INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by:
SIANA ANN SEBASTIAN

To

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KERALA

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Diploma in Civil

Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJADHANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Under the flagship of

RAJADHANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAGAROOR, ATTINGAL, TRIVANDRUM

MAY 2022
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RAJADHANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Under the flagship of

RAJADHANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAGAROOR, ATTINGAL, TRIVANDRUM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Industrial Training Report is a bonafide record of the
work carried out by SIANA ANN SEBASTIAN at Rajadhani Polytechnic
College for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Diploma
in Civil Engineering by the State Board of Technical and Education during the
year May 2022.

Guided by: Project Coordinator:

Miss. SWATHI M.S Mr. AKHIL K. P.

LECTURER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
RAJADHANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE RAJADHANI POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE
ATTINGAL, TRIVANDRUM ATTINGAL, TRIVANDRUM
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We praise the Almighty for the strength and his blessings in completing this work.

The success of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and
we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our project work.

Whatever we had done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget
to thank them.

We respect and thank our beloved Chairman Dr. Biju Ramesh and Dr. Suresh Babu,
Principal of the college for providing us with all the necessary facilities during the period of
our project work.

We take immense pleasure to thank Dr. Sangeetha Shibu, Vice Principal of the college for
her valuable support.

We place on record our sincere gratitude to Mr. Akhil K. P., HOD, Department of Civil
Engineering, for his valuable encouragement.

We owe our profound gratitude to Mrs. Swathi M.S, our project guide and a good teacher,
for her immense encouragement, patient guidance and motivation throughout this work, her
immense support and ceaseless interest towards our work was most grateful and we consider
it as our greatest benefit and honours to have worked under her guidance.

We take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks to all our dear friends for their valuable
contributions.

We also express our sincere thanks to our parents for their unceasing encouragement and
support.

We also place on record our sense of gratitude to one and all who directly and incredibly,
have lent their helping hand in this venture.

SIANA ANN SEBASTIAN

 ABSTRACT

The ‘PROJECT’ work given to First year students enables them to know how much of the
knowledge secured in the classrooms are applied in the field. When we got the project work,
we came into the practical field to collect the details. We met with actual difficulties but
timely suggestions and guidance of our staff members and the company officials helped us to
overcome it all. We gained much knowledge about the practical field by the successful
completion of this project. This project includes details about constructional techniques, raw
materials and its specifications used in construction work, types of building materials ,
differentiated structures, etc. Preparation and analysis of this report and understanding the
core concepts of the Internship programme helps us to grasp the concept of field work and to
and interpret and solve situational circumstances that are seen only in the workplace. In this
project report, we have tried our level best to explain various steps and measures involved in
the completion of it along with the practical knowledge
 INDEX

SL NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

01 INTRODUCTION OF REPORT 01

02 REFERENCES FROM INTERLOCK LAYING 03

03 OVERVIEW OF ORGANISATION 05

04 HISTORY OF PWD 07

05 MORE ABOUT THE ORGANISATION 09

06 WHAT I HAVE LEARNT 10

07 PICTORIAL REFERENCES FROM I.H.R.D SITE 12

08 SWOT ANALYSIS 15

09 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 17

10 REFERENCES 19
 CHAPTER : 01

INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT

Internship is a practical experience opportunity and an integral platform offered by

companies to learn practical aspects of professional work life which is very different from
what we learn in the classrooms. Since learning happens through education, exposure and
experience, internship provides us a taste of learning through practical and logical methods of
problem solving.

There are many benefits of an internship. When you work, you learn. It can add remarkable
value to the student's career. In an internship, the students are given the chance to showcase
their skills, talents, commitment and value to a prospective employer. And also understand
and overcome obstacles and risks that take place beyond the textbooks and are seen in the
work space. They develop skills to analyse, interpret and overcome challenges and issues that
solely happen in the work environment.

In observing the works done in a construction site and the PWD office, we were able to see
how the workers and the Officials solved the problems of unforeseen events, economic
threats, external competition and take up strategies that went well with the event at hand. This
skill formation can only happen through thorough observation and practical application of the
theoretical lessons learnt along with an individual’s understanding of the current situations
and proper trapping in of the resources. This managerial skill is important in handling
unforeseen risks and better problem solving strategies.

This internship has helped us to learn the following information:

● To communicate efficiently in a systematic Organisation.

● To acquire exposure in a working environment.
● To learn and apply theoretical knowledge practically in the workplace.
● To understand the construction and supervision work of concreting, etc.
● To acquire knowledge about the steps involved in the construction process.
● To learn the different materials and mixtures used in Building construction.
 ● To learn how to solve the rising problems and unexpected events.
● To understand the internal and external factors affecting the operations of an
Organisation.

During the site visit we had the chance to explore and observe the construction of beams,
doors and window frames, arches, columns, and other finishing works of an Educational
Institution and a PWD site, both located at Kundara.

In this report, we will try to present our 2 weeks practicum experience of the construction
work of the third floor of an Educational Institution.

During our Internship period, we were extremely lucky enough to witness more than one
ongoing project. The internship is mainly about the construction of a third floor to The
I.H.R.D College of Applied Science (Affiliated to University of Kerala), Thettikunnu,
Kundara - 691501. But it also contains snippets of a mini project of our observation of the
interlock brick laying in the PWD office, Kundara.

In the IHRD Construction site, we were able to understand and analyse different structures
and mixtures used in building construction.

We also observed:
● Mixing of raw materials for Concrete and Plaster
● Beam and column construction
● Steps and Arch construction
● Ceiling works
● Brick masonry
● Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintelling
● Plastering (wall and ceiling)
● Waterproofing
References from the Interlock Brick Laying At PWD Site Office:
 CHAPTER: 02

OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANISATION

Formed: 1823
Headquarters: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Parent agency: Government of Kerala
Preceding agencies: Panivakai Maramath-Kingdom of Travancore, Cochin Maramath-
Kingdom of Cochin.

MISSION:
● “To meet the states’ need for the provision and management of the State Roads
network and building infrastructures to the best standards within the strategic policy
framework set by the Govt. of the state and thus promote the economic well-being
and the quality of life of the People”.
VISION:
● Working for the community to have a positive effect on the economic and social life
of our state.
● Providing employment to the people at various levels and categories.

COMMITMENT:
● To provide quality services for safe and purposeful Public, Office and residential
buildings at reasonable cost by adopting the best practices with advanced
technologies.
HISTORY:

In Kochi, British Residents had a separate department called the Public Works Commission
to carry off construction works in British Cochin. The kingdom had its own Maramath
Department since 1825.

In 1901, the Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin agreed to have an unified PWD Code and a
permanent Joint commission of PWD Engineers on both sides were formed. In 1949, when
the United State of Travancore-Cochin was formed, both the Maramath Departments were
merged and renamed as Kerala PWD. Over the years the department has grown substantially
and now has 8 Chief Engineers, 25 Superintending Engineers, 76 Executive Engineers, 289
Assistant Executive Engineers, 639 Assistant Engineers and other supporting staff.

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENTS:

The department is headed by a senior minister of cabinet rank. Presently P. A. Mohammed

Riyas, representing Beypore Constituency is the minister for PWD. The Minister is assisted
by a senior IAS officer, Secretary for Public Works who heads the secretariat functions. As a
technical department, it has a council composed of Chief Engineers and technical advisors
along with nominated representatives from economical and social spheres.

WINGS:

● Administration Wing

This wing is headed by a Chief Engineer and deals with matters related to the general
administration and human resources management pertaining to the whole department.

● Roads Wing

Roads wing deals with the planning, project preparation, construction, maintenance and
arrangement of works of all State Highways and Major District Roads under the State.

● Bridges Wing

Bridges wing was formed exclusively for the construction and maintenance of various types
of bridges under Kerala PWD on 27.03.2018 as a part of the initiative "Puthiya kalam Puthiya
nirmanam".
 ● National Highways Wing

National Highways wing of the State PWD was formed for the maintenance and upkeep of
National Highways entrusted to State PWD in accordance with NH Act 1956 by the Ministry
of Road Transport and Highways(MoRTH), Government of India.

● Buildings Wing

The building's wing deals with the planning, project preparation, construction, maintenance
and arrangement of works including water supply, electrification and electronic works of
public buildings.

● Projects Wing

Projects wing is formed to execute externally aided projects and specialised projects.

● Design Wing

Design wing of PWD deals with the design, research, investigation and quality control
aspects of various infrastructure projects and is headed by a Chief Engineer.

● Road Maintenance Wing

Road Maintenance wing is formed for maintaining various types of roads under the control of
Kerala PWD through the adoption of new technologies and methods.

● Architectural Wing

The Architectural wing is responsible for the preparation and finalisation of all architectural

designs and drawings for buildings and similar works to be executed by the Public Works

Department.
MORE ABOUT THE ORGANISATION:

● Public Works Department is one of the very prominent engineering department of

Kerala and is the statutory authority for designing, planning, monitoring, constructing
and undertaking maintenance of public works of the State Government such as
Government Buildings, Roads, Bridges etc, irrespective of the source of funds for the
same.
● Kerala Public Works Department (KPWD) is a department under the government of
the state of Kerala, India. It manages the construction and maintenance of civil
structures owned by the government viz; government buildings, government owned
hospitals (part of the public health system), roads, bridges etc.
● The Department is headed by the Minister for Public Works and the Secretary to
Government at the Secretariat. The present organisational structure of the Public
Works Department is mainly divided into various wings based on the nature of works
and each wing is under the administrative control of a Chief Engineer.

The following organisations are functioning under the Department:

● Kerala State Transport Project

● Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Ltd.
● Kerala Road Fund Board
● Kerala State Construction Corporation Ltd.
● Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Ltd
● Road Infrastructure Company Kerala Limited
● Pratheeksha Bus Shelters Kerala Ltd
● Ashwas Public KERALA LTD
 CHAPTER: 03
WHAT I HAVE LEARNT

The sequence of work to be followed in the construction of a building is the utmost important
procedure of construction. We were able to observe, navigate, understand and learn the
different steps involved in building construction, Interlock brick laying, some of the materials
and structures used for construction, along with some materials used for the same in the given
project at hand.

The building already consisted of two floors, and the project intention was to expand the
space with another floor on top. The construction Plan’s blueprint was already provided by
the said University to the PWD office. The goal was to follow the plan to a T and coincide
with the existing structure.

The different steps involved in construction are as follows:

● Site Clearance
● Surveying and layout
● Excavation
● Laying of PCC
● Waterproofing
● Bar binding and placement of foundation steel
● Concreting
● Electrical and Plumbing
● Wall construction
● Beams and Columns, Arches
● Plastering
● Flooring and tiling work
● Finishing and whitewashing
● Final completion and handing over the project
Some Basic Construction Information:

● Portland Pozzolana Cement (PCC) of 43 Grades was used.

● The Concrete mixture was of M15 grade with a ratio of - 1:2:4 (Ratio of Concrete
Mix - Cement:Sand:Aggregate) The number following the “M” (mix) represents the
Compressive Strength of that concrete mix in N/mm^2 after 28 days. (i.e, M15 grade
cement will attain 15N/mm^2 of Compressive Strength after 28 days)
● Tests for strength of the Concrete is done after 28 days until which it is watered on the
daily.
● Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintel is used for door frames.
● Brick Masonry Semi-Circular Arch Columns are constructed around the structure.
● Plastering is done for masonry structures like ceilings and walls (Mixture of plaster:
Cement, sand and water).
● Waterproofing compound with cement and sand is used.
● Slaked Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) or Chalk Calcium Carbonate is used for white
washing walls.
 PICTORIAL REFERENCES FROM I.H.R.D. COLLEGE SITE

Arch Construction:

Lintel Concreting Door Frame:

Construction of Beams and Columns:

Flooring:
Plastering Wall and Ceiling:
 CHAPTER: 04

SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths:

● The infrastructure is vast and the planning action is thoroughly focused.

● The strategic feedback loop created by the newest Minister “PWD 4U” has helped in
bettering the services since.
● Procedural flexibility was observed.
● As it comes under the State Government, the functioning isn’t affected by any sort of
crisis.
● There is no shortage of liquid funds for the projects at hand.
● There is also no shortage of workers and labourers.

Weaknesses:

● There is a lack of proper communication among the different departments.

● There is no ensured discipline in the office space.
● Health and Safety risk of the workers was magnified.
● There is no proper maintenance or supervision of staff attendance.
● Decision making time is lengthy.
● Databases are worn and rusty.
● Older and unsustainable means of manual record maintenance was observed, which is
time consuming.

Opportunities:

● There is no shortage of projects for the wings.

● Customization of work with the Indian context was seen.
● As it is an entrusted organisation coming under the Government, institutions,
personnels, etc., aren’t hesitant to reach out for assistance.
● As the offices are not located in remote areas, they are easily accesible.
 Threats:

● As the private sector is ever evolving, there is a downward shift in the amount of
projects thus received.
● Contracts with the Government can be more time consuming than with the Private
sector.
● It is not preferred for speedy works or urgent constructions.
● The public opinion about the organisation has been downhill for a long while and thus
will take time to uplift the same.
 CHAPTER: 05

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

As the PWD is an active and vast structural facility under the Government of the respected
State, the infrastructural values are impeccable. Though it is a highly functional structure, it
has its weaknesses that act as a major dealbreaker. The information from the project sites
should be updated more frequently, and it is to be passed immediately to the concerned Head
Offices. As this was lacking, there was a constant miscommunication regarding work
progress. Speaking from experience, the officers were informed that there is ongoing work at
one particular construction site but it was already done a few days ago.

There is no sense of discipline in the office and the Officials are always tardy despite it being
a responsible organisation. There is a huge delay in decision making as it is functioning under
the government and they need to consult higher authorities before approving or undertaking a
new task. This passes as a huge threat to the opportunities they receive compared to a private
sector organisation. Although the strategies are good, these factors hold the organisation back
from being the best it could be. The competitors from private sectors use advanced resources
and more systematic ways of data storage and collection, making their work easier.

In our opinion, The Organisation should utilise its public opinion policy and further develop
its existing strategies into more profit yielding, sustainable and people friendly objectives.
With reference to the Feedback policy observed by the Newest PWD Minister, and his new
inspection techniques, new strategies have been undertaken to ensure seamless services and
to minimise faulty behaviour of the respected staff. Although this is a good measure for
correction, it isn’t enough to get the organisation up and running in a way that would benefit
itself. The traditional ways of record keeping has to go, and decisions on ventures need to
pick up speed to ensure that there are enough projects running, and that they’re the ones with
the upper hand compared to the private construction sector.

The Organisation needs fresh faces with new, innovative and creative working styles to
re-capture the latest techniques in bettering the services offered, rather than the traditional
employees who don't go out of their way to work for the given strategy. Young brains and
their ideologies will help the department towards a better tomorrow with even better
opportunities.

So in Conclusion, the Organisation needs:

● To appoint more responsible employees

● To inspect work sites and see that they follow the guidelines
● To stress the overall mission and vision of the enterprise
● To create a space for innovative and creative ways to bloom
● To better the data analysis and storage
● To implement strict disciplinary rules across the premises
● To make the employees understand the long term and short term goals of the
Organisation
● To quicken the Decision making period
● To adapt a dynamic behaviour to tackle competition
● To strategize ways to minimise internal and external risks
 REFERENCES

1. "Kerala Public Works Department Official Website".

2. Government of Kerala Official Website. 'Public Works Department'.

3. CivilDigital.com

Books:

1. Civil Engineering Handbook, by S. K. Khanna.

2. Building Materials, by S. K. Duggal.