H2. Nationalism in India

Nationalism
in India
Handwritten Notes
Gaurav Suthar
Nationalism in India
इस Chapter म� हम पढ़� गे क� आ�खर हमारा भारत कैसे आज़ाद हुआ
Summary According to Dates -
• In 1857 - India’s First Freedom Struggle took place.
• In 1870 - Bankim Chandra composed Vande Matram.
• In 1885 - Congress was formed in Mumbai. W.C. Banerjee

chaired the first meeting of Congress.
• In 1905 - Lord Curzon proposed the division of Bengal.
- Abanindra Nath Tagore made a Portrait of Bharat

Mata.
3
• In 1906 - Aaga Khan and Nawab Salimullah established Muslim

League.
• In 1907 - Congress was divided into extremists and moderate.
• In 1911 - Delhi Durbar was organized.

- Bengal Division was abolished in Delhi Durbar.
- In Delhi Durbar capital was transferred from

(Calcutta) Kolkata to Delhi.
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• In 1914 - First World War started.
• In 1915 - Mahatma Gandhi returned to India.
• On 10 April 1917 - Mahatma Gandhi started Champaran

Satyagrah in Protest of Indigo plantation.
• On 11 March 1918 - Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagrah

for farmers in Kheda Gujarat.
• In 1918 - Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah for Craftsman

of Cotton Textile mill Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
- The first World War ended on 11 November 1918.
- The British Government turned down the demand of

Self Rule of Indian.
• On 18 March 1919 - British Government gave Rowlatt Act.
• On 6 April 1919 – Hartal/ Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act
• On 13 April 1919 - Jallianwala Bagh massacre took Place in

Punjab.
• In 1919 - the Khilafat movement was started by Muhammad

Ali and Shaukat Ali.

• In 1920 - Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation
movement.
– Jawahar Lal Nehru going to Awadh
• In 1922 - Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation

movement after the violence took place at Chauri-
Chaura.
• On August 9, 1925 - Revolutionaries in Kakori looted the train

carrying English treasure.
• In 1928 - Simon Commission came to India. Lala Lajpat Rai

was killed while protesting.
• On April 8, 1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw

a bomb in the assembly.
• On 2 March 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi sent letter to Irwin
• On 12 March 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi started the march

from Sabarmati to Dandi.
• On 6 April 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law and

started Civil-disobedience Movement at
Dandi.

• In 1930 - Dr. Ambedkar organized Scheduled caste into
depressed Classes Association.
• On 23rd March 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru

was hanged.
• In 1931 - Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed and Civil disobedience

movement was suspended.
- Mahatma Gandhi participated in Second round table

conference but did not get expected success.
• In 1932 - Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and

Dr. Ambedkar.
• In 1933 - Choudhary Rahmat Ali first coined the idea of

Pakistan.
• In 1935 - Indian Government Act was passed and regional

government was formed.
• In 1939 - World war II was started.
• In 1940 - A resolution was passed by Muslim League for

separate homeland for Muslims named Pakistan.
• In 1942 - The Quit India movement was started by Mahatma

Gandhi. He gave the slogan ‘Do or Die.

• In 1946 - Cabinet Mission came to India with the proposal of
constituent assembly.
• In 1947 – Finally India got Independence.
Nationalism
- Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common

consciousness that emerges when people living in a common
territory share the same historical, political and cultural
backgrounds.
- People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India)

but the love for their nation keeps them together.
Factors that led to the rise of Nationalism –
1) In Europe - Associated with the formation of nation states.
2) In colonies like India, Vietnam - Connected to the anti-

colonial movement.
The First World War
Effects of First World War -

1) Increase in defence expenditure –
This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes.

Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced to
raise extra revenue.
2) Prices of items increased –
The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common

people were the worst sufferers because of the price rise.
Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another
cause of widespread anger amongst people.
3) Shortage of foods due to Crop failure -
Influenza epidemic further increased the problem. According

to the 1921 census, about 12 to 13 million people died because
of famines and epidemic.
World War 1

The Idea of Satyagraha
Meaning of Satyagraha - It was a new mode of struggle based

on truth and non-violence.
Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha
- The method of Satyagraha was based on the idea that if

someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to use
any physical force to fight the oppressor.
- Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi could win a battle through

non-violence, i.e., without being aggressive or revengeful.

Starts of Satyagraha in India by Mahatma Gandhi
1) In January 1915
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India. His heroic fight for the

Indians in South Africa was well-known. His noble method of
mass agitation known as Satyagraha has yielded good results.
2) In 1917
Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the

peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
3) Then in 1917
He organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the

Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a
plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the
revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be
relaxed.
4) In 1918
Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha

movement amongst cotton mill workers.
Rowlatt Act 1919
1) The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative

Council in 1919.

2) The Indian members did not support the Act, but it was
passed.
3) The Act gave enormous powers to the British Government to

repress political activities.
4) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for

two years
Gandhi’s Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act -
i) On 6th April, 1919, Gandhiji launched a nationwide

Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
ii) The call of a strike on 6 April got a huge response.
iii) People came out in support in various cities, shops were shut
down and workers in railway workshops went on strike.

iv) The British administration decided to clamp down on the
nationalists.
v) Several Local Leaders were arrested. Mahatma Gandhi was

banned from entering Delhi.
Jallianwala Bagh Incident
1) On 10th April 1919, Martial Law was imposed in Amritsar and

the command of the area was given to General Dyer.
2) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13th April; the

day on which Baisakhi is celebrated in Punjab.
3) A crowd of villagers came to participate in a fair in

Jallianwala Bagh. It was enclosed from all sides with narrow
entry points.

4) General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire on the
crowd.
5) Hundreds of people were killed in that incident.
Gunshots Marks on Wall “Well” in which people jumped to

save themselves from Gunshots
Impact of Jallianwala Bagh -
 People started fighting with the police and attacking on

government buildings specially in North India.
 British government became more brutal, people were
humiliated and terrorized.
 Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground,
crawl on the streets, do salaam (Salute) to all sahibs (British).
Note - Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the

Rowlatt satyagraha movement.

Khilafat Issue
1) The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World

War.
2) There were rumours about a harsh peace treaty likely to be

imposed on the Ottoman Emperor. Who was spiritual head of
the Islamic world (The Khalifa).
3) A Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to

defend the Khalifa.
4) The committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali

and Shaukat Ali.
5) They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to

build a united mass action.
6) At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920,

the resolution was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation
Movement in support of Khilafat and also for Swaraj.

Why did Mahatma Gandhi take up Khilafat Issue?
 Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch an all India movement more

broad based after the failure of Rowlatt Satyagraha.
 The Khilafat issue gave Mahatma Gandhi an opportunity to

bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.
Hind Swaraj
The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which

emphasized the non-cooperation of British rule in India.

Non-Cooperation Movement
1) In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi

declared that British rule was established in India with the
cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this
cooperation.
2) If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would

collapse within a year, and Swaraj would be established.
3) Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse to

cooperate, the British rulers will have no other way than to
leave India.
Reasons for the Non-cooperation movement -
 Atrocities on Indians after World War I.
 Refusal of demand of Swaraj.

 Passing of Rowlatt Act.
 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
 Congress passed resolution on Non-Cooperation Movement

with thumping majority.
Proposals of Non-Cooperation Movement -
i) Surrender the titles which were awarded by the British

Government.
ii) Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts, Legislative

Councils and Schools.
iii) Boycott of foreign goods.
iv) Launch full Civil Disobedience campaign, if the government

persisted with repressive measures.
Sessions of the congress to start NCM –
 September 1920 to convince other leaders ( Calcutta )
 December 1920 ( Nagpur ) to adopt it .

Different strands within the Movement
Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
The Movement in the Towns -
- It started with middle class participation in cities.
- Students left Studies and Teachers left Jobs and both joined
Movements.
- Council Elections were boycotted.
- Foreign goods were boycotted.
- Liquor shops were picketed.
Movement in the countryside
Peasants and tribals took over the struggle which turned violent
gradually.
1) Peasant Movement in Awadh –
- The peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against

“Landlords” and “Talukdars”.
- In 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed Jawaharlal

Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
2) Movement of Tribals in Andhra Pradesh –

- Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in Gudem Hills of
Andhra Pradesh.
- The rebels attacked Police Stations.
- Raju was captured and executed in 1924.
Swaraj
“Swaraj” means Freedom.
Swaraj in the Plantations -
1) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to

move freely.
2) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, planation workers

were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without
permission.

3) After they heard of the Non – Cooperation Movement,
thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home.
4) But, unfortunately they never reached home because they

were caught by Police and beaten.
How did movement end?
Ans - In February 1922, the movement was withdrawn by Gandhi

Ji due to Chauri Chaura Incident.

Towards Civil Disobedience
Simon Commission
1) The British Government constituted a Statutory Commission

under Sir John Simon.
2) The Commission was made to investigate the functioning of

the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But
since all the members in the Commission were British, the
Indian leaders opposed the Commission.
3) The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928.
4) It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’.
5) All parties joined the protest. In October 1929, Lord Irwin

announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India but
its timing was not specified.
6) He also offered to hold Round Table Conference to discuss

the future Constitution.

Salt March (Beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement)
1) Mahatma Gandhi believed that salt could be a powerful

symbol to unite all Indians together.
2) Abolition of the salt tax was among many demands which

were raised by Gandhiji through a letter to Viceroy Irwin.
3) The Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil

Disobedience Movement.
Important Points to Learn –
 The Salt March or Dandi March was started by Gandhiji on

12th March, 1930.
 He was accompanied by 78 volunteers.

 They walked for 24 days to cover a distance of 240 miles
from Sabarmati to Dandi.
 Many more joined them on the way.
 On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by
manufacturing a fistful of salt.
Impact of Salt March -
i) Foreign cloths boycotted.
ii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and Taxes.
iii) Village officials resign
iv) In many places people violated Forest laws

Round Table Conference
1) When things began to take a violent turn, Mahatma Gandhi

called off the movement.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
- He signed a pact with Irwin on 5th march, 1931. Known as

Gandhi–Irwin Pact.
- As per the Pact, Gandhi agreed to participate in the Round

Table Conference in London, Due to which Government agreed
to release the political prisoners.
Gandhi Ji in London in December 1931

2) Gandhi went to London in December 1931.
3) The negotiations broke down and Gandhi Ji had to return

with disappointment. When Gandhi Ji came back to India, he
found that most of the leaders were put in Jail.
4) Congress had been declared illegal. Many measures were

taken to prevent meetings and boycotts.
5) Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience

Movement.
Note - By 1934, the movement had lost its momentum.
Features of Civil Disobedience movement -
 Movement started with Salt

March.
 Thousands broke salt law.
 Foreign clothes boycotted.
 Liquor shops were picketed.
 Peasants refused to pay taxes.
How was this different from Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans - People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with
the British, but also to break colonial laws.

Participants of the movement
1) Rich peasants –
- Rich peasant communities expected the revenue tax to be

reduced
- But the British refused to do so.
2) Poor peasants –
- The poor peasants wanted rents of lands to be cancelled.
- But the Congress didn’t want to support the “no rent”

campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants
and landlords.
3) Business Classes –
- After the war, their huge profits were reduced, wanted

protection against import of foreign goods.
4) Women -
- Women also participated in protest marches, manufactured

salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

Limits of Civil disobedience movement -
i) The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate

in the movement, they demanded reservation of seats,
separate electorates.
ii) Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an

association in 1930, called the Depressed Classes
Association.
iii) Poona Pact between the Gandhi Ji and B.R. Ambedkar (1932)
gave reserved seats to the Depressed Classes (also called
Scheduled Castes) in Provincial and Central Councils.

iv) The leader of the Muslim League “Muhammad Ali Jinnah”
wanted reserved seats for Muslims in central Assembly.
The Sense of Collective Belonging
Factors that developed the reuse of collective belonging and

united all Indians.
1) Figure or Image –
Image of Bharat Mata first created by Bankim Chandra. This

image helped people in identifying the nation.

2) Folklore –
Nationalists began gathering and recording folktale as they

Presented our true culture and helped discover ones national
Identity and restore a reuse of pride in past.
3) Icon and Symbols : Forex Flag -
Tricolors flag first developed during Swadeshi movement

(1921) in Bengal which had 8 lotuses. By 1921 Gandhi ji had
designed the Swaraj Flag. carrying the flag became a symbol
of defiance.
4) Reinterpretation of History -
Many Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s

great achievements and urged Indians to take pride in India’s
past and struggle against British.
5) Song like “Vande Matram” –
In 1870’s Bankim Chandra wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as a hymn to

the motherland and was widely sung during Swadeshi
movement.

MAP WORK

Gandhi Ji (अपनी जवानी म� �)
�कसने सोचा था इस आदमी क� फोटो एक

�दन रुपय� के ऊपर होगी

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Nationalism

Summary According to Dates -

• In 1857 - India’s First Freedom Struggle took place.

• In 1870 - Bankim Chandra composed Vande Matram.

• In 1885 - Congress was formed in Mumbai. W.C. Banerjee

• In 1905 - Lord Curzon proposed the division of Bengal.

- Abanindra Nath Tagore made a Portrait of Bharat

• In 1906 - Aaga Khan and Nawab Salimullah established Muslim

• In 1907 - Congress was divided into extremists and moderate.

• In 1911 - Delhi Durbar was organized.

- In Delhi Durbar capital was transferred from

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

• In 1915 - Mahatma Gandhi returned to India.

• On 10 April 1917 - Mahatma Gandhi started Champaran

• On 11 March 1918 - Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagrah

• In 1918 - Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah for Craftsman

- The first World War ended on 11 November 1918.

- The British Government turned down the demand of

• On 18 March 1919 - British Government gave Rowlatt Act.

• On 6 April 1919 – Hartal/ Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act

• On 13 April 1919 - Jallianwala Bagh massacre took Place in

• In 1919 - the Khilafat movement was started by Muhammad

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

– Jawahar Lal Nehru going to Awadh

• In 1922 - Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation

• On August 9, 1925 - Revolutionaries in Kakori looted the train

• In 1928 - Simon Commission came to India. Lala Lajpat Rai

• On April 8, 1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw

• On 2 March 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi sent letter to Irwin

• On 12 March 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi started the march

• On 6 April 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law and

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

• On 23rd March 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru

• In 1931 - Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed and Civil disobedience

- Mahatma Gandhi participated in Second round table

• In 1932 - Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and

• In 1933 - Choudhary Rahmat Ali first coined the idea of

• In 1935 - Indian Government Act was passed and regional

• In 1939 - World war II was started.

• In 1940 - A resolution was passed by Muslim League for

• In 1942 - The Quit India movement was started by Mahatma

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

• In 1947 – Finally India got Independence.

- Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common

- People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India)

Factors that led to the rise of Nationalism –

1) In Europe - Associated with the formation of nation states.

2) In colonies like India, Vietnam - Connected to the anti-

The First World War

Effects of First World War -

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes.

2) Prices of items increased –

The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common

3) Shortage of foods due to Crop failure -

Influenza epidemic further increased the problem. According

Subscribe to my YT channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/GauravSuthar

Meaning of Satyagraha - It was a new mode of struggle based

Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha