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Booklet 3 - Circle Geometry 9 March 2021
Booklet 3 - Circle Geometry 9 March 2021
BOOKLET 3
Circle Geometry
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by The TAS Maths Team
T A
Circle Geometry
Geometry FET
Course Booklets Set
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"SUBTEND" . . .
CIRCLE GEOMETRY Understand the word!
P P P
P B
The Language (Vocabulary) A
O O O O
A B
180º
A B
GROUP 1 AND 2 A B
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
S
Centre C
radius
diameter
Diameter Central and Inscribed angles
A
B
O
centre
A or chord AB, subtends:
In all the figures, arc AB (AB),
Consider that
Radius Circumference ˆ
a central AOB
T
at the centre of the circle, and subtend
means support.
ˆ
an inscribed APB at the circumference of the circle.
Sectors Redraw figures 1 to 4 leaving out the chord AB completely and observe
O A B
minor the arc subtending the central and inscribed angles in each case.
segment
A
sector B
S
O Points A, B, C and D
are concyclic, tangent
i.e. they lie on the same circle.
A
A
C point of contact
B
T
Note: Quadrilateral AOCB is not a cyclic quadrilateral because point O
is not on the circumference ! (A, O, C and B are not concyclic)
secant
Exterior angles of polygons
The exterior angle of any polygon is an angle which is formed between one side of
the polygon and another side produced.
A
cyclic quadrilateral
E
D D
B
C NB : It is assumed that the
B
tangent is perpendicular
C
to the radius (or diameter)
ˆ is an exterior ø of ΔABC.
ACD ˆ is an exterior ø of c.q. ABCD.
ADE at the point of contact.
[NB : BCD is a straight line ! ] [NB : CDE is a straight line ! ]
I The x
'Centre' 2x
group 2x Equal
x x radii !
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II The
A
' No Centre '
group Equal
T
chords !
III x
The There are ' 3 ways to
' Cyclic Quad.' prove that a quad. is
a cyclic quad '.
group
y
x + y = 180º
IV The
'Tangent'
group Equal
tangents !
I The x
'Centre' 2x
group 2x Equal
x x radii !
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II The Equal chords subtend equal angles
A
and, vice versa,
' No Centre '
equal angles are subtended
group Equal by equal chords.
T
chords !
III x
The There are ' 3 ways to
' Cyclic Quad.' prove that a quad. is
a cyclic quad '.
group
y
x + y = 180º
IV The
'Tangent'
group Equal
tangents !
GEOMETRY
double the angle it subtends at any point on the circumference.
To prove : ˆ = 2APB
AOB ˆ P
Q
O
1 2
y
exam purposes
ˆ = 2x + 2y = 2(x + y) = 2 APB
ˆ B
S
AOB
A
Given : O and cyclic quadrilateral ABCD x
T
1
Proof : Let  = x
The line segment drawn from the centre of a circle, B
1 Then ˆ = 2x
O . . . at centre = 2
perpendicular to a chord, bisects the chord. 1
at circumference
Oˆ 2 = 360º – 2x . . . s about point O C
Proof : We have ˆ
DAC = 90º . . . diameter ⊥ tangent
& ˆ
DPA = 90º . . . in semi- 2 x
1
∴ Aˆ 1 + Aˆ 2 = 90º
See Gr 11 Maths 3 in 1 A C
Study Guide and Pˆ 1 + Pˆ 2 = 90º
Remember :
But ˆ
A ˆ
2 = P1 . . . s in same seg.
Always give
∴ Aˆ 1 = Pˆ 2 ( = APB)
ˆ
REASONS for
each statement !
Copyright © The Answer Series 5
PROVING THEOREMS
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x y x y
A
y y
x x 2x 2y
T 2x 2y
y 2x 2y
x
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perpendicular
to a chord,
bisects the chord.
A
chord
Examin
2
T
radius produced The angle which an
inscribed ∠ arc of a circle subtends
x y xy at the centre is
centre
y y double the angle
central ∠ x x 2x 2y it subtends at
arc
any point on the
equal base ∠ s exterior ∠ s of Δs
circumference.
3 radii
y y The opposite angles
2x of a cyclic
Circle Theorem Proofs
x x 2y quadrilateral
are supplementary.
Note: The bolded words in the statements are the approved 'reasons' to use.
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diameter & join . . .
inscribed ∠
90° – x
A
chord x
90° – x
T
x x x x
s
diameter ⊥ tangent ∠ in the
tangent & ∠ in semi-? same segment
Method 2:
radii
90° – x
90° – x
x x x
Circle Theorem Proofs
x
This theorem is known as the 2x 2x
Tan Chord theorem
x x
s
sum of ∠ of Δ ∠ at centre = 2 % ∠ at circumference
Copyright © The Answer Series 8
FURTHER ? THEOREM PROOFS: A Visual presentation
Theorem
The Situation The LOGIC . . .
Statements
5 ?
The ∠ in a semi-?
is a right ∠.
S
180º
diameter
A
a straight angle a right angle
T
6 Construction: radii The LOGIC . . .
∠ s subtended
x x
by an arc ∠ s subtended by
(at the the same arc
circumference 2x 2x
are equal.
of the circle)
7
x x
The exterior ∠ of a
cyclic cyclic quadrilateral
exterior
quadrilateral
angle
y y x = the interior opposite ∠.
Adjacent ∠ s : x + y = 180º
Copyright © The Answer Series 9
FURTHER ? THEOREM PROOFS: A Visual presentation, continued . . .
Method 1:
radii
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Theorem
A
8
Statement
radii ⊥ tangents congruent Δs
T
Tangents to a circle
from a common point
Method 2:
are equal.
chord and inscribed ∠
x x x x x
Again, the
bolded words
x x are the ‘approved
reasons' to use.
Circle Theorem Proofs
sides opposite
tan-chord theorem 4
equal base ∠ s in Δ
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Calculate, giving reasons, G
3 2 1
C Use all the Clues . . . the sizes of : 4
ˆ M
(a) Lˆ 1 (b) O 1
1 2
The information provides clues to facts :
ˆ ˆ +Nˆ N
A
intersecting lines adj. suppl. & vert. opp. øs ; øs about a point. (c) M 4 (d) N 1 2
ˆ
(e) M
parallel lines alternate, corresponding & co-interior øs 1 (f) Prove that KG = GM
T
Answers
equal chords equal øs
(a) Lˆ 1 ( = Fˆ ) F
90º angle the Theorem of Pythagoras, or . . .
= 76º . . . øS in same segment 76º
There are
3 theorems
ˆ = corr. Lˆ . . . ON || LM
(b) O O H L
in ? geometry 1 1 K 2 1 P
1 1 2
which involve = 76º 3 2
G 3 2 1
right angles. 4
M
diameter ø in semi-? = 90º ; diameter ⊥ tangent ˆ = 1O
(c) M ˆ 12
4 1
2 N
Δs sum of the interior øs = 180º ; exterior ø of Δ ; equilateral Δs ; = 38º . . . ø at centre = 2 % ø at circumference
isosceles Δs ; congruency, similarity, theorem of Pythagoras
s
ˆ +N
(d) N ˆ = 180º - 76º . . . opp. øs of c.q. are suppl.
sum of the interior øs of a quadrilateral = 360º ; 1 2
types & properties of all quadrilaterals = 104º
ˆ = 90º
(e) KML . . . ø in semi-?
T Recall the Theory systematically . . . ˆ ˆ = 38º in 4.3
ˆ &M
â M 1 = 180º - (90º + 38º) . . . str. NMP 4
Previous geometry = 52º
Revise previous geometry under the headings
angles lines triangles quadrilaterals (f) ˆ = corresponding KML
G ˆ = 90º . . . ON || LM
3
i.e. line from centre, OG ⊥ chord KM
Circle geometry
â KG = GM
Recall and apply the facts by group.
Copyright © The Answer Series 11
EXAMPLE 2
3 ways to prove that a quadrilateral is cyclic
(a) Complete the following by writing the appropriate missing word.
If a chord of a circle subtends a right angle on the circumference,
We use the 3 converse statements for cyclic quadrilaterals.
then this chord is a . . . . . . M
B
2 converse theorem y1
p1 x
2
(b) A, B, C and D are points on the circle. 1
x1
2 Prove that one side subtends Either prove :
BC produced and AD produced equal angles at the two other points x1 = x2 or y1 = y2
A C z1 z2
meet at N. 1 (on the same side). or z1 = z2 or p1 = p2
y2 p2
AB produced and DC produced
1 B
meet at M. 2 converse theorem Either prove :
S
D
If M̂ = N̂, prove that AC is a diameter of the circle. Prove that a pair of A Â + Ĉ = 180º
N
opposite angles or B̂ + D̂ = 180º
is supplementary.
A
Answers
D C
(a) . . . diameter. converse theorem 5 Either prove :
2
Prove that an exterior angle 1̂ = 2̂
(b) Let M̂ = N̂ = x 4
T
. . . given M 7
of a quadrilateral is equal or 3̂ = 4̂
ˆ = C
ˆ = y . . . vert. opp. øs B x
& C 1 2 to the interior opposite angle.
1
2 or 5̂ = 6̂
x+y
y 6 8 3
Then : 2
1
or 7̂ = 8̂
A C
Bˆ 1 = x + y . . . ext. ø of ΔBMC
y1
ˆ = x+y x+y
& D . . . ext. ø of ΔDCN
1 1
D
2 2 ways to prove that a line is a tangent to a ?
x
But, Bˆ 1 + D
ˆ = 180º
1
s
. . . opp. ø of c.q. N
â 2(x + y) = 180º We use the 2 converse theorem statements to prove that a line is a tangent to a ? if . . .
â x + y = 90º
ˆ ˆ = 90º converse theorem
i.e. B = D
1 1
S
V
ON produced at S. M 1 2
T 2 1
1 Shade the
(a) Give a reason why OV ⊥ MN. V
W 2 N quadrilateral
A
(b) Prove that: 1 TMNS
(i) MN || TS W 2 N
S
T
(ii) TMNS is a cyclic quadrilateral
S
(iii) OS . MN = 2ON . WS (a Grade 12 question)
There are 3 ways to prove that a quadrilateral is
Answers a cyclic quadrilateral – choose 1:
ˆ = N
ˆ s
We chose and proved
Note: Analyse the information and the diagram. M 1 1 . . . ø opposite equal radii
So far, we have used and applied a 'centre' theorem, in (a). = Ŝ . . . corresp. øs ; MN || TS that the exterior ø of
Another clue is the 'tangent' at W. quadrilateral TMNS
Think about tangent facts . . . . = the interior opposite ø
converse ext. ø
â TMNS is a cyclic quadrilateral . . . of cyclic quad.
S
1 2 1
2 Y
In Δs OVN and OWS X B
1 2
3
ˆ is common
O P
2
A
ˆ = OWS
OVN ˆ . . . corresp. øs ; MN || TS
â ΔOVN ||| ΔOWS . . . øøø T
Make statements, with reasons,
T
Let's 'arrange' the sides to suit the question.
1. In ?XPBA : about P̂1 and B̂1
OS
â = WS ⎛⎜ = OW ⎞⎟ . . . equiangular Δ s
ON VN ⎝ OV ⎠ ˆ
2. In ?ABYQ : about B̂1 and AQY
â OS . VN = ON . WS
ˆ
3. In quadrilateral APTQ : about P̂1 and AQT
1
But VN = MN . . . V midpoint MN
2
â OS . 1 MN = ON . WS
4. What can you conclude about quadrilateral APTQ?
2
% 2)â OS . MN = 2ON . WS Mark the øs on the drawing as you proceed.
Answers
O
M 1 2 1. In c.q. XPBA : P̂1 = B̂1 . . . arc XA subtends øs in same segment
1
T 2
V ˆ
2. In c.q. ABYQ : B̂1 = AQY . . . exterior ø of cyclic quad.
1
ˆ
3. In quad. APTQ : P̂1 = AQT . . . both = Bˆ1 above
W 2 N
In right-d ∆MAQ :
S
P 1
E
AM = 5 units . . . 3 :4 :5 ∆ ; Pythag. 8 1 2 3
T B 2
3 21
TM = 5 units . . . TM = AM = radii
12 M C
PM = 13 units D
A
3
∆PAM is a 5 : 12 : 13 ∆ ! A B
4 Q
Prove that :
i.e. PM 2 = PA2 + AM 2
(a) AB = AC
T
ˆ = 90º
PAM . . . converse of Pythag.
(b) AC is a tangent to circle ECD at point C.
PA is a tangent to M . . . converse tan chord theorem
Answers
Ĉ3 = D̂ + Â 2 . . . ext. of D C x
D
= x+y
ˆ = x+y
& ABC . . . B̂1 = x and B̂2 = y
∴ AB = AC . . . sides opp = s
Module 9b: Circle Geometry
Notes Exercises Full Solutions (b) Ĉ2 = D̂ . . . both = x in (a) . . . converse tan chord thm
∴ AC is a tangent to ECD at C.
S
converse tan ⊥ radius OR x points on the same side of the line
radius/diameter meets the circle, then
converse tan ⊥ diameter segment, then the four points are OR
the line is a tangent to the circle.
concyclic.
converse øs in the same seg
(This can be used to prove that the
A
The line drawn from the centre of a four points are concyclic).
O
circle to the midpoint of a chord is line from centre to midpt of chord
perpendicular to the chord.
x x
Equal chords subtend equal angles
equal chords; equal øs
T
at the circumference of the circle.
The line drawn from the centre of a
O
circle perpendicular to a chord bisects line from centre ⊥ to chord
the chord.
x Equal chords subtend equal angles
xO equal chords; equal øs
at the centre of the circle.
The perpendicular bisector of a
O chord passes through the centre of perp bisector of chord
the circle. Equal chords in equal circles subtend
x equal circles; equal chords;
x equal angles at the circumference of
The angle subtended by an arc at the equal øs
the circles.
x centre of a circle is double the size of
O øat centre
the angle subtended by the same arc Equal chords in equal circles
2x = 2 % ø at circumference subtend equal angles at the centre
at the circle (on the same side of the A B equal circles; equal chords;
chord as the centre) x x of the circles.
equal øs
(A and B indicate the centres of
The angle subtended by the diameter øs in semi circle OR the circles)
at the circumference of the circle diameter subtends right angle
O x The opposite angles of a cyclic
is 90º. OR ø in ½ ?
quadrilateral are supplementary opp øs of cyclic quad
y (i.e. x and y are supplementary)
If the angle subtended by a chord at chord subtends 90º OR
the circumference of the circle is 90°, x
O converse øs in semi circle If the opposite angles of a opp øs quad sup OR
then the chord is a diameter. quadrilateral are supplementary
then the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse opp øs of cyclic quad
180º – x
S
Two tangents drawn to a circle Tans from common pt
A
from the same point outside the OR
circle are equal in length (AB = AC) Tans from same pt
C
A
The angle between the tangent to
y x a circle and the chord drawn from
x tan chord theorem
T
the point of contact is equal to the
y
angle in the alternate segment.
S
These Geometry materials (Booklets 1 to 4) were created and
produced by The Answer Series Educational Publishers (Pty) (Ltd)
A
to support the teaching and learning of Geometry in high schools
T
in South Africa.
This material may not be sold (via any channel) or used for
profit-making of any kind.
GRADES 8 - 12
ALL MAJOR SUBJECTS IN
ENGLISH & AFRIKAANS
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