ENGLISH REVIEWER

Punctuation and Capitalization

● helps to make your message meaningful and clear - they tell the reader how
to read your sentences

1.) Period (.)

Rules Example

is used at the end of a sentence A cynic is a man who knows the price
of everything but the value of nothing.

Is used in courtesy titles and Mr. Alfonso Victor Castro, Ms.

abbreviations of rank which appear Jasmine Critica
before a name

It is used with many abbreviations P.M, etc.., i.e., Mon., Jan., M.P., M.D.,
D.S.R., F.D.R

It is used before acadmic degrees when M.B.B.S, Ph. D., L.L. B

they are abbreviated

2.) Colon (:)

Rules Examples

It is used to introduce a quotation. Franklin D. Roosevelt said: “We have

nothing to fear but fear itself.”

It is used to introduce formal lists i have come to the following

enumerations. conclusions: Accept, Reject or
Compromise.

It is used following the situation in a Dear Ms. Fouzia:, Dear Sin:,

formal business letter Gentlemen:

It is used between the sentences Study is to acquire a habit of thinking:

grammatically independent but closely no study is more important.
connected.

Used in time. 9:30 12:01 1:26 3:04.

3.) Semicolon (;)

Rules Examples

It is used to separate the main clauses When it is silent everywhere; no

of a sentence when they are joined by disturbance and no noise, then it is the
coordinating conjunctions. real time of studies.
it separates main clauses of a sentence He is taking six courses this semester;
that are joined by conjunctive adverbs however he has given up his part-time
job and will have more time to today

It used to separate the items in a series The winners are Shazia, First;, Hassan,
when parts of the items were already second; Beena, third.
separated by commas.

It is used to separate clauses to The coconut tree gives us food; it gives

emphasize by providing a longer pause us drink; it gives us material for
between them. roofing; indeed with nearly all
necessaries.

4.) Comma (,)

Rules Examples

It is used to separate a seperate of He has lost his money, lands,

words in the same construction of a reputation, and friends.
sentence.

It is used to separate each pair of words High and low, rich and poor, wise and
connected by and, or. foolish, all must die.

It is used to separate the two nouns in a Paul, the apostle was beheaded in the
sentence which mean the same person reign of Nero.
or same thing.
It is used to separate two or more John is a short, stocky, powerful
coordinate adjectives. wrestler.

5.) Mark of interrogation (?)

Rules Examples

A question mark is used after very Do you like her?

direct question

Is not used after an indirect question He asked what time it was

Is enclosed in parentheses after a fact America was first visited by a white

which is doubtful man in A.D 1000(?)

Is used after each separate question in a If you poison us, do we not die? If you
series of questions wrong us, shall we not take revenge?

6.) Mark of Exclamation (!)

Rules Examples

It is used to add a forceful emphasis to “Get out!” She screamed.

a declarative word, expression or
sentence.
Is used after an expression of strong How the mighty have fallen!
emotion

Is placed either immeadiately after an Hark! Someone is singing a sweet

interjection that begins a sentence, or at song. Oh, what a
the end of the sentence introduced by beautiful day.
an interjection

7.) Dash (-)

Rules Examples

Is used to indicate a sudden break or Are you- Do you feel all right?
change of thought

May be used as substitute for the He admits that there are two sides of
expressions tha tis, in other words, and every question - his own and the wrong
namely. side

May be used to set off a word or group A pun is the lowest form of humour -
of words to add an element of suprise when you don’t think of it first
or to slow an unexpected turn of
thought.

used before summarizing such as, all Barry did sports such as - Basketball,
such, these and all these. Football and Badminton.
8.) Quotation marks (“”)

Rules Examples

used to enclose a quotation within a He said “Everyone should remember

quotation that God helps those who help
themselves.”

9.) Parenthesis ([ ])

Rules Examples

Used to separate a portion of a sentence She gained from heaven (it was all she
from the rest of the sentence wished) a son

Brackets are used to enclose a She [Mrs. Azra] used to council

correction or explanatory comment in
quoted material

10.) Hyphen (-)

Rules Examples

Used to break up Telephone numbers, N.I.C. No: 0421-28968-5

account numbers, card numbers etc.
Used to form compound words Brother-in-law

11.) Apostrophe (‘)

Rules Examples

Used to denote the omission of one or Shouldn’t, Wouldn’t

more letters or figures

Used to show the ownership of Have you seen Asian’s new

someone (Possession) motorbike?

CAPITALIZATION

1.) Capitalize the first word of a sentence.

2.) Capitalize Names and other Proper nouns.

3.) Don't capitalize after a colon (usually);

In most cases, you don't need to capitalize after a colon.

4.) Capitalize the first word of a quote. (sometimes)

5.) Capitalize Days, Months, Holidays but not seasons.

6.) Capitalize most words on titles

7.) Capitalize Cities, Countries, Nationalities

8.) Capitalize Time periods and events (sometimes)

9.) Capitalize initials or abbreviations

10.) Capitalize titles used with names

PREJUDICE AND BIAS

Prejudice
- It is an opinion or judgment that disregards the facts.
- Prejudice leads to discrimination.

Racism
- The idea that groups of people exhibit different personality,
characteristics, and can be separated based on the dominance of one
race over another.

Sexism
- A form of prejudice based on sex or gender.

Classism
- This is the prejudice based on social class or grouping of individuals
based on wealth, occupation, income, education, and social network.

Ageism
- This is a prejudicial attitude towards older people, old age, and the
aging process.

Religion
- This is the attitude towards a person or group differently because of the
particular beliefs about religion.
Bias
- The action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an
unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your
judgement.

Anchoring Bias
- This happens when people rely too much on pre-existing information or
the first information they find when making decisions. We end up
filtering all new information.

Media Bias
- This happens when journalists and news producers select the events
and stories that are reported, and how they are covered.

Confirmation Bias
- The tendency of people to favor information that confirms their
existing beliefs.

Conformity Bias
- This happens when one makes a wrong or uncomfortable decision to fit
in to please the group of people.

Halo effect
- A type of cognition bias whereby our perception of someone is
positively influenced by our opinions of the person's other related traits.