Learning Episode 10: The Instructional Cycle

Objectives:
At the end of this Episode, I must be able to:

 Identify the application of some guiding principles in the selection and use of teaching
strategies.
 Determine whether or not the lesson development was in accordance with outcome; based
teaching and learning
 Identify the Resource Teacher’s questioning and reacting techniques.
 Outline a lesson in accordance with outcome based teaching-learning

Content of the Lesson

This Episode centers on the guiding principles in the selection and use if teaching methods.
It will also tackle lesson development in the OBTL way. The K to 12 curriculum and teacher
education curriculum are focused on outcomes, standards and competencies. This means that
lessons must be delivered with focus on outcomes. Likewise, this Episode dwells on types of
questions, questioning and reacting techniques that teachers make use of. The type of questions
that teachers ask and their manner of questioning and reacting to student responses have a bearing
on class interaction. This Episode strengthens the theories learned in the course, teaching Methods
and Strategies and in other professional subjects in Education.
These are the guiding principles in the selection and use of teaching methods:
1. Learning is an active process
2. The more senses that are involved, the more and the better the learning
3. A non-threatening atmosphere enhances learning.
4. Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning.
5. Good teaching goes beyond recall of information.
6. Learning is meaningful when it is connected to students’ everyday life.
7. An integrated teaching approach is far more effective that teaching isolated bits of
information.
Realizing the importance of these guiding principles in teaching and learning, the
Department of Education promotes Standards and Competency-Based teaching with its K to 12
Curriculum Guide. The Technical Education Skill Development Authority (TESDA) had been ahead
of DepEd and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in the practices of Competency
Standards-Based Teaching and Assessment. CHED requires all higher education institutions in the
country to go outcome-based education (OBE) in its CHED Memo 46, s. 2012. Outcome based
teaching and learning (OBTL) is OBE applied in the teaching-learning process. It is equivalent to
competency-based and standards-based teaching and learning in the K to 12 Curriculum.
In lesson planning, the ILOs are our lesson objectives, the TLA’s are the activities we use to
teach and AT’s are the evaluation part.
OBE and OBTL are not entirely new. They are importantly new. With mastery earning of
Benjamin Bloom (1971), we were already doing OBE and OBTL.
Likewise, it is also important that teachers must be able to have a mastery of the art of
questioning and reacting techniques to ensure the effective delivery of instruction.
 There are the types of questions that teacher ask.

Type of Questions that Teachers Ask

1. Factual/Convergent/Closed/Low-level Who, What, Where. When questions

With one acceptable answer

2. Divergent/Open-ended/High-Level/Higher- Open-ended; has more than one acceptable

order/Conceptual answer

a. evaluation
b. inference e.g. When the phone rang and Liz picked it up,
she was all smiles. What can you infer about
Liz?
c. comparison
d. application
e. problem-solving
3. Affective e.g. How do you feel?

These are also some of the reacting techniques that teachers use:
1. Providing acceptance feedback
2. Providing corrective feedback
3. Giving appropriate and sincere praise.
4. Repeating the answer
5. Explaining the answer/expanding the answer
6. Rephrasing the questions
7. Asking follow-up questions
8. Redirecting questions to other pupils
9. Soliciting student questions
10. Encourages through non-verbal behavior
11. Criticizing respondent for his/her answer
12. Scolding for misbehavior or for not listening
13. Overusing expressions such as “okay”, “right”

Activity 10.1 Applying the Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Strategies
Resource Teacher: ____________________ Teacher’s Signature: _____________________ School: _______________
Grade/Year Level: ____________________ Subject Area: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Observe
Observe once class with the use of the observation sheet for greater focus then analyze my
observations with the help of the guide questions.

1. The more sense that are involved, the more e.g. Teacher used video on how digestion takes
and the better the learning place and a model of the human digestive
 system.
2. Learning is an active process.
3. A non-threatening atmosphere enhances
learning.
4. Emotion has the power to increase retention
and learning.
5. Good teaching goes beyond recall of
information.
6. Learning is meaningful when it is connected
to students’ everyday
7. An integrated teaching approach is far more
effective that teaching isolated bits of
information.

Guide Questions-A
1. Neil Postman once said “Children go to school as question marks and leave school as periods!”.
Does this have something to do with the type of questions that teachers ask and the questioning
and reacting techniques that they employ?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the best method of teaching? Is there such a thing?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What are your thoughts about Outcome-Based Teaching and Learning (OBTL)?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Write a Journal

Journal Entry #10 Selection and Use of Teaching Methods! Your entry should contain
your understanding and reflection on the given concept.
Self-Learning Activity-A
1. Reflect on
The importance of using various reacting techniques.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Reflect on the use of OBTL.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Reflect on this question.

How do we select the appropriate strategy for our lessons?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 10.3 Applying effective Questioning Techniques

Resource Teacher: ____________________ Teacher’s Signature: _____________________ School: _______________
Grade/Year Level: ____________________ Subject Area: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Observe
Observe a class activity. You shall focus on the questions that the Resource Teacher asks
during the classroom discussion. Write the questions raised and identify the level of questioning.

Types of Questions Examples of Questions that the Resources

Teacher Asked
1. Factual/Convergent/Closed/Low-level
2. Divergent/Open-ended/High-Level/Higher-
order/Conceptual
a. evaluation
b. inference
c. comparison
d. application
e. problem-solving
 3. Affective

SHOW Your Learning Artifacts for your portfolio

Show proofs of learning that you were able to gain in this Episode by interviewing at least two
teachers on their thoughts on OBTL.