HISTORIOGRAPHY

HOI 6

BRITISH EDUCATION POLICY IN INDIA

1. Gyanendra Pandey: Pandey has argued that British education policy in India
was designed to create a sense of cultural superiority among the colonizers,
and to reinforce the idea that Indians were inferior and needed to be
"civilized" through the dissemination of Western knowledge and values.
2. Dipesh Chakrabarty: Chakrabarty has argued that the impact of British
education policy in India was complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, he
notes that English education helped to create a new class of educated Indians
who were able to challenge colonial power and to demand greater political
representation. On the other hand, he also highlights the ways in which
English education reinforced social hierarchies and helped to create a new
form of cultural hegemony.
3. Uma Chakravarti: Chakravarti has argued that the spread of English education
in India was closely linked to the subjugation of women. She notes that the
British saw Indian women as oppressed and in need of rescue, and that
English education was seen as a means of liberating them from their
traditional roles. However, she also notes that English education for women
was often limited to a narrow range of subjects, and that it was designed to
produce a particular type of "modern" woman who was obedient to colonial
authority.
4. Parimala V. Rao: Rao has argued that British education policy in India was
driven by economic considerations, and that it was designed to create a pool
of educated labor that could be used to serve the needs of the colonial
economy. She notes that English education was focused on producing a
particular set of skills that were seen as necessary for colonial governance and
for the functioning of the colonial economy.

HOI 5

EVOLUTION OF ZABTI SYSTEM UNDER AKBAR

1. Irfan Habib: Habib has argued that the zabti system, which was introduced by
Akbar in the late 16th century, represented a significant departure from earlier
revenue systems in India. He notes that the zabti system was based on a
thorough survey of agricultural land and a detailed assessment of crop yields,
and that it was designed to create a standardized system of revenue collection
that was more efficient and less corrupt than earlier systems.
2. Satish Chandra: Chandra has argued that the zabti system was part of a
broader set of reforms introduced by Akbar in order to strengthen the Mughal
state and to create a more efficient system of governance. He notes that the
 zabti system helped to create a reliable source of revenue for the state, and
that it also helped to promote the development of a cash economy in India.
3. Richard Eaton: Eaton has argued that the introduction of the zabti system was
a response to changing social and economic conditions in India, particularly
the increasing commercialization of agriculture. He notes that the zabti system
helped to create a more stable and predictable system of revenue collection
that was better suited to the needs of a commercialized economy.
4. Shireen Moosvi: Moosvi has argued that the introduction of the zabti system
was part of a broader set of policies aimed at integrating the diverse regions
of the Mughal Empire. She notes that the zabti system helped to create a
standardized system of revenue collection that was applied uniformly across
different regions of the empire, and that this helped to promote greater
integration and unity.
RMW

MERCANTILISM IN FRANCE

1. François Simiand: Simiand has argued that mercantilism was a central

feature of French economic policy in the 17th and 18th centuries. He
notes that the French state actively intervened in the economy in
order to promote the growth of manufacturing and to protect French
industries from foreign competition.
2. Charles Kindleberger: Kindleberger has argued that French
mercantilism was characterized by a focus on trade and a belief in the
importance of maintaining a favorable balance of trade. He notes that
the French state used a range of policies, including tariffs and
subsidies, to promote exports and to limit imports.
3. Paul Bairoch: He notes that mercantilist policies helped to create a
strong domestic market for French goods, and that they also helped
to promote the growth of French industries.
4. Fernand Braudel: Braudel has argued that mercantilism was part of a
broader set of economic and social changes that characterized the
early modern period in France. He notes that the growth of
mercantilism was closely linked to the rise of the state and to the
emergence of a new class of merchants and capitalists.
HOI-6

DEINDUSTRIALIZATION

1. R.C. Dutt: Dutt argued that British colonial policies contributed significantly to
the deindustrialization of India in the 19th century. He notes that British
policies, such as free trade, high tariffs on Indian goods, and the destruction of
 the Indian textile industry, led to a decline in Indian manufacturing and a loss
of economic autonomy.
2. Amiya Bagchi: Bagchi has argued that deindustrialization in India was a result
of the unequal trade relations between India and Britain. He notes that British
policies favored the export of raw materials from India to Britain, while limiting
the export of manufactured goods from India to Britain. This, in turn, led to
the decline of Indian manufacturing and a loss of economic autonomy.
3. David Clingingsmith: Clingingsmith has argued that deindustrialization in India
was a gradual and complex process that cannot be solely attributed to British
colonial policies. He notes that the decline of Indian manufacturing was
influenced by a range of factors, including changes in consumer demand,
technological innovations, and the growth of European manufacturing.
4. Gyan Prakash: Prakash has argued that deindustrialization in India was part of
a broader process of colonialism that involved the reorganization of Indian
society and the displacement of traditional forms of economic activity.