 83704 83912
67 80548 80853 81119 82171 81579 82179 82438
68 79010 79194 79567 80563 80060 80670 80965
69 77292 77467 77919 78992 78288 79204 79464
70 75564 75591 76113 77104 76502 77410 77635
71 73516 73571 74122 75234 74598 75549 75765
72 71457 71413 72088 73149 72696 73510 73773
73 69242 69208 69757 71118 70343 71316 71754
74 66853 66863 67323 68780 67796 68927 69497
75 64291 64267 64968 66341 65317 66291 66855
76 61507 61617 62136 63595 62752 63578 64296
77 58797 58620 59111 60950 59748 60874 61631
78 55448 55508 56140 57931 56827 57916 58720
79 52201 52306 53258 54763 53647 54848 55785
80 48840 48980 50067 51401 50426 51465 52660
81 45156 45488 46480 47981 47158 47993 49299
82 41431 41864 42639 44575 43423 44587 45888
83 37920 38050 39064 41141 39592 40832 42357
84 34216 34276 35352 37818 36058 37125 38593
85 30226 30331 31661 34289 32234 33232 34754
86 26791 26671 27789 30516 28571 29925 31263
87 22962 23440 24227 26726 24866 26567 27848
88 19419 19839 20391 22810 21264 23117 24263
89 16123 16656 17331 19328 17946 19670 20877
90 13216 13736 14369 16415 15024 16281 17346
91 10971 11092 11737 13570 12222 13491 14414
92 8812 8935 9520 11100 9839 11054 11806
93 6880 7174 7457 8929 7562 8802 9633
94 5351 5690 5820 6952 5749 6750 7813
95 4197 4384 4568 5285 4170 5118 5918
96 3196 3290 3482 4160 3086 3937 4427
97 2377 2429 2591 3074 2256 3029 3427
98 1620 1813 1948 2323 1711 2200 2659
99 1216 1300 1466 1752 1351 1558 2143
100 913 923 1074 1244 1006 1141 1613
e 2016-based moderately high life expectancy variant projections
Based on historical mortality rates from 1981 to 2016 and assumed calendar year mortality rates from the 2016-based moderately high life expe