BIOREMEDIATION OF PULVERIZED RAMBUTAN SEEDS (Nephelium lappaceum)

FOR WATER PURIFICATION

A Research
Presented to
Senior High School
Mindanao State University
General Santos City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

by

PENUELA, CHRIZSHANE JEAN E.

SANCHEZ, RENA ROSEMARY C.
OBSEÑARES, JALIKA MARIE G.
DE RAMOS, KRIZZIA JANE B.
VILLANO, ALTHEA JOYCE S.
BACERRA, KRYSTIN MAY A.
MAROHOMSALIC, JANIL T.
GABOR, ABBY JANE T.

February 2021
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

In this chapter, the background of the study, problem statement, hypothesis,

scope and delimitation, significance of the study, and definition of terms are discussed.

Background of the Study

Water is one of the basic elements of all types of plant and animal life (Vanloon &

Duffy, 2005). Groundwater serves as the only source of drinking water in many rural

areas and small communities. More than 50% of the world's population is dependent on

groundwater for domestic use (Marcovecchio et al., 2007). One of the major problems

that many developing countries are facing today, despite technological advancements in

water treatment and supply, is the shortage of clean and healthy drinking water for their

people to drink. Studies have shown that the wide seasonal variation in turbidity is one

major problem with surface water treatment. Consumption of extremely turbid water can

contribute to an outbreak of water-borne diseases. Water consumption directly affects

our health, which is why it is important to know if the water we drink is purified.

Tap water is reasonably safe for drinking. However, aluminum, arsenic, copper,

iron, lead, pesticides, herbicides, uranium, and more are some of the most common

pollutants which remain in our tap water, even after treatment. Harmful side effects of

some of these chemicals are present. For example, ingestion of too much copper can

lead to liver damage and kidney disease. On the other hand, lead typically comes from

the pipes from which the water flows and can have life-altering effects on the

1
development of children (slow growth, anemia, lower IQ, and more), pregnant women

(causing premature birth and decreased fetal growth), and adults (reproductive

problems, decreased kidney function, and cardiovascular effects).

Coagulation is a critical mechanism in which the colloidal particles that are

scattered stabilize. It requires the elimination from wastewater of dissolved chemical

species and turbidity. Naturally, accessible coagulants are bio-coagulants that assist the

coagulation process. For many developing countries, because of the high cost involved

in importing chemicals, coagulation is a costly water treatment procedure. However,

chemical coagulants have been commonly used in traditional water treatment.

Coagulation is a critical mechanism in which the colloidal particles that are scattered

agglomerate together. It requires the elimination from wastewater of dissolved chemical

species and turbidity.

Rambutan seeds help to decrease the amount of iron and manganese contained

in unpurified water, according to other studies. The findings showed that most of the

seed fruit components were starch (46.8 percent - 81 percent), followed by protein (4.9

percent -12.4 percent) and fiber (0.9 percent -5.9 percent), according to a study of

lychee, rambutan, and jackfruit seed powders as coagulant compounds for water

treatment conducted in 2011. The raw water was in the range of 10-15 NTU turbidity

levels. The efficiency of the powder of jackfruit, rambutan, and lychee seeds as a

coagulant and alum coagulant aid was calculated using the Jar test process. The

findings showed that the solvent from the powder of rambutan seeds as a coagulant

was most effective in removing turbidity (48.1%), followed by lychee (40.7%), and

jackfruit seeds (35.8 percent) (Pentamwa, 2011).

2
 Water purification is important. There may be more ways to obtain properly

purified water, but most procedures are costly because of the need to import certain

chemicals. The use of pulverized rambutan seeds will provide a cost-effective and

environmentally friendly approach in tap water treatment.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the bioremediation of rambutan (Nephelium

lappaceum) seeds as effective for water purification. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the water purification performances of rambutan seed in terms of:

a. pH level

b. turbidity

c. total dissolved solids (tds)

d. presence of iron and manganese

2. Determine the significant difference among the treatments.

Hypothesis (Null𝐻0)

-Is there a significant difference among the treatments?

𝐻0:

There is no significant difference among the treatments.

3
Scope and Delimitation

This study will be focused on examining the purification performances of

rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) seeds in terms of turbidity, pH level, total dissolved

solids (TDS), and the presence of iron and manganese as well as its capacity to provide

an effective water filter. This study will also be delimited to determining the coagulant

performances of rambutan seeds as a potential use in the removal of water turbidity

during tap water treatment and is limited to analyzing the effectiveness of the modified

water filter during the process of tap water treatment in order to provide a more efficient

water filter for the community. This study will only be determining the change in

parameters of the tap water available in General Santos City after using rambutan

seeds for the filtration.

Significance of the Study

This study may be significant to the following:

Consumers. The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of the

consumers since one of the major drinking sources of the Filipinos came from tap water.

Although tap water is relatively safe, there are still some contaminants that remain in it.

Thus, this study aims to accommodate the consumers on having cleaner and safer

water away from turbidity using the seeds of rambutan. The product can keep them

away from any diseases such as liver damage, kidney diseases, and many others

especially to the most vulnerable consumers like children, pregnant women, and adults.

Communities. This study will help them have a better water supply system,

consume healthier water, avoid outbreaks of water-borne diseases caused by drinking

4
turbid water, and save money at the same time. It will also help them gain new

knowledge on how to purify their own water for further safety and security.

Environment. The product of this study would be an environmentally friendly

product for it uses organic ones instead of using chemicals that might cause water

pollution or worse, water poisoning. This study utilizes rambutan seeds which is known

to be useless and discarded after eating the fruit.

Future Researchers. This study would be a big help for future researchers who

will also choose to study water treatments or water purification using rambutan seeds or

any other seeds from any organic fruits. This will help them have a background about

their chosen study and will give them ideas on how to complete their research papers.

Operational Definition of Terms

Aluminum is an impurity present in other chemicals that process water. Exposure to

high aluminum levels in drinking water or dialysis fluid resulted in clinical

diagnoses of dementia. (State of Wisconsin, 2011)

Arsenic is a hazardous component found in the research variable - tap water. Long-

term exposure to inorganic arsenic, mainly through drinking-water and food, can

lead to chronic arsenic poisoning. Skin lesions and skin cancer are the most

characteristic effects. (World Health Organization, 2018)

Bioremediation operationally, is used for the termination of a wide variety of

contaminants. It is the process whereby organic wastes are biologically degraded

under controlled conditions to an innocuous state, or to levels below

concentration limits established by regulatory authorities (Mueller et. al, 1996).

5
Coagulant operationally, these substances are used with other chemicals, to treat

water for filtration and elimination of contaminants commonly found in sample

variables – tap water.

Contaminants are the components found in tap water that are targeted to be

terminated in the water filtration procedure.

Herbicide is used to kill unwanted plants. Operationally, is an element and pollutant

also found in tap water.

Parameter refers to the assessment of quality of water e.g., turbidity.

Tap Water operationally, the variable used for bioremediation using pulverized

Nephelium lappaceum seeds.

Turbidity measures the clarity of liquid.

Water filtration operationally, is the process of removing or reducing the concentration

of particulate matter, including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae,

viruses, and fungi, as well as other undesirable chemical and biological

contaminants from contaminated water to produce safe and water for a specific

purpose (N. Mao, in Advances in Technical Nonwovens, 2016).

Water Supply System operationally refers to the water system where research variable

– tap water is supplied.

Water treatment operationally the removal of hazardous components found in tap

water made possible by pulverized rambutan seeds used in the water filtration

procedure.

6
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature, studies, evidence, information, and

background about the present investigation.

Related Literature

Water Treatment

A process biochemistry of emerging usage of plant-based coagulants for water

and wastewater treatment is a review of plant-based coagulant sources, processes,

effectiveness, and relevant coagulating mechanisms for the treatment of water and

wastewater is presented. In general, in less-developed countries, these coagulants are

used as point-of-use technologies that are comparatively cost-effective compared to

chemical coagulants that can be quickly manufactured and biodegradable in a usable

form. When used for the treatment of waters with low to medium turbidity levels (50-500

NTU), these natural coagulants are comparable in terms of treatment performance to

their chemical counterparts. While they are theoretically promising as a coagulant for

dyeing effluent as given by Yoshida intermolecular interactions, their use for industrial

wastewater treatment is still in its infancy. Through an adsorption mechanism followed

by charge neutralization or a polymeric bridging effect, these natural coagulants work.

Nirmali seeds (Strychnos potatorum), Moringa oleifera, tannin, and cactus are frequently

studied with plant-based coagulants. The use of these coagulants is a major

development in sustainable environmental innovations since they are renewable

commodities and are specifically connected to the enhancement of the quality of life of

7
underdeveloped populations (Yin, 2010).

Over the past few years, water purification devices for residential use have

gained considerable interest which may be attributed to public health changes and

worries over water quality. This study aimed to evaluate whether home water

purification systems eliminate the essential materials such as fluoride besides filtrating

the heavy ions and other unwanted particles out of water. In this experimental analysis,

six commercial water purifier brands that were most used were measured and

contrasted. Right before and after setting up the unit, and 6 months later, specimens

were collected. Then, to compare fluoride clearance by each home water cleaner unit,

spectrophotometry (the Harrison device) was carried out. The level of fluoride was

significantly different before and right after the usage of the home water purifier and six

months later (p= 0.001 and p= 0.00, respectively), depending on the evidence obtained

from all water purification systems in different places. The water filtration lowered its

fluoride content considerably. In certain cases, the fluoride content of filtered water was

nearly as high as zero (Eftekhar et al., 2015).

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)

Tests have been conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for

the coagulation process, such as coagulant dosage and pH, as well as adequate

solvent extraction for the active agent (distilled water, NaCl, and NaOH). 1 M NaCl was

found to be an efficient solvent for the extraction of the active coagulant agent in

rambutan seed and gave approximately 99 % turbidity removal; coagulation efficiency of

rambutan seed compared to alum for potential usage in the water and wastewater

8
treatment industries in reducing turbidity. The optimal dosage and pH of the rambutan

seed was 100 mg/l and pH 3, resulting in > 90% turbidity elimination. The coagulant

mixture is in the order of alum (50 %) and followed first by rambutan seed (50 %) to

lessen alum dependence. The maximum removal of turbidity of 99 % was obtained and

compared with using alum (91%) and seed (88%) alone. The rambutan seed coagulant

exhibited quicker sedimentation time due to increased floc formation and therefore

lower sludge volume than alum. The results indicate that as a biocoagulant, rambutan

biomass could be used (Abidin et al., 2014).

The oxidative effects of sunflower oil supplemented with rambutan extract (crude

extract and its fractionated fraction, SF II) have been studied relative to synthetic

antioxidants. Supplemented sunflower oils were processed for 24 days at 60 °C under

accelerated conditions. Based on the following samples, the oxidative properties of the

supplemented sunflower oil were determined for each 6-day period: peroxide value, p-

anisidine value, and an assay of thiobarbituric acid reactive agents (TBARS), iodine

value, and free fatty acids. Full oxidation (TOTOX) values were also calculated based

on the values of peroxide and p-anisidine. Rambutan extract is a potential source of

antioxidants. The oxidative behavior of the extracts was marginally (p < 0.05) greater

than the control values at all doses. Generally, the partially fractionated fraction was

more competitive than the crude sample. The fractionated concentrate fraction, SF II at

300 ppm was found to perform more effectively than the synthetic antioxidant, t-

Tocopherol, with an ambient temperature storage time of 2 years and also had a

defensive effect comparable to butylhydroxyanisole (BHA). Rambutan extract may also

be a potential replacement source of antioxidants in the oil industry or other fat-

9
based goods to delay lipid oxidation (Mei et al., 2014).

The study “Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of extract and fractions of

Rambutan seeds (Nephelium lappaceum L.)” measured the antioxidants and

hypoglycemic activities of Nephelium lappaceum L extract and fractions coming up with

the result showing that ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction of NLS were 3.3771 µg/ml

and 3.0374 µg/ml. Meanwhile DPPH assay showed that both NLS extract and fractions

had low DPPH scavenging activity. Hypoglycemic activity showed that extract of NLS

had the highest activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor (Soeng et al., 2015).

The water filtration lowered its fluoride content considerably. In certain cases, the

fluoride content of filtered water was nearly as high as zero: i) Large number of seeds

required for small water treatment, and ii) increased settling time. Some of the latest

materials are discussed here, such as Plantago Ovata, Rambutan, Coccinia Indica,

Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba and others, for their underlying function in water and

wastewater treatment. The rambutan seed, for example, results in more than 90%

turbidity elimination, as per the research carried out. As an eco-friendly biocoagulant,

FCE (FeCl3 mediated crude extract) has been shown to be a very effective coagulant

for eliminating turbidity from water; and the conventional extraction method of the active

coagulant agent by blending the seeds in solvents for two (2) minutes alone sufficiently

extracts most of the coagulant component from the Jatropha seed and provides up to

99.4% turbidity removal. Likewise, to overcome the difficulties posed by chemical

coagulants, active components from other natural products have also been extracted

(Nandini and Sheba, 2016).

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) is exotic fruit commonly found in Southeast

10
Asia regions such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Some physicochemical

properties, either edible or non-edible, have been used to identify the characteristics of

rambutan fruit. Rambutan seed and peel are considered waste; thus, some scientists

have been drawn to study the biological processes of seed and peel to seek the

possibility of both being produced as useful foods. Several biological activities are

recorded in rambutan fruit that are beneficial to human health, including antioxidant,

antibacterial, antidiabetic and anti-cancer. These activities were effects of the active

components found in rambutan, such as ellagic acid, corilagin and geraniin. Some

physico-chemical properties and the active compounds found in the rambutan fruit,

seed, and peel as well as the biological processes promoting the usable food of the

rambutan fruit were outlined in this review (Rohman, 2017).

Due to abundant nutritious and antioxidant components, tropical fruits are of

great importance in the human diet. These fruits are processed or eaten to create

waste, which is normally disposed of in the environment. Nevertheless, attempts are

underway to determine the nutritional benefit and potential recovery of fruit production

waste by optimally recovering the waste. The by-products of rambutan fruit waste, i.e.,

seed and peel, are listed in this analysis regarding their nutritional values and future

applications. Cumulatively, peel and seed share approximately 50 percent of all

rambutan fruit by weight. It has a phenolic-rich peel and ellagitannin has uses as a

natural antioxidant device. However, with high oleic acid, the ample fat content (14-41

percent) makes the seed a novel source of vegetable fat. In addition, it also reflects on

the possibility of using seed fat in chocolate (30 percent substitute) and personal care

goods. For encapsulation of fat-soluble vitamins, nanostructure seed fat is reported

11
(e.g., vitamin E). In addition, much of the essential and non-essential amino acids found

in the seed are concentrated as a protein concentrate. Also developed are the physico-

functional properties of defatted seed flour and mucilage of plants. Likewise, the

usefulness of rambutan seed oil and peel as a packaging filler, bio-coagulant, bio-

sorbent and substitute biodiesel are also listed. Despite numerous applications, there

are still gaps in further assessing and validating the ability of by-products to process

rambutan. Therefore, to use the manifold potential, the applications of fruit by-products

should be scaled up to turn the highest waste into the finest (Mahmood, 2017). A new

partnership with Dickinson College chemistry professor Cindy Samet was published by

Suresh Valiyaveettil. Reportedly, it is relatively related to Valiyaveettil's research on the

properties of this fruit and vegetable peel materials that had been conducted a month

before. The collaboration focuses on how to teach fruit and vegetable peel materials

methods as a laboratory exercise to the undergraduate general chemistry students.

Following the method, Samet and her student first extracted water-soluble impurities

from the surface of the peels and from adsorbent seeds. These can be done by first

boiling them and then drying them. To maximize their interactive surface area in the

polluted water, they will be crushed. Particularly, Samet and her undergraduates from

Dickinson discovered that lemon seeds were able to extract 100 percent of lead-ion

toxins, while 96.4 percent of lemon peels were extracted. Equally remarkable, Okra

peels have been shown to extract 100 percent of the lead ions in water. However, Okra

seeds just eliminated 50 percent. Whilst currently there were studies conducted which

turned out that mango and orange peels have shown some usefulness in removing lead

ions, including 99 milligrams per gram of peel and 75

12
milligrams per gram of peel, even in removing large quantities of cadmium, nickel,

copper, and others. Research conducted in 2012 also found that about 182 milligrams

of lead ions per gram of peel could be extracted from sunflower stalks. The outcome is

promising. The quantity of otherwise disposable plants (peat moss, pine, hemp fibers,

apricot blocks, bamboo leaf powder, and grape bagasse) matter on which researchers

are testing this out is bewildering. Undeniably, the central concept is that these products

are cheaper. Then, with the right mixture, it is as good as or better than activated

charcoal produced industrially. Therefore, it is popular today for water filtration (Samet &

Valiyaveettil, 2018).

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a medium-sized plant affiliated with the

family of Sapindaceae popularized within Southeast Asian countries. Optimization of

rambutan seeds considered as waste into raw materials of food and processed with

high nutritional value shows benefits derived from good or service to an individual or

company. The rambutan seed immersion formula with factorial design Ca (OH) 2

identified the nutritional value of the best-immersed rambutan seed containing 1, 6 ash,

31, 2 protein, 26, 9 fat and produce raw materials and various processes of rambutan

seed product such as flour and processed seasoned nuts indicating the high potentials

of rambutan seeds as alternative high-value raw materials (Washini et al., 2018).

The rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a fruit that originates in Southeast

Asia and is currently intently developed in different tropical areas. The study aimed to

identify the alimentary and operative characteristics that possibly led it to become the

main source of income for profit-oriented industries in different countries. The

therapeutic mechanisms for practical or nutrient-rich products of the rambutan seeds

13
are critical for the expansion of industrial procedures that aid the manufacturing of the

fruit involving an essential breakdown of the nutritional capabilities of the fruit. Bioactive

compounds present in rambutan seeds show that extracts mainly visible from the peel

acquired bioactive compounds exhibiting medicine beneficial properties. The study

concludes that information about the phytochemicals present in the rambutan fruits,

along with the nutritional properties that it presents as a functional food, reveals that the

fruit contains important bioactive compounds. It mainly contains antioxidants that fight

harmful oxidations in the body making it of high interest in the manufacturing sector

(Hernandez-Hernandez et al., 2019).

Strict experimentation reveals the potentials of plant-based natural coagulants

and plant leaves as a replacement to the chemical coagulants for water treatment.

Usage of the fruit seeds revealed the effects of pH and coagulant dosage of the

experiment which were evaluated based on the turbidity removal and coagulation

activity. The Carica Papaya seeds appeared to provide great changes in the water

treatment among the tested possible coagulants. An optimum dose of 130 mg/L of this

coagulant resulted in a 95.5% turbidity removal and 94% coagulation activity, at

optimum pH 7.5. Overall, this study reveals the potential use of fruit seeds and plant

leaves as coagulation agents in the water treatment process. The most prevailing and

financially practical method of turbid water treatment appears to be using chemical

reagents that destabilize and increase the size of the particles; mixing; increasing

flogging size. Over the years, chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulfates (alum),

polyaluminum chloride (PAC or liquid alum), or iron salts (ferric sulfate or ferric chloride)

have been widely practiced enhancing the effectiveness of the

14
coagulation process. As an effective substitute, application of natural coagulants namely

Cicer arietinum, Moringa Oleifera, and Dolichos lablab are introduced to mitigate global

concerns and harmful aftermath (Muda et al., 2020).

Rambutan is an exotic tropical fruit best known for its long contribution in

traditional medicine and its potential in pharmaceutical advantages. It is a good source

of natural sugars, minerals, a modest source of fiber, and several B vitamins. It contains

medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-

inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiproliferative, biosorbent, anti-adipogenesis

properties that help relieve pain, reduce lipid levels in blood, remove pollutants or

parasitic worms, reduce inflammation, antipyretic, and inhibit cell growth. The most

crucial conventional health benefits of rambutan consist of deterioration of unwanted fat,

source of iron, its application in skin and hair care, advantages in ascorbic acid; it

increases the condition of the sperm and has attributes for cancer prevention. (Sun et

al., 2020).

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a major commercial fruit in Southeast

Asian countries that are gaining popularity in consumption. It is a major additional

product. Especially in the pharmaceutical industry, since it contains nutritional

compounds that can be used in many market sectors, such as high premium fat,

calcium, starch, fiber, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. The fruit is considered to

be a great source of protein (7.8-12.4 percent), fat (33.4-39.13 percent), and fiber (11.6

percent). The rambutan plants have antiseptic and fungicidal processes, and therefore it

is pulverized and used as a local medicine in Malaysia. Comparing the total yield,

physicochemical and thermal properties of rambutan fat are objectively interpreted and

15
related to the ability of the fruit as an added commodity and as a potential industrial

source of natural edible fat. The fruit contains fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and

arachidonic acids) which can enhance cardiovascular health. (Jahurula et al., 2020)

Related Studies

The study of Nair et al. (2019), shows optimum operating conditions for

coagulation of rambutan biomass as a possible alternative for alum usage revealing

potential use as biocoagulant in the turbidity removal in water and the wastewater

industry. Rambutan seed was found to exhibit rapid sedimentation time as bigger floc

formation and smaller sludge volume than alum appeared in the experiment. Coagulant

dosage such as 1 M NaCl was found to be an effective solvent for extracting the active

coagulant agent in rambutan seed giving 99% turbidity removal. Rambutan seed

dosages and pH most conducive was found in the experiment being 100 mg/l and pH 3

indicating 90% removal of water turbidity. Utilization of coagulant combination of 50%

alum and 50% rambutan was applied with the purpose of reducing alum dependency in

alum followed by rambutan seed order. Highest turbidity removal of 99% was achieved

surpassing turbidity removal percentage of alum (91%) and seed (88%) individually.

According to the study of Andrade et al. (2018), temperature, initial seed quality,

environmental attributes affecting storage condition, and duration of storage

management substantially influence seed propagation. 25°C is the proposed ideal

temperature in conducting rambutan germination and storage duration. With the seeds

inside the fruit, the approximated time of sowing takes six days. Two stages were

realized in the study, the first stage as the seed being extracted from the harvested ripe

16
fruit placed in a paper bag, and the second stage as the seeds stored inside the

harvested ripe fruits being placed in a paper bag and left in storage. Both processes

were kept at room temperature and low temperature. A total of 1800 seeds were sown

after 0 control with varying days of storage (3, 6, 9, and 12 days) and temperatures (20,

25, 30, 35 and, 40°C). The seeds were placed in plastic containers, in four repetitions,

and each having 10 seeds with the commercial substrate along with the pine.

Consideration of the emergence of normal seedlings for eight weeks until data

stabilization was applied in percentage and germination assessment. The use of

variance analysis with Tukey’s test application at 5% of significance for means with a

difference was applied for data evaluation.

According to the study of Selladurai et al. (2018), organic coagulants are suitable

low-cost biosorption for the purification of physicochemical parameters of water which is

highly necessitated in overcoming the potable drinking water problem. Moringa (Moringa

oleifera), Nelli (Phyllanthusacidus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), java plum

(Syzygium cumini), and mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) seeds were chosen as

organic coagulants in the study and their effectiveness were compared with activated

carbon as a reference. Dried seeds powder with a dosage of 100 mg/L was mixed with

the collected well water samples and were left for 2 hours. Observation of physical and

chemical parameters namely fluoride, conductivity, pH, hardness, chloride, total

dissolved solids (TDS), cadmium, calcium, iron, manganese, hue, and smell were

conducted to identify the change in attributes of the treated water samples. Moringa

seed showed the most elevated capacity for water parameter reduction among the

chosen coagulants revealing the change in pH (8.31 to 7.30), chloride (62.73%),

17
hardness (23.07%), calcium (38.27%), magnesium (10.63%), cadmium (80%) & Iron

(75.10%) whereas activated charcoal reduced those parameters (8.31 to 8.08, 56.92%,

30.76%, 49.25%, 15.61%, 82%, and 82.09%) respectively. Moringa seeds were found

to be the best seeds for the treatment of contaminated water in the study. It was

proposed that the utilization of moringa seeds as natural adsorbent could be a method

with the tendency to be designated as an environmentally friendly, simplified water

filtration for the countryside in a cost-effective manner.

According to the study of Nazhad et al. (2017), a large segment of the population

in undeveloped and developing countries drink untreated or partially treated water.

Owing to increasing concern about global water-related diseases associated with

drinking water, finding an affordable and suitable way of water treatment is of great

importance. Filtration is a promising point-of-use water treatment. Currently, most water

filtration membranes are made of synthetic polymers derived from non-renewable

resources. This book introduces a novel, cost-effective, and biodegradable filter; a so-

called cellulose foam filter. The cellulose foam filter is a novel porous cellulose

derivative made via a foam-laid process and modified in order to act as a water filter.

Improvements in wet strength performance and the biocidal activity of filters are two

main tasks presented in this book.

The study of Jirawat et al. (2016), states that using alkaline will decrease the

lowest protein concentration and increase the apparent viscosity of defatted rambutan

seeds. The study uses fruit waste rambutan seeds known to consist excessive fat

amount and obtained rambutan seed flour by exposing it to supercritical carbon dioxide

(SCO 2) removal at 35 MPa, 45 °C at which a large amount of fat was extracted from

18
the rambutan seeds. Its physicochemical properties before and after treatment with

alkali solution were investigated. There was a notable increase in the functional

properties such as volumetric density, swelling power, and the capacity of water

adsorption, emulsion activity, and stability. A depletion in its magnitude of measuring

turbidity, solubility, and oil absorption was also found in the alkali-treated flour after the

usage of 0.075 N NaOH. A peak in the significant increase of viscosity, breakdown,

setback, and final viscosity for the alkali-treated flour was shown in the pasting

measurements while the temperature at which initial swelling of starch decreased.

According to the study of Fang and Ng (2015), rambutan fruit (Nephelium

lappaceum) contains various components namely monoterpene lactones and volatile

compounds. Rambutan is a tropical tree well known for its juicy and sweet fruit which

manifests exotic flavors. Liquid chromatographic techniques were used to isolate

rambutan seeds from 22.5-kDa trypsin inhibitors (N. lappaceum trypsin inhibitor (NLTI)).

Reduction of protein splitting of both trypsin α-chymotrypsin were reduced by NLTI.

Interdictory activity of NLTI was reduced by Cleland’s reagent at a concentration of 1

mM, indicating the necessity of intact disulfide bond to the activity. HIV-1 RNA-

dependent DNA polymerase was restrained by NLTI with an IC50 of 0.73 μM. In

addition, time-dependent and dose-dependent prohibitory effects on growth in

numerous tumor cells were present in NLTI. NLTI is one of the few serine protease

inhibitors consisting of nitric oxide-inducing activity and is a credible application in

therapies for neoplasm.

In the preliminary study of Zurina et al. (2014), they carried out an experiment to

determine the capacity of rambutan seed to coagulate relative to alum for possible use

19
in the elimination of turbidity in the water and wastewater treatment industries.

Experiments have been carried out to establish the optimal working conditions for the

coagulation process, such as coagulant dosage and pH, as well as sufficient solvent

extraction for the active agent (distilled water, NaCl, and NaOH). 1 M NaCl was found to

be an efficient solvent in rambutan seed for the extraction of the active coagulant agent

and gave approximately 99 percent turbidity elimination. The optimal dosage and pH of

the rambutan seed was 100 mg/l and pH 3, resulting in > 90% turbidity elimination. To

minimize alum dependence, 50 percent alum and 50 percent rambutan seed is used as

a coagulant mixture in the order of alum, preceded first by rambutan seed. Compared

with using alum (91 percent) and seed (88 percent) alone, the maximum turbidity

removal of 99 percent was achieved. Due to greater flocs formation and smaller sludge

volume than alum, the Rambutan seed coagulant demonstrated faster sedimentation

time. The findings suggest that rambutan biomass may be used as a biocoagulant.

According to the study of Yap et al. (2017), high seed oil content of rambutan

seeds are a great alternative to chemical coagulants used in water treatment for their

high rate of iron and manganese removal. Groundwater is known to be a preferable

water supply for its good natural characteristics. However, there is a high possibility of

liability to various anthropogenic activities causing contamination on the quality of

groundwater normally related to high hardness. The groundwater contains increased

concentration of salt and other chemical parameters (iron, manganese, ammonium, and

fluoride). Therefore, groundwater should be purified before used for domestic purposes.

Chemical coagulants for heavy metal removal used for water treatment were found to

20
be hazardous when consumed. Therefore, a proposal of organic approach for

groundwater treatment was introduced to provide an environmentally friendly alternative

in providing safe drinking water. Identification of groundwater quality and heavy metal

removal were determined with the use of different dosages of rambutan seed crude

extract. Rambutan seed-based coagulant-flocculants were tested for groundwater

collected in the study with the exception of using the yellowish portions of the rambutan

seeds to test coagulant rate and ideal dosage. The use of Atomic Absorption

Spectrometer was used to measure the heavy metal content of groundwater samples

before and after the jar test. The experiments were carried out with different coagulant

dosages (1.0 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L, 4.0 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L, 6.0 mg/L, 7 0 mg/L, 8.0

mg/L) with each having the same interval 91.0mg/L). Results showed that 91, 38% of Fe

can be removed in groundwater samples with the use of 6 ml/L optimal dosages of the

Nephelium lappaceum seed samples. 90, 91% manganese concentrations were also

removed with the optimal dosage of 5mg/L. Rambutan seed supplies are abundant in

Southeast Asian countries especially during its harvest season allowing a cost-effective

solution compared to purchasing other chemical coagulants for water treatment.

According to the study conducted by Norlia et al. (2012), activated carbon was

prepared from rambutan seeds by chemical activation of zinc chloride (ZnCI2) as a

dehydrating agent. Results showed that a higher insemination ratio and carbonization

temperature produced a wider BET surface area of activated carbon. The zinc chloride

to rambutan seed ratio 2 and carbonization at 65045 °C was found to be the best

condition to obtain a high surface area having 9.871 m2/g of activated carbon.

21
Activated carbon was tested on synthetic wastewater with pH reduction upon contact

time and adsorbent dosage. Reduction of pH ranging from 6.2 to 6.8 with the

employment of 2g/100ml adsorbent dosage at 180 minutes contact time.

According to the study of Mant et al. (2011), sponge, Cordylophora, and

bryozoans all cause major problems within filter beds. The study shows a survey of six

UK water establishments and eight water treatment works revealing the widespread and

abundant growth of these taxa than what was previously acknowledged. Primary nature

of the problems related to the underfloor nozzles obstruction leading to inefficient

cleaning of the filter media creating dirty patches and rapid gravity filter beds (RGFs)

tailpipes which ensued a total cost of 1.49 million to be remunerated by the UK water

industry between 2005 and 2009. Sponge growth, which from patchy colonies upon

underdrain walls, penetrated the furthest through the water treatment process, reaching

the point of final chlorination at one water treatment work. Noticeable recurrent staining

was shown by monitoring plate study, with midsummer to late summer before winter as

the greatest number of taxa. Control solutions, including the use of the most effective

chemical control which is chlorine, and the significance of reaction for each taxon are

discussed.

According to the study of Pentamwa et al. (2011), fruit seeds can be applied as

local coagulant aid with alum to enhance turbid participation in the water treatment

system. Most of the fruits contained components of starch (46.8% - 81%), protein (4.9%

- 12.4%), and fiber (0.9% - 5.9%). The effectiveness of jackfruit, rambutan, and lychee

seeds powder as coagulant and coagulant aid with alum were measured by Jar test

method with raw water in turbidity levels ranging 10-15 NTU. The results illustrated that

22
the solvent from rambutan seeds powder as coagulant are the most effective to remove

turbidity (48.1%), followed by lychee (40.7%) and jackfruits seeds (35.8%). The results

also found that the proportion of lychee powder solution as coagulant aid with alum in

concentration of 25 mg/L: 70 mg/L were the most effective to improve the seattle ability

(88%), followed by rambutan (87%) and jackfruit seeds powder (78%) respectively. The

use of alum alone as a coagulant compound reduced turbidity in the range of 53.3 to

75.8 percent. This finding showed that the made powder from the available fruit seeds

in Thailand can be applied as local coagulant aid with alum to enhance turbid

participation in the water treatment system.

The study of Khyat (2020) claims that there are different water purification

approaches, but the most promising and eco-friendly are biological methods. Water is

essential for drinking, washing, bathing, and other purposes. The World Health

Organization (WHO) claims that over one million people need clean drinking water, and

many people suffer from water-borne diseases every year. Water purification is required

to cope with this scenario as also other studies suggest. For water samples obtained

from various locations such as Tube well water and Well of four locations, dry Moringa

seeds and seed powder were used. Moringa oleifera is cultivated and known as a multi-

purpose tree in many countries because it has medicinal and nutritional values. The

samples were tested for pre-and post-treatment parameters of complete hardness,

calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, acidity, alkalinity, acidity, TDS, TSS, TSS,

chloride, sulfate, phosphate, pH, temperature, etc. The seeds are an efficient purifier

and coagulant for the treatment of several water samples. Consequently, the use of

seed powder relative to whole Moringa seeds gives better results.

23
 According to the study of Kapgate (2018), the value of purification is to reduce

the risk of pollution from rainwater recharge and to deter different diseases. Rainwater

is an essential source for groundwater aquifer. Purification has been a necessity in the

ancient period of civilization. Subsequently, with the development of water treatment

plants in India, the central and state governments are making efforts to provide

adequate and healthy drinking water for the population. The rapid sand filters are often

used for a faster rate of filtration process to extract suspended and colloidal particles

from water by laying out the various sand beds to create it. It is more effective,

economical, and sturdy to design a dual media filter capped with crushed coconut

shells. In the case of high filtration efficiency: it improves filter capacity, increases filter

working, decreases backward flows, and eliminates high turbidity. Thus, it is suitable for

drinking purposes and other usages.

24
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the design and procedures that were used in the conduct

of the study.

Research Location and Duration

This product-based experimental research will be conducted for approximately 2-

3 weeks covering the coagulant performance of Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan)

seed’s potential use in water purification. Experimental procedures such as pulverizing

the Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan) seeds; mixing to sample variables and the actual

procedure of this research were fulfilled at Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez’s residence

specifically in Mangga Street, Malambuon Barangay Calumpang, General Santos City.

Determining parameters such as: pH level, total dissolved solids (TDS), and

presence of iron and manganese, determining the coagulant performance of rambutan

seeds for potential use in turbidity removal in water and wastewater treatment;

determining the effectiveness of the modified water filtration during the process of water

treatment were referred to ECPC-Research and Analytical Laboratory, an accredited

laboratory for drinking water analysis located at Prov'l. Capitol Compound, Poblacion

Alabel, Sarangani Province.

Research Design

In this study, researchers will use quantitative method. This section covers the

design on how the methods and procedures of the study were done. The researchers

25
will make use of the experiments, observational traits to increase the reliability of the

study and secondary data analysis for accuracy in the study for the evaluation of the

feasibility of rambutan seeds (Nephelium lappaceum) on water purification as a

purifying agent. The parameters will be measured by the water quality specialists in the

laboratory to see the results conducted on the evaluation of the viability of the rambutan

seeds as a purifying agent.

The study will consist of multiple different tests. The following tests are pH level,

turbidity test, total dissolved solids (TDS), and the presence of iron and manganese that

will determine the secondary metabolites present in the sample water. The second test

will be the evaluation of the water purifier potential of the rambutan seeds which will be

tested on tap water as the experimental tool.

The amount of pulverized rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) seeds will only

matter in purifying the tap water with T1 having no pulverized rambutan seeds, T2 with

7.5 g pulverized rambutan seeds, and T3 with 15 g pulverized rambutan seeds that will

be combined with a 250 ml tap water sample in accordance with the measurements in

the study Water Purification Through Moringa Oleifera Lam by Khyat (2020). Each of

the purified water will have (3) replicates and the average of the replicates for each of

the purified water will be the basis of the data. The number of days of the tap water

purification process and the percent of the potable water will be the measurement to

determine the effectiveness of the experiment.

The researchers will use the rambutan seeds, sand, and gravel treatment. Only

the amount of rambutan seeds will vary. Sand and gravel are also used in purifying

systems. Sand water filters make use of sand to filter water. The water to be purified

26
slowly sinks through the sand of the sand filter, leaving the dirt particles from the water

behind in the fine pores of the sand. This filter technology is especially suitable for pre-

filtration of disinfection equipment, preparation for micro- and ultrafiltration, recirculation.

Filter gravel as well is an extremely effective filter media because of its ability to hold

back precipitates containing impurities.

Water Purifying Potential Water Purification Test

R1
pH Level

T1 R2

R3
Turbidity Test

R1

T2 R2 Total Dissolved
Solids

R3
Legend
R1 T1 = No pulverized
rambutan seeds used

T3 R2 T2 = 7.5 g. of pulverized
rambutan seeds used
R3 T3 = 15 g. of pulverized
rambutan seeds used
R = Replication

Figure 1. Research Design

27
Procedure

The researchers will gather and arrange beforehand the materials required for

the water purification process namely sand, gravel, coffee filter, activated carbon, and

the most essential variable of the study which are the rambutan seeds. After deliberate

preparations of materials, rambutan seeds will be crushed exquisitely until pulverized.

After crushing the rambutan seeds with an average knife, the researchers will be using

mortar and pestle tools to further grind and pulverize the seeds. The researchers will be

preparing a purifying set for filtration following the order presented in the study

conducted to adequately provide safe drinking water through the construction of a rapid

sand filter using coconut shell as a capping media (Kapgate, 2018). In filtration, the

coffee filter will be placed initially among the provided materials, followed by the

activated charcoal, gravel, sand, the pulverized rambutan seeds, and the tap water.

Lastly, the researchers will let the laboratory evaluate the parameters of the purified

water such as its pH level, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and its subdued manganese

and iron properties through laboratory testing for accurate data gathering.

28
 Water Purifying Process

GATHERING AND PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

SLICING RAMBUTAN SEEDS

PREPARATION OF PURIFYING SET

FILTRATION

SAMPLE WATER

RAMBUTAN SEEDS

SAND

GRAVEL

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

FILTER PAPER

EVALUATION OF PURIFIED WATER

Figure 2. Procedure Flowchart

29
Materials and Instrumentation

The researchers will use efficient materials for modified water purifiers. The most

essential for this experiment is the rambutan seeds; this can be provided by the

rambutan fruits. The experiment will use ½ kilograms of rambutan. The seeds will be cut

by an average knife and will use mortar and pestle for pulverization. For the sample

water, tap water was chosen to be purified. 250 ml of tap water will be used for each

sample. Coffee filter (filter paper) used for filtering the seeds; the sand and gravel

makes use to filter water.

The laboratory will take charge of the examination in determining the water

quality of the three (3) samples for accurate gathering of data.

Statistical Tool

Descriptive analysis and independent ANOVA analysis will be used as inferential

tests to test the hypothesis. The rationales for the selection of these techniques are as

follows:

Descriptive statistics are used to describe the characteristics of the variables and

demographic comparison and to illustrate the means, and standard deviation of each

research variable. ANOVA analysis will be used to determine whether there were any

significant differences between the means of the variables under different conditions.

As with ANOVA, a repeated measure ANOVA analyzes the equality of means of

three or more groups. However, a repeated measure ANOVA is used when all variables

of a sample are measured under different conditions.

30
 As the variables are measured from a sample at different points of time, the

measurement of the dependent variable is repeated. Using a standard ANOVA in this

case is not appropriate because it fails to model the correlation between the repeated

measures: The data violate the ANOVA assumption of independence. Hence, in the

measurement of repeated dependent variables, repeated measures ANOVA should be

used.

31
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