Ionic Equilbrium

SAITS
strong electrolyte
Ionic Equilibrium SA T SB Salt
Equilibrium established between dissociated HCL NaOH NaCL
All 4
types
part and undissociated part is known as

ION C EQUILBRIUM.
SA t WB OF salt are

HCL NHOH NHyCL strong

Ht
CHECOOH CHyC00 --
WA t SB Electrolyte
undissociated dissociated
CHE COOH NaOH CH 200Na
WA + WB
Classification substances
of
CH COONH4
CH 2OOH NH48H
ions.
1) Electrolyte:Whichdissociate into
component
HCL HT + 11- 2) Weak
Electrolytes
2) Non Electrolyte: whichdoes not dissociate into Negligibly ionised dissociated
componentions.
degree ofdissociation() x1

H20
Weak Acid
x HF, CH,COOH, HCOOH, YY-COOH
NH, CONH, 2S3 NHy CONHy (aq.) Formic ~ Benzoic acid
Acetic find
Acid
ORGANIC ACIDS
Classifications Electrolytes
of
Weak Base NHOH, R-NHe, NH3
strong Electrolytes (100%ioniseddissociated)
-

)
No Eg" is established 4 = 1 Theories Related To Acid-Base

Strong Acid
x HCL, HBr, HI, HySOy, HNO, HCIOy Archenius Acid:
Atyou water.
Strong Base
x
NaOH KOH
Calottle Any substance which
give in
HCl H+ + Cl- Monobasic Acid

HysOn 2 H+
sOp-
+
Dibasic Acid

POy3 Tribasic Acid

HyPOy 3HT +
-
 Lewis Acid-Base
Arrhenius Base:
Theory
substance which
give on con in water. Acids:whichacceptpair
Any Lewis ofer
NaOH Nat + OH Monobasic Base
Bases:whichdonate
Lewis pair ofe-
Cath + 204Diacidic Base
Ca(OH)2 i I H
F

H -N: DB - F H - N -> B -
F

limitations Arrhenius Theory: I

of
↳ ↳ E
I limited to
aqueous solution
bases without it
Lewis Base Lewis Acid
2) Cannotexplain acids and
and OH-Yous
Types ofLewis Base
with atleast
Brousted -

lowry Theory 1) Neutral molecules one lone pair

Acids:Hedonors He8: Nitz, R-NHz, R-o-H
Bases:Itacceptors
ions
Acid-Base Pair
2) Negatively charged
Conjugate F-CF OH- RO-
ation.
Pair
having difference of one

SA Types lewis
OF Acid
HCh H+ + C1- Molecules in whichneutral atom has
1)
Acid Conjugate Base
incomplete Cl
octet.
I
Weak Base Alll3 Al Cl

limitations Cl

cannotexplain
x acidic nature ofAlCl, BF3 etc
2) cations
D-block
Fetz (ut2
NOTE:
x
Ifacid is then its
weak
conjugate base Incompletely filled d-orbital
is and vice-versa.
strong
 Ph Scale:
Molecules
3) in whichcentral atom has
d orbitals. (base 10) of
empty Defined as
negative logarithm
ion concentration
Situ hydronium
H+ - 1 [H0+] [H+]
=

43 CO2, SO2 PH
- I
0c 0
= =
c 0 =

Py =-log, HT] OR
P=-log, [H30+]
Limitations
~ It
fails to
assignstrengthofacids and bases
Poh Scale:
2)
According to
theory, acid-base reaction
this Defined
ion
as
negative
concentration.
logarithm (base 10) of Ort-

should be
accompanied by formationofdative
Bond.
Pon=-log TOH-3
OTE

Water is a
very
weak
electrolyte Pkw =-log,kw Pxa=- logka
H+ + OH-
H20
Ionic Product of Pky=-log kp
kw= TH+] [ON]
Kater

At 298K, 10-14
kw= [H+] 10-7 TOH-3
Pure Water 298K
= =

and
alid at 298K

TOHS Acidic
K, TH+] 10-7
[H+] >
At 298
=

[H+] [OH]
=

Neutral
[H] < FOH] Basic pH =
-log10-7 +7
=

Eg" constant depends only and

only Temperature
on At 298 K
Neutral
PH 7
=

x
EffectofT Onkw

T kux:dissociation of 1,04.
PH < 7 Acidic
PH3 7 Basic
 very dilute solution,
For start
electrolyte
weak
·

Pkw PH
+

POH
behaving strong electrolyte.
=

as

·
On dilution, degree of dissociation
PH POH
+
=

14 298 k

Ionisation ofWeak Base

Ionisation Constants ofWeak Acid HA

HA H+ A-
+
H20
+

BOH B OH-
+

[B+]TON] C22 2 kls

ky =
=
=

5H+ [A- 3 Ionisation constant of

ka= IBOH] -
X 8

Weak Acid
THA]

For
Por =

I (Pkp-log()
eg.
HA Ht I -
A

t0
=
C
At PH PoH
-

14
~

298K, + =

:
C CL
teq C-C
Relation between a and b
Ka
the
=

ka* =kw PKa+Px=14

At290KPat K 14
=

For weak electrolyte, x<<

-x41:ka =22

Polybasic Acids and

Polyacidic Bases
a
j
=

TH+] kaxC=
PH=Y(PKa-log()
which releases more thanone at con Heso,H,POy
Ostwald's dilution law

Degree of
x conisation (2) is inversely proportional
to
square root of conce or directly proportional whichreleases more than Orion Carly AICOH),
root volume
to
square of

↓at
 PH of Very Dilute Acid
Factors affecting acidic
strength Strong
HCl -> H+ + (L-
of H-X bond:
Strength
-

C c c
H-F < H-Cl < H-Br < H-I
H0 Ht+
= OH-
Polarity of H-X Bond: -

10-7No-7

CHy NHg HeO HE

Total[Nt5 c+10-7
=
8
If (310-6
Polarity
Acidic
Strength 4
Solubility Equilibria ofsparingly soluble Salts

Common
For
AgBr, AgI, BaSOn, PbsOn
eg:Agl,
Ion Effect
Agt(ag) (I-(aq)
Ag(ICs) =
+

WeakElectrolyte & Ht
CH 200
-

CH3COOH
+

Ksp [Ag+] [CI-]

=

Nat
Strong Electrolyte
900 +
-

2
CH3COONa CA
Common Ion
Relationship Between Solubility andKsp
TCH3100] due to le-chatlier principle, eatgoes in AnBy(s) nA+Y(aq) yB-"(aa)
= +

Backward direction:degree of dissociation of weak t0 =

↑ - -

decrease.
electrolyte .
indissociation ofweakelectrolyte
suppression t
2g
=
1 -
3 2S
ys
by addition
of a
strong electrolyte having a

*sp x*yy gity

=

common ion is called common ion effect

Assumptions
Note:
Common Ion
only for strong electrolyte
is taken
·

· Dissociationofweakelectrolyte is almost For precipitation IP >

ksp
negligible. ↳ Ionic Product

· More the value ofKsp -> More is

solubility
PH of Very Dilute
H+
Strong Acid Less precipitation
HCl -> + (L-

C c c
Late
precipitation
H0 Ht+
= OH-

10-7No-7

Total[H+5 c + =
10-7 = 8
If 2,1006
 Common Ion Effect on
Solubility Types of Buffer Solution: -

①
AgCl(s Agt, (aq) + Cl-
S
(aq) 1) Simple Buffer
② HCL Ht - common Ion
T
C eg. Salt of acid
weak and weak base
C 2
[CHz200H) (NHy0H)
[C1]↑-> run'I will in BD
components)
move
2) Mixed
Buffer (2
solubility decrease
->

is Acidic Buffer
Due to
~ common
solubility decrease
Ion:
solution weak acid and its saltwith
·

containing
More
x the common Ion:lesser is solubility base
(s) (s + c) strong
xsp
=

eg. CH3COOH +
CHLOONa
S =
ksp
C
How to identify Buffer:
Acidia
and its salt
Buffer solution 1) solution containing weak Acid
with
solution
A whose ph does not
change on addition strong base.
of small amount of acidor base or on dilutionis 2) Solution of weakacidand strong base
known as Buffer solution
where
strong base is limiting reagent.
Acidic Buffer

Buffer Range
solution Pr Pra+ log [Anion ofsalt]
=

whichit is
Range ofbuffer over
[ Acid]
effective

Action ii) Buffer

Basic
Buffer Solution and its salt
containing Weak Base
Action of buffer solution on addition of small
with acid.
acid
strong
amount of or base
by which it resistthe
eg. NHyOH +NHyCL
in Ph ↳ salt with acid
change WB
strong
 How to
identify Basic Buffer Hydrolysis of saltof
strong Base andweak acid

NaOH
CACOONa+tOE CHILOOH +

1) Solution
containing Weak Base and its salt
·
Anionic Hydrolysis
with
strong acid.
· solution becomes basic

eg. NHyOH TNHyCL

I (PKa+ log()
m kw
kn kw
= PH =
7+
=

kaX
Fa
2) Solution of Weak Base and
strong Aid where

strong acid is
limiting Reagent. Hydrolysis of salt of acid and bleak Base
beak

eg. NHyOH +HCL CH3COONHy + H2O CHBLOOH +

NHyOH
Anionic
· Cationic and
Hydrolysis
Ication ofsalt]
Pon=Pky log
+

kw
k
b
ky =
=

[Base] kaX kb

Salt
Hydrolysis 4H 7
=
+

I (Pka- Pkb)
Reverse ofNeutralisation
Sall+ nlater Acid+ Base
Acidic
Ka> kd Oka PKS
·

a SA + SB
·SA + WB
·
Kakl Pka> PKS Basic
·
WA+ SB ·
ka=kb PKa=Pkb Neutral
·
WA + WB

Hydrolysis ofstrong Acid

Base
Hydrolysis of salt of strong Acid and Weak Base and
strong
NaCl + HO HCL + NaOH

NHyCL +HzO HCL +

NHyOH
·
Cationic Hydrolysis
-> No Hydrolysis
·
Solution becomes acidic -> Neutral solution
At 298K, Pn=7
(PK) log)
kn
I 44
= 7
=
-
+

b =

Fx