2ND QUARTER REVIEWER

KPKWP
1: BALITA SA RADYO AT TELEBISYON
❖ Telebisyon
- Makapanood ng balita at tunghayan ang mga sinusubaybayan at paboritong programa
❖ Balita
- Ito ay ulat. Ito ay mga pangyayari sa lipunan at sa mga taong nabibilang sa nasabing
lipunan.
- Ang balita ay hindi naglalaman ng mga kuro-kuro. Inilalahad ito ng parehas, walang
pinapanigan, at malinaw.
❖ Panayam
- Maaaring mapagkukunan ng impormasyon.
- Ito ang pagbibigay ng mga kaalaman ng kinapanayam o ng taong tinatanong tungkol sa
usapin na gumagamit ng mga angkop na wika batay sa kung ano ang pinag-uusapan.
- Tinatawag din itong primary source

2: SOCIAL MEDIA
❖ Social Media
- Ang ating kinahihiligan natin sa internet.
❖ Code Switching
- pagpapalit-palit na paggamit ng wikang Ingles at Filipino.
MGA APPS SA SOCIAL MEDIA:
★ Facebook o FB
- Aplikasyon na maaari mong magamit kung gusto mong malaman ng mga tao ang
nangyayari sa iyo
★ Twitter
- Kung hanap mo naman ay balita sa mga taong sinusubaybayan mo
★ Youtube
- Kung ang nais mo naman ay makapag-upload ka ng video
➔ BLOGS - mga artikulo para sa isang paksa na ang pokus ay mistulang diary.
★ Skype, Viber at Messenger
- Kung agarang libreng tawag naman ang iyong hanap.
PAANO MAPANATILI ANG ATING WIKA?
1. wikang Filipinong diksyunaryo
2. mga akdang pampanitikan,
3. mga rebyu ng pelikulang Filipino
4. patuloy na paggawa ng blogs na nasusulat sa ating wika

3: PELIKULA
❖ Pelikula
- Sine o pinilakang tabing
- pinakamura at abot-kayang uri ng libangan
- Iba-iba ang uri ng pelikulang tinatangkilik ng mga manonood.
URI NG MGA PELIKULA:
★ aksiyon
★ animation
★ drama -
★ pantasya
★ historical
★ komedya
★ musical
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA PELIKULA:
1. Ingles na pamagat/Nanggaling sa kanta
2. Mas maikli
3. Paghikayat sa mga nanonood

4: DULA
PELIKULA: MGA JARGON NA MGA SALITA
★ Montage
- hinahati ang parte ng isang pelikula at ito ay pinipili, inaayos, binabago para makagawa
ng mas magandang seksyon ng pelikula.
★ Sequence Iskrip
- Pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari sa isang kwento sa pelikula. Ipinamamalas nito
ang tunay na layunin ng kwento.
★ Cinematograpiya
- Pagkuha sa wastong anggulo upang ipakita sa manonood ang tunay na pangyayari sa
pamamagitan ng wastong timpla ng ilaw at lente ng kamera.
DULANG PILIPINO
❖ Dula
- hango sa salitang Griyego na “drama” na nangangahulugang gawin o ikilos.
- makapagbigay aliw at magbigay ng makabuluhang mensahe sa manonood.
- Itinatanghal sa entablado na may mga tauhang gumaganap na nag-uusap sa pamamagitan
ng mga diyalogo.
DULA SA KASALUKUYANG PANAHON
➔ panradyo, pangtelebisyon, at pampelikula
➔ itinatanghal sa mas malalaking entablado at aktuwal na napapanood ng mga tao.
➔ Ang dula sa ating bansa ay kasintanda ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.
➔ Bahagi na ito ng ating tradisyon. Mga tradisyong nagbibigay identidad sa mga Pilipino.
LAYUNIN NG MANDUDULA:
1. magbigay aliw sa mga mamamayang Pilipino
2. bigyang buhay ang mga pangyayari sa buhay ng Pilipino
SANGKAP NG DULA
★ Tagpuan
- panahon at pook kung saan naganap ang mga pangyayaring isinaad sa dula
★ Tauhan
- kumikilos at nagbibigay-buhay sa dula; sa tauhan umiikot ang mga pangyayari; ang mga
tauhan ang bumibigkas ng dayalogo at nagpapadama sa dula.
 ★ Sulyap sa Suliranin
- bawat dula ay may suliranin, maaaring mabatid ito sa simula o kalagitnaan ng dula
- Maaaring higit sa isa ang suliranin
★ Saglit na Kasiglahan
- saglit na paglayo o pagtakas ng mga tauhan sa suliraning nararanasan
★ Tunggalian
- maaaring sa pagitan ng mga tauhan, tauhan laban sa kanyang paligid, at tauhan laban sa
kanyang sarili
- maaaring magkaroon ng higit sa isa o patung-patong na tunggalian ang isang dula
★ Kasukdulan
- climax sa Ingles
- nasusubok ang katatagan ng tauhan
- pinakamatindi o pinakamabugso ang damdamin o kaya’y sa pinaka kasukdulan ang
tunggalian
★ Kakalasan
- pagtukoy sa kalutasan sa mga suliranin at pag-ayos sa mga tunggalian
★ Kalutasan
- natatapos ang mga suliranin at tunggalian sa dula

ELEMENTO NG DULA
★ Iskrip o nakasulat na dula/Banghay (Plot)
- pinakakaluluwa ng isang dula
- Sa iskrip nakikita ang banghay ng isang dula. Ito ay ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga
pangyayari at sitwasyon sa pamamagitan ng mga karakter (aktor) na gumagalaw sa
tanghalan.
★ Gumaganap o Aktor/ Karakter
- Nagsasabuhay sa mga tauhan sa iskrip
- Ang mga kumikilos at nagbibigay-buhay sa dula; sa tauhan umiikot ang mga pangyayari.
★ Dayalogo
- bitaw na linya ng mga aktor na siyang sandata upang maipakita at maipadama ang mga
emosyon.
★ Tanghalan
- anumang pook na pinagpasyahang pantanghalan o saan naganap ang dula
★ Tagadirehe o Direktor
- ang direktor ang nagpapakahulugan sa isang iskrip
- siya ang nag-i-interpret sa iskrip at pumapasya dula
★ Manonood
- Tagasaksi sa mga dulang itinanghal.
★ Tema
- pinaka paksa ng isang dula
- Naililitaw ang tunay na emosyon ng mga aktor sa tulong ng paglilinaw ng tema ng dula.

5: EDUKASYON, KALAKALAN, PAMAHALAAN, AT MODERNISASYON

★ Ingles
 - dominanteng wika sa edukasyon
- ginagamit sa sistema ng edukasyon at print media
- ginagamit ng mga mambabatas at ng mga pulitiko.
- mga intelektwal na usapin, komersyo o negosyo
★ Filipino
- ginagamit sa pamamahala, lehislatura at mga korte sa Pilipinas
- lokal na komunikasyon at mga palabas sa telebisyon.
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA EDUKASYON
★ 2003 – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Executive Order 210)
- palakasin ang pagtuturo at pagkatuto gamit ang wikang Ingles sa batayang edukasyon sa
Pilipinas.
★ Bagong Kurikulum – Benigno C. Aquino III (MTB-MLE, Mother Tongue – Based
Multilingual Education)
★ Kalihim Armin Luistro – mother tongue (unang baitang)
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA PAMAHALAAN
- Benigno C. Aquino III – Wikang Filipino (SONA) para sa ordinaryong mamamayan
- Kasalukuyan – Wikang Filipino (opisyal na pagdinig)
- Code Switching (teknikal o walang katumbas na salita)
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA KALAKALAN
- “sa pakikipagtalastasan nagaganap ang kalakalan”
a. MEMO
b. KONTRATA
c. LIHAM-PANGANGALAKAL
ANYO NG WIKA
- Paggamit ng salita (pagsasalita)
a. pagsusulat
b. wikang pasenyas
c. larangan ng musika
d. sining ng pagpipinta
e. pagsasayaw
Sa ilang pagkakataon tinatawag ding wika ang.....
- SALITA
- diyalekto
- lingo (sariling wika ng isang grupo)
KATEGORYA NG PAGGAMIT NG WIKA
PORMAL
– salitang istandard, karaniwan, o pamantayan
➔ Pambansa o karaniwan – aklat, pambalarila
➔ Pampanitikan o panretorika – akdang pampanitikan, makulay, malalim at masining
IMPORMAL O DI PORMAL
– pang-araw araw na pakikipag-usap
➔ Lalawiganin – bokabularyong diyalektal
➔ Balbal – hango sa pagbabago ng panahon, lansangan
➔ Kolokyal – pagpapaikli ng salita
PAGGAMIT NG WIKA SA GITNA NG MODERNISASYON
Komunikasyon
- pangunahing salik upang mapaunlad ang ating wika.
- Pag-usbong ng mga cellphone
- Umaasa na lamang sa nauuso at ‘trending´ sa ating lipunan.

6: SOCIAL MEDIA, RADYO AT TELEBISYON

- tinagurian ang Pilipinas na Social Media Capital of the World noong taong 2015.
SOCIAL MEDIA SA PILIPINAS
- pagiging iresponsable sa pagpapakalat ng maling impormasyon o balita,
- maging ang hindi maingat na pagbibigay ng mga pahayag at komentong walang sapat na
batayan.
- maraming mga bagong salita ang umusbong at nauso na patuloy na ginagamit at tinatangkilik
ng mga tao .
Nagagawang baguhin ang wika sa pamamagitan ng…
1. pagpapaikli
2. paghahalo ng Ingles at Filipino
3. pagbabago ng spelling, termino, at kahulugan ng mga salita
4. paghalo-halo ng mga numero, mga simbolo, at mga malaki at maliit na letra.
mga pinausong lengguwahe:
- Jejemon o millennial words
- Gay lingo

EARTH SCIENCE
1: LAYERS OF THE EARTH

❖ Crust
- uppermost and the thinnest layer of the Earth.
- Surface rocks on the earth are made of silicon and oxygen
➔ Continental Crust
➔ Oceanic Crust
❖ Mantle
- represents over 60% of the earth’s mass
- Semi-solid and made of rock that is less dense than iron and nickel but still much heavier
than normal surface rocks.
➔ Upper Mantle
➔ Lower Mantle
 ❖ Core
- the very hot, very dense center of our planet.
- Made of iron and nickel
➔ Outer Core
➔ Inner Core
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT?
❖ Primordial Heat
- described as the internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation in a planet during its
first few million years of evolution
- Heat during the Earth's formation has been trapped in the planet.
- main contributors to the primordial heat are Accretional and Differentiation energy.
❖ Radioactive Heat
- made up of atoms whose nuclei are unstable and give off atomic radiation as part of a
process of attaining stability.
★ Radioactive decay
- It occurs as radioactive elements break down over time, involving the disintegration of
natural radioactive elements inside Earth.

2: WEATHERING
❖ Weathering
- process that breaks down rock and other substances on Earth’s surface.
➔ Mechanical Weathering
➔ Chemical Weathering
❖ Mechanical Weathering
- cause physical disintegration of exposed rock without any change in the chemical
composition of the rock.

❖ Chemical Weathering
- involves the interaction of rock with chemicals to change the composition of rocks
RATES OF WEATHERING
important factors for the rate of weathering:
1. Rock type
★ Permeable Rock
- weathers easily because it contains many small, connected air spaces
2. Climate
★ Wet climates with high temperatures
- speed up both mechanical and chemical weathering.
Mechanical and Chemical Weathering Work Together
- Mechanical weathering increases the surface area available for chemical weathering.
- Increased surface area usually results in faster chemical reactions (chemical weathering).
3: EARTH LAYERS AND MAGMATISM
❖ Crust
★ Continental Crust
- less dense, thicker, and mainly composed of granite. (felsic)
★ Oceanic Crust
- denser and thinner and mainly com​posed of basalt. (mafic)
❖ Mantle
★ Upper Mantle
- mostly solid, but its more malleable regions contribute to tectonic activity.
- lithosphere and asthenosphere
★ Lower Mantle
- located directly above the outer core and contains solid rock
❖ Core
★ Outer Core
- liquid or molten
- contains melted iron and nickel
★ Inner Core
- center and the hottest layer of the Earth.
- solid and made up of iron and nickel
- Due to its immense heat energy, the inner core is more like the engine room of the
Earth.
 - Under extreme pressure and is therefore unable to melt.
DISCONTINUITIES
❖ Discontinuities
- Transition zones that separate all those layers from each other.
a. Conrad Discontinuity
- divides the continental crust and the oceanic crust.
b. Moho Discontinuity
- separates the crust and mantle.
c. Repetti Discontinuity
- separates the upper mantle from the lower mantle.
d. Guttenberg Discontinuity
- separates the lower mantle and the upper core of the earth.
e. Lehmann Discontinuity
- separates the outer core and the inner-core.
3 MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
1. Convection
- the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion.
2. Conduction
- the transfer of heat or electric current from one substance to another by direct contact.
3. Radiation
- energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
MAGMATISM
❖ Volcano
- an opening in the earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gasses escape.
❖ Magma
- extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s surface. When magma
flows onto Earth’s surface, it is called lava.
Types of volcanic eruption:
a. Effusive
- Calm and produces lava flows
b. Explosive
- energetic eruption that produces mainly ash, pumice, and fragmental ballistic debris
four types of volcanoes:

1. Cinder Cone Volcano

- simplest, most common type, and has a
characteristic cone shape.
- has explosive eruptions caused by gas
rapidly expanding and escaping from the molten lava
that comes out like a fountain.
2. Composite Volcano
- Also referred to as strato-volcanoes
 - tall conical mountain composed of an alternating layer of lava-flow
- eruptions are extremely explosive and dangerous.
3. Shield Volcano
- huge, gently sloped volcanoes
- eruptions are not explosive
4. Lava Dome Volcano
- relatively small, circular mounds formed as the lava is too viscous to flow, which makes it pile up
over and around the vents.
Different Types of Volcanoes Based on Their Frequency of Eruptions
★ Active Volcanoes
- Those that have erupted in the last 10,000 years and are expected to erupt again at any time.
★ Dormant Volcanoes
- Those that have not erupted in the last 10,000 years, but are likely to erupt after remaining
inactive for a long period.
★ Extinct Volcanoes
- Those that were active in the past, but have not erupted in the last 10,000 years and are not likely
to erupt in the present or the future.

3: STRESS, FAULTS, AND FOLDS

❖ Deformation
- the bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth’s crust
- Plate tectonics is the major cause of crustal deformation
➔ Brittle – easy to break, bend or alter
➔ Ductile – hard, bends but doesn’t break easily
❖ Isostasy
- equal standstill
- Earth’s crust is floating on the mantle
❖ Isostatic adjustment
- up and down movement of the crust to reach isostasy
➔ Thicker and heavier crust sink deeper into the mantle
➔ Thinner and lighter crust will rise higher on the mantle
3 BASIC KINDS OF STRESS
★ Compression
- occurs when crustal rocks are squeezed together
★ Tension
- the force that pulls rocks apart.
- rocks tend to become thinner.
★ Shearing
- pushes rocks in opposite directions
- sheared rocks bend, twist and break
RESULTS OF STRESS
★ Folding
- a rock has stress put on it and does not break
- wave-like structures in rock layers
3 general types of folds:
1. Anticlines - upcurved folds where the oldest rock layers are in the center
2. Synclines - down curved folds in which the youngest layers are in the center
3. Monoclines - both ends stay horizontal but one side is lower than the other
★ Faulting
- When the rock moves and breaks
Two sides to a fault:
a. hanging wall - side that is above the fault plane
b. Foot wall - occurs below it

➔ Normal fault - the hanging wall moves down. There is tension or the rocks are being pulled
apart.
➔ reverse fault - the hanging wall moves up. It caused by compressional forces.
- A low angle reverse fault is called a thrust fault
➔ Strike-slip faults - slide horizontally past one another
- the displacement of the far block is to the left when viewed from either side is called a
left lateral strike-slip fault

4: SEAFLOOR SPREADING
A. Mapping the Ocean Floor
➔ German scientists discovered how to use sound waves to locate submarines during World War
I.
➔ The longer the sound waves take to return to the ship, the deeper the water is
★ Hydrophone
- an underwater device that detects and records ocean sounds from all directions
➔ discovered an underwater system of ridges, or mountains, and valleys
➔ rift valleys are like rips in the ocean floor
➔ Underwater volcanic eruptions create underwater mountains
➔ a system of ridges, called the mid-ocean ridges, is present in oceans around the world.

B. The Seafloor Moves

❖ Harry Hess (1960s)
- Princeton University scientist
- His theory “seafloor spreading”
- proposed that hot, less dense material below Earth’s crust rises toward the surface at
the mid-ocean ridges.
- As the seafloor spreads apart at a mid-ocean ridge, a new seafloor is created
- The older seafloor moves away from the ridge in opposite directions.
C. Evidence for Spreading
➔ In 1968, scientists aboard the research ship Glomar Challenger
➔ the youngest rocks are located at the mid-ocean ridges
➔ molten material is forced upward along the ridges, it brings heat and chemicals
D. Magnetic Clues
➔ Earth’s magnetic field has a north pole and south pole
 ➔ Invisible lines of magnetic force leave Earth near the south pole and enter the north pole
➔ Earth’s magnetic field has reversed itself many times in the past.
➔ reversals are recorded in rocks forming along mid-ocean ridges.
★ magnetic reversal
- the lines of magnetic force run the opposite way
E. Magnetic Time Scale
➔ Earth’s magnetic field reverses, new iron minerals forms
➔ a sensing device called a magnetometer is use to detect magnetic fields
➔ strong magnetic reading is recorded when the polarity of a rock is the same as the polarity of
Earth’s magnetic field.
➔ Normal polarities in rocks show up as large peaks
➔ the reversals are shown in strips parallel to mid-ocean ridges

5: PLATE TECTONICS
A. Continental Drift
❖ Alfred Wegener (1912)
- German Meteorologist
- Continents moved slowly to their current locations.
- Pangaea- the single landmass of Earth that broke apart about 200mya . “All
Land”
❖ Evidence
➔ Puzzle-like Fit
● Coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces.
● Examples: S.America & Africa
➔ Fossil Clues
● Certain fossils of ancient animals & plants are found on distant landmasses.
● Freshwater/land-dwelling reptile Mesosaurus fossils have been found on South
America & Africa.
● Fossils of the ancient plant Glossopteris were found in Africa, South America,
Australia, India, & Antarctica.
➔ Climate Clues
- Fossils of warm climate plants were found in present-day cold climates. (Coal)
- Rocks deposited by glaciers from the ice ages have been found in present-day
warm climates.
➔ Rock Clues
● Similar rock structures are found on different continents separated by oceans.
- The Appalachian mountains of the USA are similar to mountains found in
Greenland & western Europe.
- Rocks of South America match those in Africa.
- Main objection to Wegener’s hypothesis was its inability to provide a mechanism
for the movement of the continents.
B. Seafloor Spreading
❖ Hypothesis
● Radio waves were used to map the ocean floor.
 ●Mid-ocean Ridges- underwater mountain ranges
●Less dense magma flows sideways dragging the seafloor along.
●As the seafloor spreads apart, magma flows up through cracks in the ridge forming new
rock.
➢ Evidence
● Drilling
- Ocean floor rock samples show that the age of the rock gets older the further the
rock is from the mid-ocean ridge
● Magnetism
- Changes in the magnetic alignment of the Earth are found in alternating bands in
the seafloor rock.

6: THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS

➢ Theory
● Combined theory of Continental Drift & Seafloor Spreading.
● Earth’s crust & upper mantle (lithosphere) are broken into plates and move around on a
plastic-like layer of the mantle (asthenosphere.)
★ Seven Major Plates
1. Pacific(Largest)
2. N. American
3. S. American
4. African
5. Eurasian
6. Australian
7. Antartic
➢ Plate Boundaries
● Divergent Boundaries
- Two plates spread apart.(tension)
- Where seafloor spreading occurs.
- New crust is formed.
★ Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
● Convergent Boundaries
- Two plates come together (compression)
- Oceanic plate will sink under a continental plate (subduction) producing a deep
trench.
★ Ex: Andes & Cascades
- Two oceanic plates will converge resulting in a volcanic island arc.
★ Ex: Mariana Islands
- Two continental plates will converge & crumple forming folded mountains.
★ Ex: Himalayas, Appalachians, & Alps
● Transform Boundaries
- Two plates slide past each other.(shearing)
- Move at different rates.
- Also known as strike-slip faults.
 ★ Ex: San Andreas Fault
➢ Causes (Hypothesis)
● Convection Currents
- Hot magma rises in the mantle.
- Magma hits the crust & cools.
- Cooling magma sinks dragging the lithospheric plate with it (centimeters.)
- Magma sinks into the mantle & reheats.
➢ Features Formed by Tectonics
● Faults
- Cracks in the tectonic plates caused by stress.
- Plate boundaries are also faults.
- Movement along faults cause earthquakes.
● Volcanoes
- Magma produced by friction during subduction oozes up through the crust,
erupts, & forms volcanoes.
➢ Mountains
● Convergent & Divergent boundaries form mountains.
● Process of mountain building is called orogenesis.
★ Volcanic Mountains
★ Folded Mountains
- Horizontal rock layers are squeezed from opposite sides, causing them to buckle
& fold.
- EX: Himalayans & Appalachians
★ Fault-block Mountains
- Huge, tilted blocks of rock that are separated by faults.
- EX: Sierra Nevada
★ Upwarped Mountains
- blocks of Earth’s crust are pushed up by forces inside the Earth. (Domes)
- EX: Rocky Mountains
ORAL COMMUNICATION
MODULE 7: Types of Speech Act
❖ Speech Act
- utterance that serves a function in communication
★ Locutionary Acts
- refers to any utterances that may contain statements or words about objects.
- It may be a word, or even a phrase that has a meaning.
★ Illocutionary Acts
- acting part of the speech act.
a. constantive
- making something true or false by saying it.
- commonly done by someone in authority like a judge or an official.
b. performative
- doing something by just saying it.
CATEGORIES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
1. Assertive
- the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition like boasting, suggesting, asserting,
concluding, and swearing
2. Directive
- the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action by way of commanding, requesting,
begging, etc.
3. Commissive
- commits the speaker to future actions such as promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
4. Expressive
- the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions.
5. Declarative
- brings a change in an external situation Like declarations bring into existence,
★ Perlocutionary Acts
- It is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an addressee by a
speaker’s utterance.

MODULE 8: Strategies in Various

Speech Situations
❖ communicative competence
- knowledge of language and the ability to use such language appropriately in any given
situation or circumstance.
❖ Oral Communication
- verbally or nonverbally transmitting ideas or messages within or across various contexts,
cultures, channels and media.
❖ Intrapersonal Communication
- communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and
the receiver of the message
 ❖ Interpersonal communication
- communication between and among people and establishes personal relationships
between and among them.
Types of Interpersonal Context
1. Dyad Communication
- communication that occurs between two people
2. Small Group
- communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve people engaging in a
face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal.
3. Public Communication
- communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group.
4. Mass Communication
- communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books,
billboards, internet, and other types of media.
5. Organizational Communication
- communication that occurs within organizations, such as corporations, non-profits, and
governmental bodies.
6. Intercultural Communication
- communication of different groups of varied cultures gather and convey information correctly
and skillfully in a manner acceptable to the group’s diverse opinions.
MODULE 9: Types Communicative
Strategy
❖ Communicative strategies
- plans, ways or means of sharing information that are adopted to achieve a particular
purpose.
Types of Communicative Strategies
1. Nomination
- used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation. Presenting a
particular topic.
2. Restriction
- constraining the reaction or response within a define set of categories
3. Turn-taking
- to establish and sustain a productive conversation. Recognizing when and how to speak.
- recognizing when and how to speak when it is one’s turn
4. Topic Control
- keeping the conversation going on by asking questions that requires a response from the listener
5. Topic Shifting
- introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic.
6. Repair
- overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages.
Repair Communicative Strategy includes:
➔ Requesting clarification
- One may ask questions or use non-verbal communication to show that the message could not be
understood.
 ➔ Not acknowledging the new situation
- The situation already in progress will continue.
➔ Topic shifting
- help direct the discussion to another topic or divert the attention of the listener from the topic that
has become problematic.
➔ Repeating
- a good way of correcting oneself.
➔ Recasting
- changing the form of the message that could not be understood.
7. Termination
- ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages
MODULE 10: Principles of Speech Writing
Principles of Speech Writing
1. Choosing the Topic - A speech is meant to relay a message to the listeners.
2. Analyzing the Audience - A speech for one occasion cannot simply be used for another.
3. Sourcing the Information - This involves seeking out all the available means for finding
materials to support the speech.
4. Outlining and Organizing the Speech Content - This makes sense of all the research
conducted.
➔ different types of outlines
a. Chronological outline - refers to a historical or time approach like from
past to the present,
b. spatial or geographical outline - going from one place to another or from one
direction to another
c. cause and effect outline - involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an
issue
d. problem – solution outline - explains a problem and suggest a possible solution
e. topical outline - divides the topic into subtopics based on importance or interest
value.
additional guidelines when writing your speech:
1. Keep your words short and simple - speech is meant to be heard by the audience, not read.
2. Avoid jargons, acronyms and technical words - could confuse your audience.
3. Make your speech more personal - Use the personal pronoun “I,” but take care not to overuse it.
4. Use active verbs and contractions - add to the personal conversational tone of your speech.
5. Be sensitive of your audience - Be very careful with your language, jokes and non – verbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech - effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well - Make sure that the speech falls under the time limit.

MODULE 11: Principles of Speech Delivery

❖ public speaking
- process of imparting ideas, sharing insights and giving information to broaden one’s
comprehension and experience.
★ Beeve and Beeve (1997)
 - Public speaking is both an art and science. An efficient public speaker crafts artfully and
creatively a message while relying upon time – tested principles of human
communication.
★ Oliver and Cortright
- “a speaker, like a rifleman, ought first to make sure of his target.” This only proved
that for the speaker to succeed, he must first be well prepared.
Principles of Speech Delivery
1. Articulation - refers to the clear pronunciation or diction and speech
2. Modulation - capability of the vocal tone to adjust to the resonance and timbre of the voice.
3. Stage Presence - ability of the speaker to “own the stage,” meaning to be able to fill the space
and project his/her personality to the audience.
4. Facial Expressions, Gestures and Movements - these principles emphasize certain points.
5. Audience Rapport - audience analysis

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

MODULE 1
Features of 21st Century World Literature
1. Irony, playfulness, and black humor - used to treat serious subjects in a playful and humorous
way.
2. Intertextuality - relationship between one text and another
3. Metafiction - character who is writing another literary piece
Fabulation - act of inventing or fabricating false stories.
Historiographic metafiction - works that fictionalize real historical events.
4. Temporal distortion - time setting of a story may overlap, repeat, or break into
multiple possibilities.
5. Magic realism - often imaginary and fantastic and with a certain dream-like qualities but are
treated as real and factual.
6. Technoculture and hyperreality - technology has become a central focus.
7. Paranoia - fear that every chaos happening in the world is intentional or caused.

Anthology of 21st Century World Literature: Africa

❖ African literature - reflection of social change, cultural and political influences coupled by
awareness of a national identity and modern problems.
1. Colonialism - effects of European colonization to African societies
2. Liberation - the war and conflict for independence
3. Nationalism - struggle between Communism and democracy, and the rise of dictatorships
4. Tradition - precolonial African fables, legends and myths
5. Displacement - experiences of refugees or those who have to leave Africa because of war or
conflict
6. Rootlessness - narratives of Africans who grow up in a foreign country and their feelings of
being foreign to both their adoptive country and their African heritage.
 ❖ Aminatta Forna (1964) - award-winning author of the four novels Happiness, The Hired Man,
The Memory of Love and Ancestor Stones, and the critically acclaimed memoir The Devil that
Danced on the Water.
➔ Ancestor Stones - a young woman from West Africa named Abie, who has lived in
England. She returns to visit her family after years of civil war. Her four aunts have
decided to leave her the family coffee plantation. On this trip home, she comes to know
the lives of her aunts Mary, Hawa, Asana, and Serah.

MODULE 2
Anthology of 21st Century World Literature: Asia
❖ Asian literature - rich and widely diverse cultural and ethnic heritages
★ Man Asian Literary Prize
- an annual literary award from 2007 and 2012, given to the best novel by an Asian writer.
- significantly raise international awareness and appreciation of Asian literature.

★ Bi Feiyu (1964) - spent six years as a journalist at Nanjing Daily and co-wrote the script for
Zhang Yimou's Shanghai Triad.
➔ Three Sisters - set in rural China in the 1970s and tracks the lives of three sisters - Yumi,
Yuxiu and Yuyan.

Anthology of 21st Century World Literature: Europe

❖ European literature
- concerned with change, cross-border movements, and the challenges presented by the
traumas of the past, consequence of social and economic failures
★ European Union Prize for Literature
- yearly initiative to recognize the best new and upcoming authors in Europe.
- showcase and put a spotlight on Europe’s diverse wealth of contemporary fiction

★ Benedict Wells (1984) - from Bavaria, Germany, published his first novel Becks letzter Sommer
in 2008 which received widespread acclaim and won the Bayerischer Kunstförderpreis that year.
➔ Vom Ende der Einsamkeit (The End of Loneliness) - features Jules Moreau and his
siblings, Marty and Liz who after losing their parents in an accident are enrolled in the
same boarding school, where they grow distant from each other. Jules becomes isolated,
until he meets Alva.

MODULE 3
Representative Text from North America
❖ Gothic
- exploring human psychology, fear, death, and imagination incorporating psychology
- Choice of words, sentence structure and symbols are used to make the gothic theme to be
more felt and understood by the reader.
Some Elements of Gothic Literature
1. Mystery and fear - evokes feelings of suspense and fear.
2. Atmosphere and Setting - physical location of a scene
 3. Emotional Distress - Highly-charged emotion is used to convey a thought, and melodramatic and
impassioned language to convey the panic and terror felt by its characters.
4. Nightmares - incorporate nightmares to depict visions of fear and death

★ Stephen E. King (1947) - one of the world's most successful writers. “King of Horror”.
➔ Doctor Sleep - 2013 novel by American writer Stephen E. King and the sequel to
another, The Shining (1977).

MODULE 4: Literature of War or Conflict

❖ Ali Ahmad Said Esber
- known by the pen name “Adonis” is a France-based Syrian poet, essayist and translator.
❖ Metaphor
- a direct comparison; a word or phrase is substituted with a word or phrase from another.

Postcolonial Literature
❖ Colonialism
- subjugation/subjection of one culture by another
❖ Third World
- Developing nations
❖ First World
- Countries characterized by industrialization, democracy, wealth and similar cultural
assumptions and beliefs, such as the US and Europe.
❖ Cultural Colonization
- The imposition of beliefs and social practices of the dominant power on the subjugated
one, resulting in loss or change of the native culture.
❖ Eurocentrism
- European ideals and experiences are the standard by which all other cultures are to be
measured and judged inferior.
❖ Mimicry
- Imitation of the dress, manners, and language of the colonizer (dominant) culture by the
colonized (oppressed one).

★ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Born in Nigeria, her work has been translated into over thirty
languages and has appeared in various publications
➔ Half of a Yellow Sun - re-creates Biafra’s struggle to establish an independent republic in
Nigeria in the 1960s, and the lives of three characters swept up in the turbulence of the
decade.

MODULE 5
❖ Intertextuality - shaping of a text’s meaning by another text

★ Allusion - brief and indirect reference to a person

★ Quotation - statement of other persons, usually well-known or experts on a field or discipline.
★ Parody - imitates or mocks another serious work
 ★ Pastiche - written in tribute to a work of literature

★ Joanne Rowling - best known for writing the Harry Potter fantasy series
➔ The Tales of Beedle the Bard - first appeared as a fictional book in Chapter 21 of J. K.
Rowling’s 2007 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. It is a collection of stories written
for young wizards and witches by Beedle the Bard.

Speculative fiction
- tales that bring the readers out of their ordinary lives and make them feel as if they are living in a
different reality.
Dystopian fiction
- explore social and political systems in a society characterized
Utopia
- a perfect society
Characteristics of Dystopian Fiction
a. Government Control
b. Technological Control
c. Environmental Disaster
d. Survival
e. Loss of Individualism

★ Margaret Eleanor Atwood (1939) - author of more than 50 books of fiction, poetry, critical
essays, and graphic novels.
➔ Oryx and Crake - It takes place in a world where genetic engineering is considered
second nature. A man, once named Jimmy, now calls himself Snowman and lives in a
tree, wrapped in old bedsheets. The voice of Oryx, the woman he loved, haunts him. And
the green-eyed Children of Crake are, for some reason, his responsibility

MODULE 6
❖ Science Fiction
- “sci-fi,” is a genre of fiction literature whose content is imaginative, but based in science.
➔ Hard science fiction - based on scientific facts and principles, and is focused on natural
sciences
➔ Soft science fiction - focused on social sciences.The possible scientific consequences of
human behavior.
★ feminist reading
- concerned with the ways women or womanhood is portrayed in a literary text
❖ Feminism
★ First Wave
- women being equal to men
★ Second Wave
- women do not need men and so therefore, emphasizes women’s liberation; it also only
focuses on works by women authors.
★ Third Wave
 - examines works by both men and women writers, goes beyond biology, arguing that
whoever is marginalized or discriminated against is the ‘woman.’
- Sexual Orientation Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE)

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
1: Social Influences
❖ Perception
- Reflection on the information you received from others as well as how you think of
yourself.
★ Conformity
- changing your behavior to be the same with the others in the group
★ Compliance
- granting a request or demand asked by another individual in exchange of either a reward
or a punishment.
★ Obedience
- changing your behavior to follow the demand given by an authority or an adult you have
high regards with.

2: Family Structures and Legacies

❖ Family
- comes from the Latin word familia
- which means a group of people living in the household.
- the basic unit of society. It is the smallest organization in the community.
FAMILY STRUCTURES
★ Nuclear Family
- known as a "conjugal" or "traditional" family, consisting of married couples and their
offspring.
★ Extended Family
- includes all relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. These relatives
typically live together, and all share daily household duties.
★ Single Parent Family
- includes one parent and their children only. A single parent family could be the result of
a divorce, the death of one parent, or even a single parent adoption.
★ Step Family
- family where the parents have divorced and remarried, bringing children from other
unions together to form a new nuclear family.
- It is also known as a "blended" family because two families were combined.
★ Foster Family
- a family serves as a temporary guardian for children to whom they may or may not be
biologically related.
★ Adopted/Adoptive Family
- wherein parents may adopt a child to whom they share no blood relationship
★ Bi-racial or Multi-racial Family
- A family wherein parents are from different races
 ★ Trans-racial Adoptive Family
- A family wherein parents adopted a child with a different race
★ Conditionally Separated Family
- one of the family members is conditionally separated from the others.
★ Childless Family
- Married couple without children
★ Gay or Lesbian Family
- family wherein one or both parents have a different sexual orientation and part of the
LGBT community
★ Migrant Family
- It is a family who settles together in a different place.
★ Immigrant Family
- A family wherein one or both parents are already an immigrant of another country.
Their children may be or may not be an immigrant.
3; FAMILY STRUCTURES AND LEGACIES
❖ Genogram
- useful tool for gathering information about a person's family.
- Visual representation of a family can help us to identify patterns or themes within
families that may be influencing or driving a person's current behavior.
LEGACIES
★ Emotional Legacy
- In order to prosper, our children need an enduring sense of security and stability nurtured
in an environment of safety and love.
★ Social Legacy
- They need to learn the fine art of relating to people. If they learn how to relate well to
others, they'll have an edge in the game of life.
★ Spiritual Legacy
- The Spiritual Legacy is overlooked by many, but that's a mistake. As spiritual beings, we
adopt attitudes and beliefs about spiritual matters from one source or another.
4: GENOGRAM
5: Career Exploration for the Students
- Over 80% of students will change their major more than once while in college.
➔ Students find a new or different major which supports their interests, values, passion,
or personality.
➔ Students choose a career that is practical – something that will pay the bills.
➔ No one asked the right questions at the initial admissions intake process.
➔ Students may listen to outside influences on what career they should go into.
“Typical” Outside Influences Used to Choose a Career
★ Friends
★ Life’s Interactions
★ Parent
3 Stages of Career Exploration
Stage 1 : Determine Your Interests
- Knowing about yourself is the basis of career decision-making.
Stage 2: Discover Your Career
- Learning about the careers, types of jobs, educational requirements, and job functions are
important in understanding the careers that fit your interests and goals.
Stage 3: Plan your Goals
- Take what you have learned about yourself and piece it together with the reality of the world of
work.
Benefits of Career Planning
While in college:
➔ Clarify short and long term goals
➔ Fewer transfers and switching of major
➔ Graduate on time
➔ More motivated and goal focused
➔ Higher academic achievement
After Graduation:
➔ Better entry job with higher income
➔ More satisfied with chosen career field
➔ Less career change and faster career advancement
Absence of Career Planning is a major cause of:
➔ Switching majors
➔ The feeling of being trapped in a major
➔ College transfer
➔ Dropout
➔ Extended year(s) in school
➔ Run out of Financial Aid
Theory of John Holland
- Holland’s Personality
- Holland believed that career choice is an extension of a person's personality.
PEH
MODULE 1: Etiquette
- "ticket" or "label attached to something for identification."
- written protocols describing orders of precedence and behavior demanded of those who
appeared in court.
- set of customs and rules for polite behavior, especially among a particular class of people
or in a particular profession.
Sportsmanship
- is a conduct (such as fairness, respect and graciousness in winning or losing) becoming
one participating in sport.
Importance of Etiquette in Physical Education
• It enhances the social aspects of every individual.
• It is essential in maintaining friendly relationship between
people.
• It helps us show respect for other people and vice versa.
• It enhances communication by breaking down barriers.
• It protects the feelings of others.
• While doing Your best encourages others to also do their best.

Protocols/Etiquette Before-During-After a Physical Activity

- Wear comfortable clothing.
- Use appropriate gear for the activity.
- Taking warm-up and cool down
- Take appropriate breaks during the activity.
- eat light food
- Be hydrated
- Beware of the weather and environmental conditions.
- Listen to your body

Proper Etiquette and Safety Standards in Facilities

1. Read the rules and regulations of the place
2. Maintain cleanliness and orderliness.
3. Be mindful of others.

Proper Handling of Equipment

1. Read the manual carefully.
2. Be alert and aware on how to use the equipment.
3. Take good care of the equipment.

MODULE 2:
Facilities Used in Physical Activities and Exercise
1. Parks - a place where people usually visit to jog, play sports and do other physical activities.
2. Recreation Center - a building that is open to the public where meetings are held and sports are
played.
 3. Home - a place where you can do physical activities and exercise whenever you want.
4. Gym - a facility that is usually covered and is found in athletic and fitness centers that caters
physical fitness for body shaping, muscle strengthening and discipline.
5. Covered Court - one of the Common facilities or places where physical activities or exercises
can be done.

Equipment Used in Physical Activities and Exercise

1. Beanbags - small bags filled with several materials commonly used for throwing games
2. Balls - various sizes, weights, hardness, bounce-ability, shape)
3. Balloons - commonly used with a physical activity named Balloon Toss. It develops skills in
throwing or tossing a balloon straight up in the air.
4. Pylons - (buckets, rocks, chalk) it helps to develop movement skills.
5. Hula Hoops - it is usually made of plastic used for coordination, balance, mobility, kicking,
hand/eye coordination.
6. Skipping ropes - it is made of strings, wool and rope that strengthens the upper and lower body
and can burn a lot of calories.
7. Measuring object - usually flexible ruler used to measure size or distance. (stick, rope,
measuring tape, paper).
8. Scarves - It can Be a piece of fabric worn around the neck or for cleanliness (tissue, handkerchief
paper towel and socks.
9. Chairs - a common equipment in your house.
10. Dumbbell - Usually made of metal with cast iron commonly used in gyms or even at home, it
works on the shoulders, chest, biceps and triceps.

MODULE 3:
What Is F.I.T.T.?
- frequency, intensity, time and type
Frequency
- how often you will exercise
Intensity
- how hard you work during exercise
Time
- how long you exercise during each session.
Type
- type of exercise. Principle and an easy one to manipulate to avoid overuse injuries or weight loss
plateaus.
How to Use F.I.T.T.
- You burn fewer calories: The more you workout, the easier it is to do the exercises because your
body becomes more efficient.
- Weight loss stalls:
- Boredom sets in: Doing the same workout for weeks or months on end can get old, eating into
your motivation to exercise.
manipulate one or more of the F.I.T.T. principles, such as:
- Changing the frequency by adding another day of walking
 - Changing the intensity by walking faster or adding some running intervals
- Changing the time spent walking each workout day
- Changing the type of workout by swimming, cycling, or running

Physical Training
- to produce these long-term changes and improvements in the body's functioning.
Fitness Standards
Health Fitness Standards
- the lowest fitness requirements for maintaining good health, decreasing the risk for chronic
diseases, and lowering the incidence of muscular-skeletal injuries.
- fitness level that allows a person to sustain moderate-to-vigorous physical activity without undue
fatigue and the ability to closely maintain this level throughout life.
BODY TYPES
Somatotypes
- Somatotyping or body typing is a system of classifying an individual according to the shape of
the body. It was developed by Sheldon during the 1940's and 1950's.
Ectomorph
- characterized as lean and small body build with greater surface area to mass ratio. Bone size is
relatively small with slender limbs and low muscle mass.
Mesomorph
- relative predominance of muscle. The bones are usually large and heavy with massive limbs, thus
contributing to greater weight than the ectomorphic body type.
Endomorph
- characterized by a relative predominance of soft roundness and large digestive viscera.
- There is a greater percent of body fat than lean body mass.
MODULE 4:
World Health Organization (WHO)
- recommends that at least an hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day for children
and adults can strengthen their immunity.
MODULE 5:

- 80% of school going adolescents globally did not meet current recommendations of at least one
hour of physical activity per day- including 85% of girls and 78 of boys.
Common results of Inactive in physical activity
* increased risk of being overweight and obese
* hypertension/highblood
* anxiety
* type 2 diabetes mellitus
* depression
Common Results of being Active in Physical Activities
a. improves bone, joint and muscle strength
b. develops motor control and coordination
c. helps maintain a healthy body composition
d. increases the efficiency of the lungs and the heart
e. protects the body from musculoskeletal problems such as low back pain
f. possibly delays aging process
g. promotes healthy cholesterol level
h. helps regulate blood pressure
i. decreases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes
j. reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease
and stroke
k. improves the psychological functioning
l. improves control over anxiety and depression
m. build self-esteem and social inter-active

MODULE 6:
Key facts
- Insufficient physical activity is one of the leading risk factors for death worldwide.
- More than 80% of the world's adolescent population is insufficiently physically active.
WHO recommends:
Children and adolescents aged 5-17 years
- Should do at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily.
- Should include activities that strengthen muscle and bone, at least 3 times per week.
Adults aged 18–64 years
- Should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week
- at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity throughout the week
- Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more
days a week.
Adults aged 65 years and above
 - at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week
- at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity throughout the week
- Those with poor mobility should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls,
3 or more days per week.
- Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups, 2 or more days
a week.
Regular and Adequate Levels of Physical Activity:
- improve muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness;
- improve bone and functional health;
- reduce the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, various types of cancer
(including breast cancer and colon cancer), and depression;
- reduce the risk of falls as well as hip or vertebral fractures; and
- are fundamental to energy balance and weight control.
discourage people from becoming more active:
- fear of violence and crime in outdoor areas
- high-density traffic
- low air quality, pollution
- lack of parks, sidewalks and sports/recreation facilities.
MODULE 7:
Fitness Facts Benefits
- Exercise Boosts Brain Power
- Movement Melts Away Stress
- Exercise Gives You Energy
- It's Not That Hard to Find Time for Fitness
- Fitness Can Help Build Relationships.
- Fitness Pumps Up Your Heart
- Exercise Lets You Eat More
- Exercise Boosts Performance.
- Weight Loss Is Not the Most Important Goal

Develop a Fitness Event

Organize
- is making arrangements or preparations for an event or activity
Planning
- process of making plans for something.
Fitness event
- an event in your day where the activity is considered "fitness level" because it was performed at a
higher intensity than your normal, routine activity.
Participation
- action of taking part in something.
- increased work ownership of an individual.
Initiative
- power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do
- the ability to be resourceful and work without always being told what to do.