OVERVIEW

✓ Definition of Cell Cycle

✓Why cell cycle is important?
✓Stages of Cell Cycle
CELL CYCLE
✓ a series of events that takes place
in a cell as it grows and divides.
✓ can be thought as the life cycle of
the cell.
✓ it is divided into four phases:
✓G1 (Growth 1)
✓S (Synthesis)
✓G2 (Growth 2)
✓M (Mitosis)
 CELL DIVISION

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Binary fission Mitosis Meiosis

Phases of Cell Cycle
INTERPHASE
✓ non dividing phase
✓ the longest phase of the cell
cycle (about 90% of the cycle)
✓ the cell grows and copies it
chromosomes in preparation of
cell division
INTERPHASE

Plant Cell Animal Cell

INTERPHASE - G1 Phase
✓ First gap phase
✓ cell increases its volume
✓ duplication of organelles
✓ preparing
chemicals(proteins and RNA)
necessary for DNA synthesis
INTERPHASE - S Phase
✓ Synthesis phase
✓ synthesis of DNA occurs
✓ each chromosome is now
composed of two sister
chromatids
INTERPHASE – G2 Phase
✓ Second gap phase
✓ synthesis of proteins
responsible for the formation
of spindle fibers
✓ the cell grows further in size
✓ the chromatin starts to
condense
M Phase
✓ the cell division proper
✓ a multistep process for
the formation of daughter
cells
✓ can be divide into two
types
✓Mitosis and Meiosis
CELL DIVISION:
Mitosis
Mitosis
✓ occurs in the somatic cells and it is meant for the
multiplication of cell number
✓ related with the growth of an individual from zygote to
adult stage
✓ the product of mitosis is identical to the parent cell
✓ also called as equational division
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
✓ Chromatin fibers condense
into chromosomes, with each
chromosome having two
chromatids joined at a
centromere.
✓ The mitotic spindle, composed
of microtubules and proteins,
forms in the cytoplasm.
Prophase
✓The two pairs of centrioles
starts to move away from one
another toward opposite ends.
✓ Nuclear envelope breaks
down.
✓The chromosomes begin to
migrate toward the cell center.
Prophase
 Metaphase
✓Chromosomes move randomly until
they attach (at their kinetochores) to
polar fibers from both sides of their
centromeres.
✓Chromosomes align at the
metaphase plate at right angles to the
spindle poles.
✓Chromosomes are held at the
metaphase plate by the equal forces
of the polar fibers pushing on the
centromeres of the chromosomes.
Metaphase
Anaphase
✓ The paired chromosomes (sister
chromatids) separate and begin
moving to opposite ends of the
cell.
✓ Spindle fibers begin to disappear.
✓ At the end of anaphase, each
pole contains a complete
compilation of chromosomes.
Anaphase
Telophase
✓ The chromosomes are enclosed
into new distinct nuclei in the
emerging daughter cells.
✓ Nuclei begin to form at opposite
poles.
✓ Nuclear envelope and nucleolus
reappear.
✓Start of cytokinesis.
Telophase
Cytokinesis
✓ Cytokinesis is the division of the cell's cytoplasm.
✓ It begins prior to the end of mitosis in anaphase and
completes shortly after telophase/mitosis.
✓ At the end of cytokinesis, two genetically identical
daughter cells are produced.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Importance of Mitosis
✓ Development and growth of
multicellular organisms
✓ Biological reproductive mechanism
for unicellular organism
✓ Tissue repair in multicellular
organisms
✓ Preservation of hereditary
materials
CELL DIVISION:
Meiosis
 Meiosis
✓ Type of cell division where the
number of chromosomes of the cell is
reduced in half.
✓This type of cell division is responsible
for the production of sex cells or
gametes.
✓ The product of meiosis has a
different set of chromosomes
compared to its parent cell.
Stages of Meiosis
MEIOSIS I
✓In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated into
two cells such that there is one chromosome (consisting of
two chromatids) per chromosome pair in each daughter
cell, i.e. two chromosomes total.
✓ The stages of meiosis is composed of two
successive cell division.
❑Meiosis I
❑ Meiosis II
Prophase I
✓ The nuclear envelope
disintegrates, and the
chromosomes begin to
condense.
✓Spindle fibers appear which
are important for the successful
division of the chromosomes.
Prophase I
✓To further increase genetic diversity, homologous
chromosomes exchange small parts of themselves. This
process is known as crossing over, and the points at which this
occurs on a chromosome are referred to as chiasmata.
Prophase I
✓Prophase is divided into 5 events.
Metaphase I

✓ Tetrads align along the equator

of the cell.
✓ Nuclear membrane completely
disintegrates.
Anaphase I

✓Chromosomes move towards the

opposite poles as the spindle
fibers retract.
Telophase I

✓Nuclear envelope reforms and

spindle fibers disappear.
Cytokinesis I
✓Cytoplasm splits into two, making two new cells (2n).
MEIOSIS II
✓The second division separates sister chromatids
✓These chromatids may not be identical due to crossing over
in prophase I
✓ The characteristics of each stages (PMAT and cytokinesis) is
almost the same with mitotic division, the only difference is
that the daughter cell produced is haploid (n).
 Telophase II
Metaphase II Anaphase II
and
Cytokinesis II
MEIOSIS II
Spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
✓ The formation and development of sperm.
✓ This happens inside the seminiferous tubules found in the
testes.
Oogenesis
✓ The formation and development of oocyte or egg inside
the ovary.