Coloured: F (X) X - y X-X Y+

COLOURED
H G
a x b = c f ( x ) = x -
y = x - E
F
D C
x = y +
o
A
B
35
MATHEMATICS
(With Objective Type Question Bank)
A Book With a Difference
Based on New NCERT Textbook and CBSE Guidelines
CLASS X
Ÿ Important Points to Remember

Ÿ Solved NCERT Exercises
Ÿ Both Solved and Unsolved Problems under ‘Practice More’
Ÿ Includes Solved Previous Years CBSE Questions
Ÿ Test Your Knowledge Questions with Answers for Self Evaluation
Dr. Hari Kishan

MSc. (Maths), Gold Medalist, PhD (Maths)
Former Senior Reader and Head
Department of Mathematics
KR (PG) College
Mathura (UP)
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PREFACE
I feel immense pleasure in presenting ‘ ® Mathematics Class X ’ before the readers,

followers and well-wishers of the book.
The worth-mentioning features of this book are as follows:
o The book has been prepared strictly as per the latest syllabus issued by CBSE for the
students of Class X.
o It includes the necessary material which provides a sound conceptual base in
mathematics.
o Each chapter starts with important points/formulae in brief which work as a ready
reckoner for the readers.
o Each and every question incorporated in the exercises given in each chapter of the NCERT
Textbook has been solved fully, ideally and most simply.
o It contains a large number of additional well-graded illustrative examples which are
mainly CBSE Examination Questions to help the students to solve problems of varied
nature which are usually expected to be asked in the coming examination.
o All the solutions are standard to the extent that if a student follows the style as
adopted in this book for the solution of a question, no examiner can even think of
deducting half a mark from the marks allotted to the question.
o The main stress has been assigned to reasoning everywhere which is the basis of
mathematics.
o Chapterwise Objective Type Question Bank (Multiple Choice Questions and Case Based
Questions) with Answers are also given for the readers.
I wish the students grand success and ® future.
AUTHOR
(iii)
CONTENTS
Preface (iii)
Syllabus (xi)
Chapters Pages
1. REAL NUMBERS ......................................................................................................................... 1–29

Section – I
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 3
 NCERT Exercise 1.1 (Solved) 4
1.3 Revisiting Irrational Numbers 12
Section – II
• Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark) 15
• Case Based Questions (1 Mark) 18
• Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark) 19
• Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks) 21
• Long Answer Type Questions (4 Marks) 24
• Exercises (with Answers) 27
2. POLYNOMIALS .........................................................................................................................30–62
Section – I
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial 31
2.3 Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial 35
(iv)

CONTENTS v
Section – II
3. PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES ................................................. 63–123
Section – I
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations 64
3.3 Algebraic Methods of Solving a Pair of Linear Equations 84
3.3.1 Substitution Method 84
3.3.2 Elimination Method 93
Section – II
4. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS .................................................................................................... 124–171
Section – I
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 Quadratic Equations 125
4.3 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation 130
4.4 Nature of Roots 140
vi GOLDEN MATHEMATICS—X
Section – II
5. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS ........................................................................................ 172–239
Section – I
5.2 Arithmetic Progressions 172
5.3 n Term of an AP
th
181
5.4 Sum of First n Terms of an AP 195
 NCERT Exercise 5.4 Optional (Solved) 214
Section – II
6. TRIANGLES .......................................................................................................................... 240–298
Section – I
6.2 Similar Figures 241
6.3 Similarity of Triangles 243
6.4 Criteria for Similarity of Triangles 255
CONTENTS vii
Section – II
7. COORDINATE GEOMETRY .............................................................................................. 299–344
Section – I
7.2 Distance Formula 300
7.3 Section Formula 313
Section – II
8. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY ......................................................................... 345–415
Section – I
8.2 Trigonometric Ratios 345
8.3 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles 357
8.4 Trigonometric Identities 366
viii GOLDEN MATHEMATICS—X
Section – II
9. SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY ............................................................. 416–462
Section – I
9.1 Heights and Distances 416
Section – II
10. CIRCLES ............................................................................................................................... 463–524
Section – I
10.2 Tangent to a Circle 464
10.3 Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle 468
Section – II
CONTENTS ix
11. AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES ....................................................................................... 525–547

Section – I
11.1 Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle 525
m NCERT Exercise 11.1 (Solved) 529
Section – II
12. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES .................................................................................. 548–603
Section – I
12.2 Surface Area of a Combination of Solids 554
12.3 Volume of a Combination of Solids 567
Section – II
13. STATISTICS .......................................................................................................................... 604–693
Section – I
13.2 Mean of Grouped Data 604
13.3 Mode of Grouped Data 623
13.4 Median of Grouped Data 636
x GOLDEN MATHEMATICSX
Section – II
14. PROBABILITY ....................................................................................................................... 694–741
Section – I
14.1 Probability—A Theoretical Approach 694
Section – II
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SYLLABUS
COURSE STRUCTURE
MATHEMATICS (CLASS–X)
UNITS UNIT NAME MARKS

I. NUMBER SYSTEMS 06
II. ALGEBRA 20
III. COORDINATE GEOMETRY 06
IV. GEOMETRY 15
V. TRIGONOMETRY 12
VI. MENSURATION 10
VII. STATISTICS & PROBABILITY 11
TOTAL 80
UNIT I : NUMBER SYSTEMS

1. Real Numbers (15 Periods)
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic—statements after reviewing work done earlier and
after illustrating and motivating through examples, Proofs of irrationality of 2 , 3 , 5 .
UNIT II : ALGEBRA
1. Polynomials (8 Periods)
Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of quadratic polynomials.
2. Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables (15 Periods)
Pair of linear equations in two variables and graphical method of their solution,
consistency/inconsistency.
Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear equations in two
variables algebraically—by substitution, by elimination. Simple situational problems.
* Issued by CBSE.
(xi)

xii GOLDEN MATHEMATICS—X
3. Quadratic Equations (15 Periods)

2
Standard form of a quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0). Solutions of quadratic
equations (only real roots) by factorization and by using quadratic formula. Relationship
between discriminant and nature of roots.
Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day to day activities to be
incorporated.
4. Arithmetic Progressions (10 Periods)
Motivation for studying Arithmetic progression. Derivation of the nth term and sum of the
first n terms of A.P. and their application in solving daily life problems.
UNIT III : COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate Geometry (15 Periods)
Review: Concepts of coordinate geometry, graphs of linear equations. Distance formula.
Section formula (internal division).
UNIT IV : GEOMETRY
1. Triangles (15 Periods)
Definitions, examples, counter examples of similar triangles.
1. (Prove) If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides
in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
2. (Motivate) If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to
the third side.
3. (Motivate) If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, their corresponding
sides are proportional and the triangles are similar.
4. (Motivate) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, their correspond-
ing angles are equal and the two triangles are similar.
5. (Motivate) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional, the two triangles are similar.
2. Circles (10 Periods)
Tangent to a circle at point of contact.
1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
UNIT V : TRIGONOMETRY
1. Introduction to Trigonometry (10 Periods)
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of their existence;
motivate the ratios whichever are defined at 0° and 90°. Values of the trigonometric ratios
of 30°, 45° and 60°. Relationships between the ratios.
2. Trigonometric Identities (15 Periods)
Proof and applications of the identity sin2A + cos2 A = 1. Only simple identities to be given.
SYLLABUS xiii
3. Heights and Distances (10 Periods)

Angle of elevation, Angle of depression
Simple problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more than two
right triangles. Angles of elevation/depression should be only 30°, 45°, 60°.
UNIT VI : MENSURATION
1. Areas Related to Circles (12 Periods)
Area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and perimeter/circumference
of the above said plane figures. (In calculating area of segment of a circle, problems should
be restricted to central angle of 60°, 90° & 120° only.
2. Surface Areas and Volumes (12 Periods)
Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes, cuboids,
spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones.
UNIT VII : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. Statistics (18 Periods)
Mean, median and mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided).
2. Probability (10 Periods)
Classical definition of probability. Simple problems on finding the probability of an event.
1
Real Numbers
SECTION I
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

a ×b
1. (i) HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b (ii) HCF (a, b) =
LCM ( a, b)
a×b
(iii) LCM (a, b) =
HCF ( a, b)
2. HCF (a, b) = 1, where a, b are coprime positive integers.
1.1 INTRODUC TION

The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, which are used for counting are called Natural
Numbers. The system of all natural numbers is denoted by N.
The first natural number is 1 and there is no last natural number. Thus
there are infinitely many natural numbers.
Clearly N = {1, 2, 3, }.
If we add the number 0 (zero) to the system of natural numbers, then it
becomes the system of whole numbers. It is denoted by W. Thus,
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, }.
The natural numbers are also called positive integers. The collection of
all positive integers, zero and all negative natural numbers forms the set of
integers. It is denoted by Z or I.
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2 GOLDEN MATHEMATICSX
Thus, Z or I = { , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }.

It is to be noted that 0 (zero) is simply an integer. Zero is neither a
positive number nor a negative number.
The natural numbers that are divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
Their system is denoted by E.
Thus E = {2, 4, 6, }.
The natural numbers that are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
Their system is denoted by O.
Thus O = {1, 3, 5, }.
A natural number (≠ 1) is said to be a prime number if it has no factors
except 1 and itself i.e., a prime natural number p has two and only two factors
(divisors) 1 and p. Their system is denoted by P.
Thus, P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, }. 2 is the only even prime natural number.
A natural number (≠ 1) is said to be a composite number if it is not a prime
number. A composite number has at least three factors (divisors). Their system
is denoted by C.
Thus C = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, }.
It is to be noted that 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
(Q 1 has only one divisor and that is 1)
Two natural numbers are said to be co-prime if they have no common factor
except 1. i.e., 1 is the only common factor of a pair of co-prime natural numbers.
For example: 4 and 9 are co-prime; 4 and 6 are not co-prime as they have 2
as a common factor.
It may be noted that every pair of prime natural numbers is co-prime.
p
A number of the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a
q
rational number. Their system is denoted by Q.
For example
2 −3 3 −2 8 1 0
, , , , = , 0= ,
3 4 −5 −7 16 2 1
4 −3
4= ; 3=
1 1
In fact every integer of collection Z is also a rational number.
A number which is not a rational number is called an irrational number. Their
system is denoted by Q . For example: 2, 5, 8 , ... are irrational numbers.
REAL NUMBERS 3
The collection of all the rational numbers and all the irrational numbers
forms the system of real numbers. It is denoted by R.
Divisibility: A non-zero integer a is said to divide an integer b (or b is said

to be divisible by a or b is said to be a multiple of a) if there exists an integer c
s.t. b = ac. a ) b )c
0
For example 24 = 3 × 8
Here b = 24 is divisible by
a = 3 with c = 8
Also, b = 24 is divisible by
a = 8 with c = 3.
A very important property associated with natural numbers is
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic is related with the factorisation of
natural numbers. [CBSE 2016]
It states that Every composite number can be factorised as a product of primes
uniquely, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
For example: 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 is a product of prime factors
50 = 2 × 5 × 5 is a product of prime factors.
1.2 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes, and this
factorisation is unique, except for the order of its prime factors. [CBSE 2016]
Remark: Let us make it a convention that we shall take the prime factors in their
ascending order, then we need not write except for the order of its prime factors.
IMPORTANT POINTS/FORMULAE
1. Prime Factorisation: The process of 8190
writing a composite number as a product
of primes is known as the prime 2 4095
factorisation.
3 1365
It is always simpler to represent this
prime factorisation of a composite number 3 455
in the form of a tree called factor tree as
shown aside: 5 91
Here, 8190 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 7 13
2. HCF: The HCF of two positive integers is defined as the product of the
smallest power of each common prime factor involved in the numbers.
3. LCM: The LCM of two positive integers is defined as the product of the greatest
power of each prime factor, common or not common, involved in the numbers.
4. If a and b are any two positive integers, then
HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b
We can use this result to find either of two positive integers, if we already
know one of them and their HCF and LCM as shown below.
HCF × LCM HCF × LCM

One number a = , Other number b =
Other number b One number a
Also, we can find the HCF/LCM of the two given numbers if their LCM/
HCF is given to us as follows:
a ×b a ×b
HCF (a, b) = ; LCM (a, b) =
LCM (a, b) HCF (a, b)
5. We know by definition that H.C.F. of two co-prime integers a and b is 1 and
hence their L.C.M. = a × b
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
[NCERT Exercise 1.1]
(Pages 56)
Example 1. Express each number as a (iii) 3825
product of its prime factors:
(i) 140 (ii) 156 3825
(iii) 3825 (iv) 5005
3 1275
(v) 7429.
Sol. (i) 140
3 425
140
5 85
2 70
5 17
2 35
So, 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17
5 7
= 32 × 52 × 17
So, 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7
(iv) 5005
(ii) 156
156 5005
2 78 5 1001
2 39 7 143
3 13 11 13
So, 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13 So, 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13.

REAL NUMBERS 5
(v) 7429 Common Least

prime factor exponent
7429 13 1
17 437
∴ HCF = 131 = 13
Verification:
19 23
LCM × HCF = 182 × 13 = 2366
So, 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23. and 26 × 91 = 2366
Example 2. Find the LCM and HCF of i.e., LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers.
the following pairs of integers and verify that
LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers. (ii) 510 and 92
(i) 26 and 91 510
(ii) 510 and 92 [CBSE 2016, 2017]

2 255
(iii) 336 and 54. [CBSE 2012, 2017]
Sol. (i) 26 and 91 3 85
26 5 17
So, 510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17
2 13
92
So, 26 = 2 × 13
91 2 46
7 13 2 23
So, 91 = 7 × 13 So, 92 = 2 × 2 × 23 = 22 × 23
To find the L.C.M.; we list all prime
For LCM of 510 and 92
factors of 26 and 91 and their greatest exponents
as follows: Prime factors Greatest
of 510 and 92 Exponent
Prime factors Greatest
of 26 and 91 exponent 2 2
2 1 3 1
13 1 5 1
7 1 17 1
1 1 1 23 1
∴ L.C.M = 2 × 13 × 7
= 2 × 13 × 7 LCM = 22 × 31 × 51 × 171 × 231
= 26 × 7 = 182 = 4 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23
To find the H.C.F., we list the common = 60 × 17 × 23
prime factors of 26 and 91 and their least
= 1020 × 23 = 23460
exponent

For HCF of 510 and 92 ∴ LCM = 24 × 33 × 71

Common prime Least = 16 × 27 × 7
factor Exponent = 432 × 7 = 3024
2 1
For HCF of 336 and 54
∴ HCF = 21 = 2 Common prime Least
Verification: factors Exponent
LCM × HCF = 23460 × 2 = 46920. 2 1
and 510 × 92 = 46920 3 1

i.e., LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers HCF = 21 × 31 = 2 × 3 = 6
(iii) 336 and 54 Verification:
336
LCM × HCF = 3024 × 6 = 18144
and 336 × 54 = 18144
2 168 i.e., LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers.
2 84 Example 3. Find the LCM and HCF of

the following integers by applying the prime
2 42 factorisation method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29
2 21
(iii) 8, 9 and 25.
3 7 Sol. (i) 12, 15 and 21
So, 336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 12
= 24 × 3 × 7
2 6
54
2 3
2 27
So, 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
3 9
15
3 3
3 5
So, 54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
So, 15 = 3 × 5
= 2 × 33
For LCM of 336 and 54 21

3 7
of 336 and 54 Exponent
2 4 So, 21 = 3 × 7
3 3
7 1
REAL NUMBERS 7
Therefore, So, 9 = 3 × 3 = 32
For LCM of 12, 15, 21 25

of 12, 15, 21 Exponent 5 5
2 2 So, 25 = 5 × 5 = 52
3 1
5 1
For LCM of 8, 9 and 25
7 1 Prime factors Greatest
of 8, 9 and 25 Exponent
∴ LCM = 22 × 31 × 51 × 71 2 3
= 4 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 12 × 5 × 7 3 2
= 60 × 7 = 420 5 2
For HCF of 12, 15, 21 ∴ LCM (8, 9, 25) = 23 × 32 × 52
Common prime Least
= 8 × 9 × 25
factors of 12, 15, 21 Exponent
= 72 × 25 = 1800
3 1
HCF = 31 = 3 For HCF of 8, 9 and 25
HCF (8, 9, 25) = 1
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
(Q There is no common factor in prime
17 = 17
factorisation of 8, 9 and 25)
23 = 23
29 = 29 Example 4. Given that HCF (306, 657)
Therefore, = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
HCF (17, 23, 29) = 1 a×b
(Q 17, 23, 29 have no common Sol. LCM (306, 657) =
prime factor)
HCF of a and b
LCM (17, 23, 29) 306 × 657
=
= 171 × 231 × 291 HCF (306, 657)
= 17 × 23 × 29
306 × 657
= 391 × 29 = = 34 × 657 = 22338.
9
= 11339
Example 5. Check whether 6n can end
(iii) 8, 9 and 25 with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
[CBSE 2014, 2016]
8
Sol. If the number 6n, for any natural
2 4 number n, ends with digit 0, then it would be
divisible by 5.
2 2 That is, the prime factorisation of 6n
would contain the prime factor 5.
So, 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 This is not possible because
6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n ;
9
so the only primes in the factorisation of 6n
are 2 and 3
3 3
and the uniqueness of the Fundamental 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both
Theorem of Arithmetic guarantees that there start at the same point and at the same time,
are no other primes in the factorisation of 6n. and go in the same direction. After how many
So, there is no natural number n for minutes will they meet again at the starting
which 6n ends with the digit zero. point?
Example 6. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13
Sol. Required number of minutes is the
and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite
LCM of 18 and 12.
numbers. [CBSE 2014, 2016]
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 3 2
Sol. (i) 7 × 11 × 13 + 13
18
= 77 × 13 + 13
= (77 + 1) × 13 2 9
= 78 × 13 3 3
= (2 × 3 × 13) × 13
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
Q By factor tree given below
78 = 2 × 3 × 13 12
= 2 × 3 × 13 2
2 6
78
2 3
2 39 For LCM of 18 and 12

3 13 of 18 and 12 Exponent
2 2
Since, 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 can be expressed
as a product of primes, therefore, it is a 3 2
composite number. ∴ LCM (18, 12) = × = 36. 22 32
Therefore, both Sonia and Ravi will
(ii) 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 meet again at the starting point after 36
= 42 × 5 × 24 + 5 minutes.
= 42 × 24 × 5 + 5 Remark: Why we have taken LCM? Sonia will
= 1008 × 5 + 5 complete her consecutive rounds after 18 × 1 = 18,
18 × 2 = 36 , 18 × 3 = 54 minutes...
= (1008 + 1) × 5 = 1009 × 5
Ravi will complete his consecutive rounds after
= 5 × 1009
12 × 1 = 12,
Since, 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 can
12 × 2 = 24, 12 × 3 = 36 minutes.
be expressed as a product of primes, therefore,
it is a composite number. ∴ Sonia and Ravi will meet at the starting
point after 36 minutes. (Least common multiple of
Example 7. There is a circular path 18 and 12).
around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes
to drive one round of the field, while Ravi takes
REAL NUMBERS 9
ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT EXAMPLES

Example 8. Find the value of x, y and z 161
in the following factor tree. Can the value of x Q = 23
7
be found without finding the value of y and
7 × 161 = 1127
z, if yes, explain:
2 × 3381 = 6762
x
∴ x = 6762
2 y
2 z Example 10. Obtain the HCF of 420 and

272 by using fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
2 17 [CBSE 2012, 2016]
[CBSE 2012] Sol.
Sol. z = 2 × 17 = 34
420
y = 2 × z = 2 × 34 = 68
x = 2 × y = 2 × 68 = 136
2 210
Yes ! The value of x can be found without
finding the values of y and z as follows: 2 105
x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 17 = 136
3 35
Example 9. Complete the following
factor tree and find the composite number x. 5 7
x
∴ 420 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
2 3381 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 7
272
3
2 136
7 161
2 68
7
2 34
[CBSE 2012]
2 17
Sol. The complete factor tree is as
follows: ∴ 272 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 17
6762 = 24 × 17
2 3381
∴ For HCF of 420 and 272
Common prime Least
3 1127 factor exponent
2 2
7 161
∴ HCF (420, 272) = 22 =4
7 23
Example 11. The HCF of 65 and 117 is 96

expressible in the form 65m 117. Find the
value of m. Also find the LCM of 65 and 117 2 48
using prime factorization method.
[CBSE 2012, 2016, 2017] 2 24
Sol. 65 = 5 × 13
2 12
117 = 3 × 3 × 13 = 32 × 13
2 6
∴ HCF (65, 117) = 131 = 13
A.T.Q. HCF = 65m 117 2 3
∴ 65m 117 = 13 ∴ 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
⇒ 65m = 13 + 117 = 25 × 3
⇒ 65m = 130 For HCF of 404 and 96
Common prime factor of Least
130
⇒ m= =2 404 and 96 Exponent
65 2 2
Also, LCM = 32 × 5 × 13 ∴ HCF (404, 96) = 22 = 4
= 9 × 5 × 13 For LCM of 404 and 96
= 45 × 13 Prime factors of Greatest
404 and 96 Exponent
= 585
2 5
Aliter 3 1
101 1
65 × 117
LCM (65, 117) = ∴ LCM (404, 96)
HCF (65, 117)
= 25 × 3 × 101 = 32 × 3 × 101
65 × 117 = 96 × 101 = 9696
= = 585
13 Now, HCF × LCM = 4 × 9696
= 38784 ...(1)
Example 12. Find the HCF and LCM
and, product of the two given numbers
of 404 and 96 and verify HCF × LCM = Product
= 404 × 96
of the two given numbers. [CBSE 2012, 2018]
= 38784 ...(2)
Sol. From (1) and (2),
HCF × LCM = Product of the two
404 given numbers
2 202 Example 13. Explain why

(17 × 11 × 2 + 17 × 11 × 5)
2 101 is a composite number? [CBSE 2012]
Sol. 17 × 11 × 2 + 17 × 11 × 5
∴ 404 = 2 × 2 × 101 = 22 × 101
= 17 × 11 × (2 + 5)
= 17 × 11 × 7

REAL NUMBERS 11
Since, 17 × 11 × 2 + 17 × 11 × 5 can be 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 23 × 5
expressed as a product of primes, therefore, it is 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 22 × 3 × 5
a composite number.
∴ LCM (40, 60) = 23 × 3 × 5
Example 14. In a school, the duration
= 8 × 3 × 5 = 120
of a period in junior section is 40 minutes and
in senior section is 1 hour. If the first bell for 120 minutes = 2 hours
each section ring at 9:00 a.m., when will the Hence, the two bells will ring together
two bells ring together again? [CBSE 2012] again at 9:00 + 2:00 = 11:00 a.m.
Sol. 1 hour = 60 minutes (see remark on page 8)
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Express 2120 as the product of its prime

10. Find the HCF and LCM of 60, 120 and
factors. [CBSE 2012]
288. [CBSE 2012]
2. HCF and LCM of two numbers are 9 and
11. Explain why 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite
459 respectively. If one of the numbers is
27, find the other number. number. [CBSE 2012]
[CBSE 2012] 12. Three bells toll at intervals of 9, 12, 15
minutes respectively. If they start toll-
3. The HCF of two numbers is 145 and their
ing together, after what time will they
LCM is 2175. If one of the numbers is
725, find the other number. next toll together? [CBSE 2012]
[CBSE 2012] 13. Sita takes 35 seconds to pack and label a
4. Find the LCM and HCF of 6 and 20 by box. For Ram, the same job takes 42
the prime factorisation method. seconds and for Geeta, it takes 28
5. Find the LCM of 96 and 360 by using seconds.
fundamental theorem of arithmetic. If they all start using labelling machines
[CBSE 2012] at the same time, after how many
seconds will they be using the labelled
6. Find the HCF and LCM of 312 and 27
machines together?
and verify that LCM × HCF = product of
[CBSE 2012]
the two given numbers.
[CBSE 2012] [Hint. Find LCM (35, 42, 28)]
7. Find the HCF and LCM of 510 and 92. 14. Consider the number 4n, where n is a
And verify that HCF × LCM = Product natural number. Check whether there is
of two given numbers. [CBSE 2012] any value of n ∈ N for which 4n ends with
8. Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120, the digit zero.
using the prime factorisation method. Or
9. Find the HCF and LCM of 40, 36 and Show that the number 4n, when n is a
126 using prime factorisation method. natural number, cannot end with the
[CBSE 2012] digit zero for any natural number n.
[CBSE 2012]
Answers
1. 23 × 5 × 53 2. 153 9. 2,2520 10. 12, 1440
3. 435 4. 60, 2 12. 3 hours 13. 420 seconds
5. 1440 6. 3, 2808 14. No
7. 2, 23460 8. 6, 360
1.3 REVISITING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Irrational number: A number s is called an irrational number if it is not
p
rational. i.e., it cannot be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers
q
and q ≠ 0.
2
For example: 2, 3, 12, π, , etc.
3
2. p is irrational, where p is prime. For example:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...... are all irrationals.
3. Let p be a prime number. Let p divide a2. Then, p divides a also, where a is
a positive integer.
4. Sum (or difference) of a rational number and an irrational number is an
irrational number.
5. Product (or quotient) of a non-zero rational and an irrational number is an
irrational number.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
[NCERT Exercise 1.2]
(Page 9)
Example 1. Prove that 5 is irrational. Squaring both sides, we get

[CBSE 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020] 5 b2 = a2 ...(2)
Sol. Let us assume, to the contrary, that Therefore, 5 divides a2.
But 5 is prime
5 is rational. Therefore, 5 divides a also
So, we can find integers a and b (≠ 0) (By result 3, Section 1.3 above)
such that ∴ a = 5 c for some integer c.
a Putting this value of a in (2),
5 = where a and b are
b 5 b2 = 25c2
co-prime, i.e., their HCF is 1 ...(1) ⇒ b2 = 5c2
⇒ 5b =a
REAL NUMBERS 13
This means that 5 divides b2, and so 5 1

divides b also (Q 5 is prime) Sol. (i) .
2
Therefore, a and b have 5 as a common
factor. 1
Let us assume, to the contrary, that
But this contradicts (1) namely the fact that 2
is rational.
a and b have no common factor other than 1.
So, we can find coprime integers a and
This contradiction has arisen because of
b (≠ 0) such that
our incorrect assumption that 5 is rational. 1 a b
=
⇒ 2=
Hence 5 is irrational. 2 b a
Since, a and b are integers,
Example 2. Prove that 3 + 2 5 is b
irrational. [CBSE 2012, 2014] is rational, and so 2 is rational.
a
Sol. Let us assume, to the contrary, that But this contradicts the fact that 2 is
3 + 2 5 is rational. irrational.
That is, we can find coprime integers a 1
So, we conclude that is irrational.
a 2
and b (b ≠ 0) such that 3 + 2 5 =
b (ii) 7 5 .
a
Therefore, 3=2 5 Let us assume to the contrary, that 7 5
b
a − 3b is rational.
⇒ = 2 5 So, we can find coprime integers a and
b
a − 3b b (≠ 0) such that
⇒ = 5 a
2b 7 5=
a 3 b
⇒ – = 5
2b 2 a
⇒ 5=
a 7b
Since a and b are integers, therefore Since, a and b are integers,
2b
a 3 a
is rational and hence – is rational, and so is rational, and so, 5 is rational.
2b 2 7b
5 is rational. But this contradicts the fact that 5 is
But this contradicts the fact that 5 is irrational.
irrational. So, we conclude that 7 5 is irrational.
This contradiction has arisen because of
(iii) 6 + 2 .
our incorrect assumption that 3 + 2 5 is
Let us assume to the contrary, that
rational.
6 + 2 is rational.
So, we conclude that 3 + 2 5 is
irrational. So, we can find coprime integers a and b
(≠ 0) such that
Example 3. Prove that the following are a
irrationals: 6+ 2=
b
1
(i) (ii) 7 5 a
2 ⇒ 2= 6
b
(iii) 6 + 2. [CBSE 2017]
a But this contradicts the fact that

Since, a and b are integers, we get is
b 2 is irrational.
a
rational and so, 6 is rational and so, So, we conclude that 6 + 2 is irrational.
b
2 is rational.
ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT EXAMPLES
Example 4. Prove that 3 is irrational. Therefore, 3 divides a also

(by result (3); Section 1.3)
[CBSE 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017]
∴ a = 3c for some integer c.
Sol. Let us assume, to the contrary, that Putting this value of a in (2),
3 is rational. 3b2 = 9c2
So, we can find coprime integers a and b ⇒ Dividing by 3, b2 = 3c2
(≠ 0) such that This means that 3 divides b2, and so
a 3 divides b also (Q 3 is prime)
3 where a and b are co-prime i.e., Therefore, a and b have 3 as a common
b
their HCF is 1 ...(1) factor.
But this contradicts (1) namely the fact
⇒ 3b = a that a and b have no common factor other than 1.
Squaring on both sides, we get This contradiction has arisen because of
3b2 = a2 ...(2) our incorrect assumption that 3 is rational.
Therefore, 3 divides a2.
But 3 is prime So, we conclude that 3 is irrational.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Prove that 2 is irrational.

7. Prove that 5 + 2 is an irrational
[CBSE 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018]
number. [CBSE 2012, 2016]
8. Show that 5 3 is irrational.
number. [CBSE 2012]
[CBSE 2012, 2017]
3. Prove that 5 + 3 2 is an irrational
9. Show that 3 2 is irrational.
number. [CBSE 2012, 2016, 2018]
[CBSE 2012, 2016]
4. Prove that 3 5 − 8 is an irrational 2 3
number. [CBSE 2012] 10. Prove that is an irrational number.
5
5. Prove that 7 − 2 3 is an irrational 3
number. [CBSE 2012] 11. Prove that is an irrational number.
2 3

number. [CBSE 2012]
REAL NUMBERS 15
SECTION II
PRACTICE MORE
(From Latest CBSE Examination Papers)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1 Mark each)
A. INTRODUCTION 6. If two positive numbers a and b are

1. What are the quotient and the remainder written as a = x5y2, b = x3y3, where x and
when 10 is divided by 3? y are prime numbers, then the
(a) 3, 1 (b) 1, 3 HCF(a, b) is:
(c) 1, 1 (d) 3, 3. (a) xy (b) x2y2
3
(c) x y 2 (d) x5y3
B. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF [CBSE]
ARITHMETIC 7. The prime factors of 98 are:
1. What is the HCF of the least prime (a) 22 × 7 (b) 23 × 7
number and the least composite number? (c) 2 × 7 2 (d) 22 × 72
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4. [CBSE]
2. What is the LCM of 4 and 19?
8. The values of x and y in the given figure
(a) 4 (b) 1
are:
(c) 19 (d) 76.
3. a and b are two positive integers, where 4
a > b and b is a factor of a, then HCF
(a, b) is: y 3
(a) b (b) a x
a
(c) ab (d)
b 7
[CBSE]
(a) x = 10; y = 14
4. If the HCF of two numbers is 1, then the
(b) x = 21; y = 84
two numbers are called:
(a) twin primes (b) composite (c) x = 21; y = 25
(c) co-primes (d) perfect numbers (d) x = 10; y = 40 [CBSE]
[CBSE] 9. The LCM of two numbers is 1200. Which
5. The HCF of two numbers a and b is 5 of the following cannot be their HCF?
and their LCM is 200. Then the product (a) 600 (b) 500
of a and b is: (c) 400 (d) 200
(a) 205 (b) 1000
(c) 200 (d) 195 [CBSE]

10. 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 is 17. Prime factors of the denominator of a

(a) a prime number rational number with the decimal
(b) a composite number expansion 44.123 are
(c) an odd number (a) 2, 3 (b) 2, 3, 5
(d) divisible by 5. (c) 2, 5 (d) 3, 5
11. If the LCM of 12 and 42 is 10 m + 4, [CBSE SQP 2021]

then the value of m is: 18. If HCF (39, 91) = 13, then LCM (39, 91)
1 is:
(a) 50 (b) 8 (c) (d) 1 [CBSE]
5 (a) 91 (b) 273
12. (1)n + (1)8n = 0 when n is: (c) 39 (d) 3549
(a) any positive integer [CBSE 2021]
(b) any odd natural number 19. Two positive numbers have their HCF
(c) any even natural number as 12 and their product as 6336. The
(d) any negative integer [CBSE] number of pairs possible for the numbers,
13. Statement A (Assertion): If product of is:
two numbers is 5780 and their HCF is (a) 2 (b) 3
17, then their LCM is 340. (c) 4 (d) 1
Statement R( Reason): HCF is always
[CBSE 2021]
a factor of LCM.
20. If 'n' is any natural number, then (12)n
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are
true and reason (R) is the correct cannot end with the digit :
explanation of assertion (A) (a) 2 (b) 4
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are (c) 8 (d) 0
true and reason (R) is not the correct [CBSE 2021]
explanation of assertion (A)
21. The number 385 can be expressed as the
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is product of prime factors as
false.
(a) 5 × 11 × 13 (b) 5 × 7 × 11
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is
true. (c) 5 × 7 × 13 (d) 5 × 11 × 17
[CBSE SQP 2022] [CBSE 2021]
14. Let a and b be two positive integers 22. The ratio of LCM and HCF of the least
such that a = p3q4 and b = p2q3, where composite and the least prime numbers
p and q are prime numbers. If HCF(a, b) is
= pmqn and LCM(a, b) = prqs, then (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(m + n) (r + s) = (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 72 [CBSE SQP 2021]
[CBSE SQP 2022]
15. If n = 23 × 34 × 54 × 7; then the number of C. REVISITING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
consecutive zeros in n is 1. π is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 7 (a) an irrational number
16. The sum of exponents of prime factors in (b) a rational number
the prime-factorisation of 196 is (c) a prime number
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2 (d) a composite number.
[CBSE 2020]
REAL NUMBERS 17
22 (b) always an irrational number

2. π− is:
7 (c) sometimes a rational number,
(a) rational number sometimes an irrational
(b) natural number (d) not a real number [CBSE]
(c) zero
4. The reciprocal of an irrational number
(d) irrational number is:
[CBSE]
(a) an integer (b) a rational
3. The product of two irrational numbers (c) a natural number
is:
(d) an irrational [CBSE]
(a) always a rational number
Hints/Solutions
A. Introduction
4
1. (a) 3 × 3 + 1 = 10 8. (b) 84 3
B. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 21
1. (b) Least prime number = 2 7
Least composite number = 4
∴ x = 21, y = 84
2. (d) 4 and 19 are coprime integers.
9. (b) We know that HCF must be a factor of
3. (a) HCF (a, b) = b |Q b is a factor of a
LCM and here 500 is not a factor of 1200.
4. (c) By definition of co-primes
10. (b) 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 = (7 × 11 + 1) 13
Def: Twin Primes
= 78 × 13
A pair of prime numbers is said to be twin
primes if they differ by 2. = 6 × 13 × 13
{For example (3, 5), (11, 13), ...} 11. (b) 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
Def: Perfect Number 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
A natural number is said to be a perfect ∴ LCM (12, 42) = 22 × 3 × 7 = 84
number if it is equal to sum of its factors ⇒ 10m + 4 = 84
other than itself. ⇒ 10m = 84 4 = 80
For example 6 and 28 are perfect num- 80
bers as 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ⇒ m= =8
10
and 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14.
12. (b) (1)8n = 1 | Q 8n is even
5. (b) Product of a and b and n
(1) = 1
= HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) when n is any odd natural number
= 5 × 200 = 1000 so that ( 1)n + ( 1)8n = 0
6. (c) HCF (a, b) = x3y2 13. (b)
7. (c) 98 = 2 × 7 × 7 = 2 × 72
14. (b) 12 22
15. (b) n = 23 × 34 × 54 × 7 rational number. So, π − is an
7
= 23 × 5 4 × 3 4 × 7 irrational number as the difference of an
= 23 × 53 × 5 × 34 × 7 irrational number and a rational number
is an irrational number.
= (2 × 5)3 × 5 × 34 × 7
= 5 × 34 × 7 × (10)3 2. (d) Take two irrational numbers
∴ Number of consecutive zeros in n is 3 and − 3 .
3 because of 103.
Their product = ( 3) × ( − 3) = 3,
16. (b) Q 196 = 22 × 72
which is a rational number
∴ Sum of exponents = 2 + 2 Take two irrational numbers
= 4.
2 and 3.
17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)
Their product = ( 2) × ( 3) = 6 ,
21. (b) 22. (b)
which is an irrational number.
C. Revisiting Irrational Numbers 3. (c) Irrational, because, the quotient of a
non-zero rational number and an
22 irrational number is irrational.
1. (a) π is an irrational number and is a
7 4. (d)
CASE BASED QUESTIONS

(1 Mark each)
1. a and b are two positive integers. Their

(ii) p + q + r = ..
factor trees are given below. Using these,
answer the questions that follow : (a) 54 (b) 42
(c) 24 (d) 18
(iii) a = .
(a) 18 (b) 72
(c) 36 (d) 108
(iv) b = .
(a) 24 (b) 56
(c) 42 (d) 48
(v) HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) =
(i) x + y = ..
(a) 1728 (b) 144
(a) 27 (b) 18
(c) 864 (d) 3456
(c) 30 (d) 24
REAL NUMBERS 19
2. To enhance the reading skills of Grade X (iii) How many groups will be formed in (ii)
students, the school nominates you and above ?
two of your friends to set up a class (a) 8 (b) 9
library. There are two sections Section
(c) 18 (d) 17
A and Section B of Grade X. There are
32 students in Section A and 36 students (iv) The total number of students in the two
in Section B. sections can be expressed as a product of
its primes as
(i) What is the minimum number of books
you will acquire for the class library, so (a) 2 × 172 (b) 2 × 3 × 17
that they can be distributed equally among (c) 22 × 17 (d) None of these
students of Section A or Section B ? (v) If one more student is included in Section
(a) 144 (b) 128 (c) 272 (d) 288 B, then the new number of students is a
(ii) For a library project, students are to (a) prime number
grouped equally. Group size in both (b) composite number
sections must be same. What is the largest
(c) neither prime nor composite
size of such a group ?
(a) 2 students (b) 4 students (d) none of the above.
(c) 6 students (d) 8 students
ANSWERS
1. (i) a (ii) b (iii) c 2. (i) d (ii) b (iii) d

(iv) d (v) a (iv) c (v) a
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(1 Mark each)
1. If p, q are two co-prime numbers, then 4. Find the product of the HCF and LCM of
write HCF (p, q). the smallest prime number and smallest
2. How many prime factors are there in composite number.
prime factorization of 5005? 5. Find the HCF × LCM for the numbers
3. Find the value of x in the factor tree given 50 and 20.
below: 6. If two positive integers a and b are
written as a = x2y2 and b = xy2; x, y are
x
prime numbers then find HCF (a, b).
5 7. Given that LCM (91, 26) = 182, then find

HCF (91, 26).
5 8. If the HCF of 85 and 153 is expressible
in the form 85n 153, then find the
2 3 value of n.
Solutions
1. HCF (p, q) = 1. 6. Given: a = x2y2

2. 5 5005 b = xy2
7 1001 where x and y are prime numbers.
Common prime Least
11 143
factors Exponent
13 13 x 1
1 y 2
∴ 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 ∴ HCF (a, b) = x1y2 = xy2.

∴ Number of prime factors = 4
Hence, there are 4 prime factors in the 7. Given, LCM (91, 26) = 182
prime factorization of 5005.
91 × 26
Remark: Please note that 1 is neither prime ∴ HCF (91, 26) =
nor composite. LCM (91, 26)
3. The given factor tree when completed 91 × 26 26
becomes = = = 13
182 2
150
Hence, the required HCF is 13.
5 30 8. 85 = 5 × 17
153 = 3 × 3 × 17
5 6
Common prime Least
factor Exponent
2 3
17 1
∴ x = 150. ∴ HCF (85, 153) = 17
4. We know that smallest prime number According to the question,
=2
85n 153 = HCF = 17
and smallest composite number = 4 = 2 2 ⇒ 85n = 17 + 153
∴ Product of HCF and LCM ⇒ 85n = 170
= Product of the two numbers
170
= 2 × 4 = 8. ⇒ n=
85
5. HCF × LCM = 50 × 20 = 1000 ⇒ n = 2.
Q Product of HCF and LCM
= Product of the two numbers

REAL NUMBERS 21
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(2 Marks each)
1. Complete the following factor tree and 5. Find the HCF of the numbers given
find the composite number x. below:
x k, 2k, 3k, 4k and 5k, where k is any
positive integer. (CBSE 2014)
2 y
6. Find the least positive integer which on
being diminished by 5 is exactly divisible
3 1855 by 36 and 54. (CBSE 2014)
5 371 7. Find the greatest number of 6 digits

exactly divisible by 24, 15 and 36.
7 z (CBSE 2014)
(CBSE 2014, 2016) 8. Find the largest number which divides
2. Find the least number that is divisible 70 and 125 leaving remainders 5 and 8
by all the numbers from 1 to 10. respectively. (CBSE 2016)
(CBSE 2017) 9. Explain why 11 × 7 × 5 × 3 + 3 is a
Or composite number. (CBSE 2017)
Find the smallest number that is 10. If n = 23 × 34 × 7 × (15)5, then find the
divisible by first 10 natural numbers. number of consecutive zeros in natural
(CBSE 2016) number n. (CBSE 2016, 2017)
3. Find the least positive integer divisible 11. Show that 231 and 546 are not co-prime.
by first five natural numbers. (CBSE 2017)
(CBSE 2014, 2016) 12. The HCF of two numbers is 27 and their
4. Find the smallest number divisible by LCM is 162. If one of the numbers is 54,
numbers 2 to 9 (both inclusive). find the other number. (CBSE 2016)
(CBSE 2014, 2016) 13. Show that 14n cannot end with digit zero
for any natural number n.
(CBSE 2014, 2016)
Solutions
1. 7 × z = 371
⇒ x = 2 × 5565
371 ⇒ x = 11130
⇒ z= = 53
7
Hence, the completed factor tree is as
y= 3 × 1855
follows:
⇒ y= 5565
x= 2×y
11130 Hence, the required least positive integer

is (their)
2 5565 LCM = 22 × 31 × 51 = 4 × 3 × 5 = 60.
4. Numbers 2 to 9 (both inclusive) are
3 1855 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Now, 2=2
5 371 3=3
4 = 2 × 2 = 22
7 53
5=5
Thus, x = 11130. 6=2×3
2. 1=1 7=7
2=2 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23
3=3 9 = 3 × 3 = 32
4 = 2 × 2 = 22 Smallest number divisible by
5=5 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 is their L.C.M.
6=2×3 (Also see solution of Q.N. 3 above)
7=7 Hence the required least positive integer
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 is
9 = 3 × 3 = 32 LCM (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9)
10 = 2 × 5 = 2 3 × 32 × 5 × 7
∴ Required number =8×9×5×7
= LCM (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) = 72 × 5 × 7 = 360 × 7
= 23 × 3 2 × 5 × 7 = 2520.
=8×9×5×7
5. HCF (k, 2k, 3k, 4k and 5k)
= 2520
= k HCF (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
3. First five natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4
= k(1) Q 1=1
and 5. We know that the least positive
integer divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 i.e. least =k 2=2
common multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is their 3=3
LCM. 4=2×2
Now 1=1
5=5
2=2
Remark: H.C.F. of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is 1 because
3=3
in their prime factorisation there is no
4 = 2 × 2 = 22 common prime factor.
5=5
For LCM (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 6. 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 22 × 32
Prime numbers Greatest 54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 33
present in these Exponent ∴ LCM (36, 54) = 22 × 33
numbers
= 4 × 27 = 108
2 2
∴ Required least positive integer x
3 1 which when diminished (i.e., decreased)
5 1 by 5 is divisible by 36 and 54 is given by
REAL NUMBERS 23
x 5 = 108. 9. 11 × 7 × 5 × 3 + 3
⇒ x = 108 + 5 = 113. = 385 × 3 + 3
= (385 + 1) × 3
7. 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 23 × 3
= 386 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
= 2 × 193 × 3
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 22 × 32
= 2 × 3 × 193
For LCM of 24, 15 and 36
Since 11 × 7 × 5 × 3 + 3 can be expressed
Prime factors Greatest as a product of primes, therefore it is a
of 24, 15, and 36 Exponent composite number.
2 3
10. n = 23 × 34 × 7 × (15)5
3 2
= 23 × 34 × 7 × (3 × 5)5
5 1
= 23 × 34 × 7 × 35 × 55
∴ LCM (24, 15, 36) = 23 × 32 × 5 = 23 × 3 4 × 3 5 × 5 5 × 7
= 8 × 9 × 5 = 72 × 5 = 23 × 34+5 × 55 × 7
= 360 = 23 × 3 9 × 5 5 × 7
Now, greatest number of 6 digits = 23 × 5 3 × 5 2 × 3 9 × 7
= 999999 = (2 × 5)3 × 52 × 39 × 7
Let us divide 999999 by the above LCM = (10)3 × 52 × 39 × 7
360 = 1000 × 52 × 39 × 7
2777 ∴ Number of consecutive zeros in
360 999999 natural number n = 3.
720 11. 231 = 3 × 7 × 11
2799 546 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 13
2520 ∴ HCF (231, 546) = 31 × 71
2799 = 3 × 7 = 21 ≠ 1
2520 ∴ 231 and 546 are not co-prime.
2799 HCF × LCM
2520 12. Other number =
One number
279
27 × 162
∴ The required greatest number of = = 81
54
6 digits
= 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 7 9 = 9 9 9 7 2 0. 13. If the number 14 n, for any natural
number n, ends with digit zero, then it
8. 70 5 = 65 would be divisible by 5.
125 8 = 117 That is, the prime factorisation of 14n
65 = 5 × 13 would contain the prime 5.
117 = 3 × 3 × 13 = 32 × 13 Now, we have
∴ HCF (65, 117) = 131 = 13 14n = (2 × 7)n = 2n × 7n
∴ Required largest number = 13
⇒ The only prime factors in the prime
factorization of 14n are 2 and 7.
⇒ By uniqueness of Fundamental Theorem ⇒ 5 does not appear in the prime

of Arithmetic, there is no other prime factorization of (14)n for any value of n.
factor in the factorization of 14n. ⇒ There is no natural number n for which
14n ends with the digit zero.
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(3 Marks each)
1. Two tankers contain 620 litres and 840

2. Given that HCF (350, 550) = 5 and LCM
litres of diesel respectively.
(350, 550) = 350 × k, find the value of k.
Find the maximum capacity of a (CBSE 2017)
container which can measure the diesel
of both the tankers in exact number of 3. Can the number 6n, where n is a natural
times. (CBSE 2014) number end with digit 5? Give reasons.
(CBSE 2014)
Solutions
1. 620 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 31 = 22 × 5 × 31 3. If the number 6n, for any natural number

840 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 23 × 5 × 7 n, ends with digit 5, then it would be
divisible by 5.
∴ HCF (620, 840) = 22 × 5 = 20
That is, the prime factorisation of 6n
Hence, the maximum capacity of the
would contain the prime 5.
container is 20 litres. This is not possible because
2. HCF × LCM = Product of the two given 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n; so the only primes
numbers in the factorisation of 6n are 2 and 3 and
⇒ 5 × (350 × k) = 350 × 550 the uniqueness of the Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic guarantees that
350 × 550 there are no other primes in the
⇒ k= = 110
5 × 350 factorisation of 6n.
So, there is no natural number n for
which 6n ends with the digit 5.
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(4 Marks each)
1. A fruit vendor has 990 apples and 945 2. A sweet shopkeeper prepares 396 gulab
oranges. He packs them into baskets. jamuns and 342 rasgullas. He packs them
Each basket contains only one of the two in containers. Each container consists of
fruits, but in equal number. Find the either gulab jamuns or rasgullas but
number of fruits to be put in each basket have equal number of pieces.
in order to have minimum number of Find the number of pieces he should
baskets. (CBSE 2016, 2017) put in each box so that the number of
boxes are the least. (CBSE 2014, 2016)
REAL NUMBERS 25
3. In a sports meet, the number of players 5. A charitable trust donates 28 different

in Football, Hockey and Athletic are books of Maths, 16 different books of
48, 60, 132 respectively. Find the Science and 12 different books of Social
minimum number of rooms required, if Science to the poor students. Each
in each room the same number of players student is given maximum number of
are to be seated and all of them being in books of only one subject of his interest
the same sports? Which value is depicted and each student got equal number of
here in sharing of rooms? books.
(CBSE 2017) (a) Find the number of books each student
got.
4. A school building is situated inside of a
park and there is a circular path all (b) Find the total number of students who
around the park. One day three students got books.
David, Aditi and Gopal went for the (c) How it helps our society?
morning walk in which David takes 18 (CBSE 2014)
minutes to complete one round of the
park; Aditi takes 24 minutes while Gopal 6. A trader with a basket of eggs finds that
takes 36 minutes for the same. Suppose if he sells 3 eggs at a time, there is only 1
all the three students start their walk egg left. If he sells 4 eggs at a time, there
from the same point, at the same time is again 1 egg left. However if the trader
and in the same direction also. sells 7 eggs at a time, there are no eggs
(i) After how many minutes will they left.
meet again at the starting point? If the capacity of the basket is 100 eggs,
(ii) What is the advantage of morning how many eggs are in the basket? Explain
walk in the park? (CBSE 2016) with reasoning. (CBSE 2014, 2016)
Solutions
1. 990 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 11 3. 48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 × 3
= 2 × 32 × 5 × 11 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 22 × 3 × 5
945 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 33 × 5 × 7 132 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 11 = 22 × 3 × 11
∴ HCF (990, 945) = 32 × 51 = 9 × 5 = 45 ∴ HCF (48, 60, 132) = 22 × 31 = 4 × 3 = 12
Hence, the required number of fruits ∴ Minimum number of rooms required
is 45. 48 60 132
= + +
2. The number of pieces he should put in 12 12 12
each box so that the number of boxes are = 4 + 5 + 11 = 20
the least is equal to the HCF of 396 and
The value depicted here in sharing of
342.
rooms is the adjustment and compromise
396 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 11 = 22 × 32 × 11 with one another so that they may be
342 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 19 = 2 × 32 × 19 seated in the minimum number of rooms
∴ HCF (396, 342) = 2 × 32 = 2 × 9 = 18 such that the players of the same sport
Therefore, number of pieces he should may be alloted the same room.
put in each box is 18.

4. 18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 3 2 For HCF of 28, 16, 12

24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = ×3 23 Common Least
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 22 × 32 prime factor Exponent
∴ LCM (18, 24, 36) = 23 × 32 2 2

= 8 × 9 = 72 ∴ HCF (28, 16, 12) = 22 = 4
(i) They will meet again after 72 minutes. Hence, each student got 4 books.
(ii) Morning walk provides us fresh and (b) Total number of books
pure air which is quite favourable for = 28 + 16 + 12 = 56
our health. It keeps us calm and quite. ∴ Total number of students who got
Morning being a peaceful time, we can books, given that each student got equal
plan for the whole day in a productive number of books.
manner. In such an atmosphere we 56
find ourselves nearer to God and our = = 14
4
thoughts are purified. (c) It helps our society in the sense that
5. (a) Clearly maximum number of books it enables poor students to continue
each student got = HCF of 28, 16 their studies. Also, it gives a message
and 12. of sympathy and charity to the society.
28 = 2 × 2 × 7 = 22 × 7 6. Let there be n eggs in the basket.
According to the question, n (≤ 100) and
28 n is divisible by 7
(Q No egg is left in the basket if
2 14
the trader sells 7 eggs at a time)
2 7 ∴ n = 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49,

56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98
16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24 ∴ n 1 = 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55,
62, 69, 76, 83, 90, 97 ...(1)
16
Again, according to the question
2 8 n 1 is divisible by 3
and n 1 is divisible by 4
2 4
⇒ n 1 is divisible by 3 and 4 both.
2 2
⇒ (n 1) is divisible by their LCM
= 3 × 4 = 12. |Q HCF (3, 4) = 1
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 ×3 ∴ n 1 = 48
(Q 48 is the only number in list
12
(1) which is divisible by 12)
2 6 ⇒ n = 49
Hence, there are 49 eggs in the basket.
2 3
REAL NUMBERS 27
EXERCISES
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(1 Mark each)
1. What is the HCF of the smallest prime
4. If HCF (a, b) = 12 and a × b = 1800, then
and small composite number ?
find LCM (a, b). (CBSE 2016, 2017)
(CBSE 2017, 2018)
5. What is the value of x for which the
2. If a and b are two consecutive natural
expression (2x)n ends with 0, where n is
numbers find the HCF of a and b.
any natural number and x is a
(CBSE 2017) non-zero digit ? (CBSE 2017)
3. Write a pair of irrational numbers whose 6. The HCF of two numbers a and b is 5
sum is rational. (CBSE 2016) and their LCM is 200. Find the product
ab. (CBSE 2019)
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(2 Marks each)
1. Find the prime factorisation of the 7 7

8. Prove that is an irrational number.
denominator of the rational number 4
equivalent to 8.39. (CBSE 2014, 2016) (CBSE 2017)
2. Find the prime factorisation of the
number 1176. (CBSE 2016)
number. (CBSE 2016)
10. Show that 3 + 7 2 is an irrational
number. (CBSE 2014, 2016)
number. (CBSE 2016)
4. Prove that 5 − 2 is an irrational
number. (CBSE 2016) 11. Show that the numbers 231 and 396 are
not co-prime. (CBSE 2016)
5. Prove that ( 3 + 5)2 is an irrational
12. Is 7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 a composite number?
number. (CBSE 2016) Justify your answer.
(CBSE 2016, 2017)
number. (CBSE 2016) 13. Find whether 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 + 11 is a
prime number or a composite number.
7. Prove that (16 − 5 7 ) is an irrational (CBSE 2014, 2016)
number. (CBSE 2017) 14. Show that 9n cannot end with digit 0 for
any natural number n. (CBSE 2014)
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(3 Marks each)
1. Find LCM and HCF of 18, 24 and 54 by

4. During a sale, colour pencils were being
prime factorisation method. sold in packs of 24 each and crayon in
(CBSE 2014, 2016) packs of 32 each. If you want full packs
2. Three bells toll at intervals of 12 minutes of both by the same number of pencils
and 18 minutes respectively. If they start and crayons, how many of each would
tolling together, after what time will they you need to buy ? (CBSE 2016)
next together? (CBSE 2016) 5. Show that 8n can never end with digit 0
for any positive integer n.
3. Three alarm clocks ring at intervals of
4, 12 and 20 minutes respectively. 6. Find the HCF of 612 and 1314 using
If they start ringing together, after how prime factorisation. (CBSE 2019)
much time will they next toll together?
(CBSE 2016) 7. Given that 3 is irrational, prove that
5 + 2 3 is irrational. (CBSE SQP 2022)
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(5 Marks each)
1. What is the HCF and LCM of two prime
(b) Which mathematical concept is used
numbers a and b? in the above problem?
Three alarm clocks ring at intervals of (c) By collecting the samples of adulter-
6, 9 and 15 minutes respectively. If they ated sweets which value is depicted
start ringing together, after what time by the food inspectors?
will they next ring together? (CBSE 2017)
(CBSE 2014, 2016)
5. State Fundamental Theorem of
2. Given that HCF (150, 300) = 150, find Arithmetic.
the LCM (150, 300). (CBSE 2016) Is it possible that HCF and LCM of two
numbers be 24 and 540 respectively?
3. Is it possible for the HCF and LCM of
Justify your answer. (CBSE 2014, 2016)
two numbers to be 18 and 378
respectively? Justify your answer. 6. Find the largest possible positive integer
(CBSE 2016) that divides, 125, 162 and 259 leaving
4. In a food safety drive a team of food remainder 5, 6 and 7 respectively.
inspectors collected samples of (CBSE 2014)
adulterated 420 pieces of burfis and 148 [Hint: Find HCF of
pieces of laddoos. They want to pack these 125 5, 162 6 and 259 7]
pieces in such a way that each pack has
7. State Fundamental Theorem of
the same number of pieces of sweets.
Arithmetic. Using this, check whether
(a) What is the maximum number of there is any value of n for which 5n ends
sweets pieces that can be placed in with the digit zero. (CBSE 2014)
each packet?
REAL NUMBERS 29
ANSWERS
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions 3. 1 hour 4. 3, 4

1. 2 2. 1 6. 18
3. 2 + 2, 2 − 2 4. 150 D. Long Answer Type Questions
5. 5 1. 1, ab; 90 minutes
6. 1000 2. 300
B. Short Answer Type Questions 3. yes as HCF is a factor of LCM
1. 22 × 52 2. 23 × 31 × 72 4. (a) 4 (b) HCF of two numbers
12. Yes 13. a composite (c) To create fear among confectioners
number who prepare adulterated sweets as
these are harmful for consumers.
C. Short Answer Type Questions
5. No as HCF must be a factor of LCM.
1. 216, 6 2. 36 minutes
6. 12 7. No

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Ÿ Important Points to Remember

Dr. Hari Kishan

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1. REAL NUMBERS ......................................................................................................................... 1–29

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11. AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES ....................................................................................... 525–547

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Ÿ Test Your Knowledge Questions with Answers for Self Evaluation

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UNITS UNIT NAME MARKS

UNIT I : NUMBER SYSTEMS

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3. Quadratic Equations (15 Periods)

UNIT III : COORDINATE GEOMETRY

3. Heights and Distances (10 Periods)

UNIT VII : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

1.1 INTRODUC TION

Thus, Z or I = { , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }.

Divisibility: A non-zero integer a is said to divide an integer b (or b is said

1.2 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

HCF × LCM HCF × LCM

So, 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13 So, 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13.

(v) 7429 Common Least

(i) 26 and 91 510

(ii) 510 and 92 [CBSE 2016, 2017]

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For HCF of 510 and 92 ∴ LCM = 24 × 33 × 71

Verification: factors Exponent

LCM × HCF = 23460 × 2 = 46920. 2 1

and 510 × 92 = 46920 3 1

2 84 Example 3. Find the LCM and HCF of

Prime factors Greatest

Prime factors Greatest

2 39 For LCM of 18 and 12

ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT EXAMPLES

2 z Example 10. Obtain the HCF of 420 and

Example 11. The HCF of 65 and 117 is 96

2 202 Example 13. Explain why

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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Express 2120 as the product of its prime

1.3 REVISITING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

2. p is irrational, where p is prime. For example:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...... are all irrationals.

Example 1. Prove that 5 is irrational. Squaring both sides, we get

This means that 5 divides b2, and so 5 1

a But this contradicts the fact that

ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT EXAMPLES

Example 4. Prove that 3 is irrational. Therefore, 3 divides a also

Thus, Z or I = { , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }.