Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF BATAC

ACTIVITY SHEETS IN
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
QUARTER 4, WEEK 1

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs):

• illustrates: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) level of
significance; (d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing
(M11/12SP-IVa-1); and
• identifies the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem (M11/12SP-IVa-
3).

Prepared by:

JAMIEFEL P. PUNGTILAN
Teacher III
Background Information

Statistical Hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis test, or hypothesis test, is an algorithm to state the
alternative (for or against the hypothesis) which minimizes certain risks. It is the use
of statistics to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true.

A statistical hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion, or assumption

about a population parameter or about the distribution of a random variable.

In hypothesis testing, we formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.

• The null hypothesis, denoted by Ho and it is an initial claim based on previous

analyses, which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify. It shows no
significant difference between two parameters.

• If our sample results do not support this then we assume something else is true.
The alternative that we will accept is known as alternative hypothesis. It is a
statement saying that there is a significant difference between the population
parameter and the value that is being claimed. It is denoted by Ha.

Note: You can think of the null hypothesis as the current value of the population
parameter, which you hope to disprove in favor of your alternative hypothesis.

Mathematical Symbols used in Ho and Ha

Ho Ha
Equal (=) Not equal (≠) or greater than (>) or less
than (<)
Greater than or equal to (≥) Less than (<)
Less than or equal to (≤) Greater than (>)

Example 1.
The school record claims that the mean score in Mathematics of the incoming
Grade 11 students is 85. The teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests
if there is a significant difference between the batch mean score and the mean score
of students in her class.
Solution:
Let 𝜇 be the population mean score and 𝑥̅ be the mean score of students in
her class.

You may select any of the following statements as your null and alternative
hypothesis as shown in Option 1 and Option 2.

Option 1:

𝐻0: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is 85 or 𝜇 = 85.

𝐻a: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is not 85 or 𝜇 ≠ 85.

Option 2:
𝐻0: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has no significant difference
with the mean score of her students or 𝜇 = 𝑥̅.
𝐻a: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has a significant difference
with the mean score of her students or 𝜇 ≠ 𝑥̅.

Example 2. The school librarian wants to find out if there was an increase in the
number of students accessing the school library.
𝐻0: There was an increase in the number of students accessing the school library.
𝐻a: There was no increase in the number of students accessing the school library.

Example 3. We want to test if students take more than four years to graduate from
high school, on the average.
𝐻0: Students takes an average of four years to graduate from high school.
𝐻1: Students takes an average of more than four years to graduate from high school.

Another possible alternative hypothesis:

𝐻2: Students takes an average of less than 4 years if not possible to graduate from
high school.

Example 4. We want to test if it takes less than 60 minutes to answer the quarterly
test in Statistics and Probability.

𝐻0: It takes 60 minutes to answer the quarterly test in Statistics and Probability.
𝐻1: It takes less than 60 minutes to answer the quarterly test in Statistics and
Probability.
 Another possible alternative hypothesis:
𝐻2: It takes more than 60 minutes to answer the quarterly test in Statistics and
Probability.

Region of Rejection, Critical Value and Level of Significance

• The rejection region is the range of values that leads the researcher to reject
the null hypothesis.
• The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is the set of all values of
the test statistic that causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the degree of
significance in which we accept or reject the null hypothesis. The 𝛂 corresponds
to the rejection region and the difference of one and the alpha (1- 𝛂)
corresponds to the area of the curve occupied by the non-rejection region. The
level of significance is the probability that the test statistic would fall in the
rejection region when in fact the null hypothesis is actually true.
• The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test distribution that is compared
to the test statistic to determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected. It is
derived from the level of significance. If the test statistic or computed value falls
in the rejection region, that is, it falls beyond the critical point, and then the null
hypothesis is rejected.
Example 5. A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a certain drug reduces
cholesterol level. Upon trial, the computed z-value of 2.715 lies in the
rejection area.

The computed value is greater than the critical value.

𝐻0: The certain drug is effective in
reducing cholesterol level by 60%. The computed z-value We reject the null
𝐻a: The certain drug is not is at the rejection hypothesis, H0 in
effective in reducing cholesterol region. favor of Ha.
level by 60%.

Example 6. Sketch the rejection region of the test hypothesis with critical values of
±1.753 and determine if the computed t-value of –1.52 lies in that region.

Solution:
Draw a t-distribution curve. Since there are two critical values, it is a two tailed test.
Locate the critical values and shade the rejection regions.

Now, locate the computed t-value of –1.52. You can clearly see that it is not at the
rejection region as shown in the following figure. The computed t-value is at the non-
rejection region. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, 𝐻0.

One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests

The specific form of the hypothesis can either directional or non-directional,

depending upon the particular question that is at issue in the research.

• One-tailed (Directional) Test specifies the particular direction of

relationship. It is a test with the region of rejection lying on either left or right
 tail of the normal curve. It is used when the given statistics hypothesis
assumes a less than or greater than value.

• Two-tailed (Non-directional) Test shows that the rejection region is on

both sides of the curve. If the alternative hypothesis contains the inequality
(≠) symbol, then the test is two-tailed. Alpha 𝛂 which corresponds to the
rejection region is divided equally between the two tails.

Example 7. The school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this
school year is not the same as the previous school year.

In the above situation, let 𝜇0 be the average number of enrollees last year.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻 a : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 If 𝐻a uses ≠, use a two-
α α
tailed test.
2 2

However, if the school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees
this school year is less than the previous school year, then you will have:
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻 a : 𝜇 < 𝜇0
𝛂

Use the left-tailed when Ha

contains the symbol <.

On the other hand, if the school registrar believes that the average number of
enrollees this school year is greater than the previous school year, then you will have:
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻 a : 𝜇 > 𝜇0
Use the right-tailed when
Ha contains the symbol >.
𝛂
 Types of Errors
• Type I error occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it’s
true. The probability of committing a type I error is called significance level.
This probability is also called alpha, and it is often denoted by 𝛂.
• Type II error occurs when the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis
that is false. The probability of committing a Type II error is called beta, and
is often denoted by β. The probability of not committing a Type II error is
called the Power of the test.
• The larger the value of alpha, the smaller is the value of beta.

To summarize the difference between the Type I and Type II errors, take a look
at the table below.

Null Hypothesis (Ho) Fail to Reject Ho Reject Ho

Type I Error
Correct Decision
-Rejected Ho when it is
True - Failed to reject Ho when
true
it is true
Type II Error Correct Decision
False - Failed to reject Ho when - Rejected Ho when it is
it is false false
Identifying the Parameter to be Tested
In the normal distribution, there are two parameters that can characterize a
distribution - the mean and standard deviation. By varying these two parameters, you
can get different kinds of normal distribution.

Example 1. The average height of adult Filipinos 20 years and older is 163 cm for
males.

Parameter: the average height of adult Filipinos 20 years and older or 𝛍 = 163.
In hypothesis testing, the parameter will be translated into symbols such as 𝛍 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑
where 𝛍 is the symbol for mean/average and 163 is the value that pertains to the
average height.

Example 2. According to a survey, 63% of the parents are willing to spend extra
money for their children’s health and education matters.

Parameter: the percentage/proportion of parents willing to spend extra money

in their children’s health and education matter or 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑.

To identify the parameters to be tested:

1. Just look for mean/average, standard deviation, variance, and proportion
of population.
2. Determine the value that pertains to the given parameter, then translate
them in symbols for hypothesis testing.

Example 3. A study claims that the mean survival time for a certain cancer patient
treated immediately with chemotherapy and radiation is 24 months.

Parameter: the mean survival time of 24 months with chemotherapy and

radiation 𝝁 = 24 months.
Example 4. As stated by a company’s shipping department, the number of shipping
errors per million shipments has a standard deviation of 2.7.

Parameter: the standard deviation of 2.7.

Example 5. A Grade 11 researcher reported that the average allowance of Senior

High School students is Php 100. A sample of 40 students has mean
allowance of Php 120. At 𝛼 = 0.01 test, it was claimed that the students
had allowance of Php 100. The standard deviation of the population is
Php 50.

Parameter: the average allowance of Senior High School students is Php 100 or
𝝁 = Php 100.

In this claim, there are different parameters used but the parameter to be
tested in this hypothesis would be the average allowance of Senior High
School students since it relates to the population, not in sample. Statistical
hypothesis is a conjecture about the population parameter that’s why you will
look for the population mean, population standard deviation, or population
proportion but not sample mean.
Name:___________________________________________ Date:____________
Grade/Section: ____________________________________Score:____________

Activity 1.1: You Express Me

Directions: Express the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in
notation form in the following scenarios.

1. The intelligence quotient of male grade 12 students is the same as the female
students.
𝐻0: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
𝐻a: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice claims that the
average capacity of their product is 300 ml.
𝐻0: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
𝐻a: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. The enrolment in senior high school this school year increases by 15%.
𝐻0: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
𝐻a: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4. The school wants to test if the students in Grade 11 prefer digitized modular
learning as the method of instruction.
𝐻0: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
𝐻a: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5. A researcher claims that the average monthly allowance of grade eleven

students is Php 25.00.
𝐻0: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
𝐻a: ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Name:___________________________________________ Date:____________
Grade/Section: ____________________________________Score:____________

Activity 1.2: The Tale of Tails

Directions: Determine if one-tailed test or two-tailed test fits the given
alternative hypothesis.

1. The standard deviation of their height is not equal to 5 inches.

2. The average number of motorcycles passing through the police station is less
than 400.

3. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen don’t have the same rate of time to reduce the
headache of the patients.

4. The average time to commute from home to school is more than 32.5
minutes.

5. Female Grade 11 and Grade 12 students differ in weight on average.

6. The average daily number of customers in a store is less than 1 025.

7. The proportion of senior male students’ height is significantly higher than that
of senior female students.

8. The average monthly allowance of grade ten students is less than Php 25.00

9. The mean content of citric acid in a bottle of juice drinks is greater than 5 ml.

10. The average number of plants sold is less than 65.

Name:___________________________________________ Date:____________
Grade/Section: ____________________________________Score:____________

Activity 2.1: Are You In or Out?

Directions: Illustrate the rejection region given the critical value and
identify if the t-values in the acceptance region or rejection region.

1. critical t-value of 2.518

computed t-value of 1.78
The computed t-value is at the
_______________ region.

2. critical t-value of 0.856

computed t-value of 1.18
The computed t-value is at the
_______________ region.

3. critical t-value of ±1.812

computed t-value of −1.915
The computed t-value is at the
_______________ region.

4. critical t-value of -2.306

computed t-value of -2.225
The computed t-value is at the
_______________ region.

5. critical t-value of ±1.311

computed t-value of -1.985
The computed t-value is at the
_______________ region.
Name:___________________________________________ Date:____________
Grade/Section: ____________________________________Score:____________

Activity 2.2: Type I or Type II

Directions: Identify the type of error (TYPE I or TYPE II) if there is
any that is committed in each of the following situations.

1. A false null hypothesis is accepted.

2. A true null hypothesis is accepted.

3. A true null hypothesis is rejected.

4. A false null hypothesis is rejected.

Name:___________________________________________ Date:____________

Grade/Section: ____________________________________Score:____________

Activity 3: What Is Your Parameter?

Directions: Determine the parameter to be tested in each situation by
writing your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Translate it into
symbols.

1. The playing online game habits of children were observed and found out that
the standard deviation is 2.4 hours per week.

2. A researcher used a developed problem-solving test to randomly select 50

grade 6 pupils. In this sample, X = 80 and s = 10. The mean μ and the standard
deviation of the population used in the standardization of the test were 75 and
15, respectively.

3. A newspaper article stated that students in the country take an average of 4

years to finish their undergraduate degrees. Suppose that you believe the mean
time is longer, you conducted survey on 38 students. The result obtained a
sample mean of 4 with a sample standard deviation of 1.75.

4. In a plant nursery, the owner thinks that the lengths of seedlings in a box
sprayed with a new kind of fertilizer has an average height of 26 cm after three
days and a standard deviation of 10 cm. One researcher randomly selected 80
such seedlings and calculated the mean height to be 20 cm and the standard
deviation was 10 cm.

5. Records of the Department of Agriculture showed that rice yield decreases by

15.75% in 2020.
References:

Alonzo, George. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Grade 11.
Makati City: Salinlahi Publishing House, Inc., 2017.

Belecina, Rene R. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016.

Department of Education. Statistics and Probability. Quarter 4 Modules

Appendix A: t-distribution Table