TWIN PARADOX

History of Twin Paradox Theory

● Albert Einstein deduced in his famous paper on special relativity in 1905 that if
two clocks were brought together and synchronized, and then one was
pushed away and returned, the clock that had traveled would be found to be
lagging behind the clock that had stayed put. This Einstein twin paradox, was
a logical consequence of special relativity, not a paradox, as some had
claimed, and he restated and expanded on this finding in 1911.
● Paul Langevin described the storey of a traveller making a trip at a
Lorentz factor of 100 in 1911, calling it a "striking illustration". The
traveller spends one year as a projectile and then reverses course.
When the traveller returns, he will discover that he has aged two years
and that 200 years have passed on Earth. Both the traveller and the
Earth continue to transmit signals to each other at a constant pace
during the journey, placing Langevin's tale among the Doppler shift
variants of the twin paradox. The different ageing rates are explained
using relativistic effects on signal rates. Since any change in velocity or
acceleration has an absolute value, the asymmetry that existed
because only the traveller experienced acceleration is used to justify
why there is any difference at all.
● Max von Laue expanded on Langevin's justification. Laue continued by
utilizing Hermann Minkowski's space-time concept to demonstrate how the
world lines of inertially moving bodies lengthen the appropriate time between
two cases. Additionally, he claimed that the astronaut twin's asymmetric aging
is entirely explained by the fact that it travels through two separate frames
while the Earth twin only moves through one, and that the acceleration period
can be relatively short compared to the duration of inertial motion.
● By introducing the three-brother technique, Lord Halsbury and others were
able to eliminate any acceleration. The travelling twin moves his clock reading
to a third, which is moving in the opposite direction. The use of the relativistic
Doppler effect is another way to avoid acceleration effects.

-The twin paradox is a thought experiment demonstrating the concept of time

dilation in special relativity.

- In the twin paradox, one twin leaves Earth on a rocket ship and travels near the
speed of light while the other twin stays on Earth. The twin on the rocket ages less
than the twin on Earth, due to time dilation. The paradox is resolved by the fact
that the twin on the rocket must turn around and travel back to Earth, which
causes him to experience time dilation in the opposite direction.

-for example Leon and Louis are twins. At some distant location, Louis starts off
moving in a straight line at relativistic speed v. He then reduces his speed and does
a U-turn to go back to his twin. Both Leon and Louis are carrying clocks at the
moment. Leon notices that Louis’ clock moves more slowly on the outbound and
return legs of the journey. Louis observes a slower movement of Leon’s clock both
on his journey out and back. Each comes to the conclusion that the other will age
faster than they will. This is the contradiction, however, we can demonstrate
experimentally that one twin does age noticeably more than the other.

As a result, we can say that Louis has aged more slowly than Leon who remained on
Earth between the times of his departure and return.

References:
4.6: Twin Paradox - Physics LibreTexts
Twin Paradox: Definition, Explanation and Solution (scienceabc.com)
Twin Paradox - Definition, History, Role, Analysis and Example (vedantu.com)