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ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods -

Part 24: Resistance to fatigue

Asphalt - Prüfverfahren - Teil 24:

Beständigkeit gegen Ermüdung

Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai

pour mélange hydrocarboné à chaud -
Partie 24: Résistance à la fatigue

06/2018
 ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018

National Foreword

This European Standard EN 12697-24:2018 was adopted as Luxembourgish Standard

ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018.

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participate for FREE in the development of Luxembourgish (ILNAS), European (CEN,
CENELEC) and International (ISO, IEC) standards:

- Participate in the design of standards

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https://portail-qualite.public.lu/fr/normes-normalisation/participer-normalisation.html

THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED

Nothing from this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any mean - electronic, mechanical, photocopying
or any other data carries without prior permission!
 ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697-24
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2018

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-24:2012

English Version

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 24: Resistance

to fatigue
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange Asphalt - Prüfverfahren - Teil 24: Beständigkeit gegen
hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 24: Résistance à la Ermüdung
fatigue
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This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 February 2018.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697-24:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
 EN 12697-24:2018 (E) ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................... 5
3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.2 Two-point bending test on trapezoidal shaped specimens (2PB-TR) ......................................... 6
3.3 Two-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (2PB-PR) ............................................. 7
3.4 Three-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (3PB-PR) .......................................... 9
3.5 Four-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (4PB-PR).......................................... 10
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3.6 Symbols for indirect tensile test on cylindrical shaped specimens (IT-CY) ........................... 15
3.7 Symbols for Cyclic Indirect tensile Test on cylindrical shaped specimen (CIT-CY) ............. 15
4 Sample preparation..................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Storage of the specimens ........................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Drying of the specimens ............................................................................................................................ 16
4.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens ................................................................................ 17
5 Failure .............................................................................................................................................................. 17
6 Selection test conditions............................................................................................................................ 17
7 Summary of the procedures ..................................................................................................................... 17
7.1 Two-point bending test on trapezoidal shaped specimens (2PB-TR) ...................................... 17
7.2 Two-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (2PB-PR) .......................................... 17
7.3 Three-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (3PB-PR) ....................................... 17
7.4 Four-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (4PB-PR).......................................... 18
7.5 Indirect tensile test on cylindrical shaped specimens (IT-CY) .................................................... 18
7.6 Cyclic Indirect tensile test on cylindrical shaped specimens (CIT-CY) ..................................... 18
8 Checking of the testing equipment ........................................................................................................ 18
9 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Annex A (normative) Two-point bending test on trapezoidal shaped specimens (2PB-TR)......... 20
A.1 Principle .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
A.2 Equipment ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
A.3 Specimen preparation ................................................................................................................................ 21
A.4 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 24
A.5 Calculation and expression of results ................................................................................................... 25
A.6 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
A.7 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Annex B (normative) Two-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (2PB-PR)............. 28
B.1 Principle .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
B.2 Equipment ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
B.3 Specimen preparation ................................................................................................................................ 29
B.4 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 29

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 ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018 EN 12697-24:2018 (E)

B.5 Calculation and expression of results ................................................................................................... 30

B.6 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
B.7 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Annex C (normative) Three-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (3PB-PR) .......... 33
C.1 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
C.2 Equipment ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
C.3 Specimen preparation ................................................................................................................................ 34
C.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
C.5 Calculation and expression of results ................................................................................................... 35
C.6 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
C.7 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
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Annex D (normative) Four-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (4PB-PR) ............ 40
D.1 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................... 40
D.2 Equipment ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
D.3 Specimen preparation ................................................................................................................................ 43
D.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
D.5 Calculation and expression of results ................................................................................................... 46
D.6 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
D.7 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Annex E (normative) Indirect tensile test on cylindrical shaped specimens (IT-CY) ....................... 48
E.1 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................... 48
E.2 Equipment ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
E.3 Specimen preparation ................................................................................................................................ 51
E.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
E.5 Calculation and reporting of results ...................................................................................................... 53
E.6 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 56
E.7 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Annex F (normative) Cyclic indirect tensile test on cylindrical shaped specimens (CIT-CY) ........ 57
F.1 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................... 57
F.2 Equipment ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
F.3 Specimen preparation ................................................................................................................................ 59
F.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 60
F.5 Calculation and reporting of results ...................................................................................................... 62
F.6 Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
F.7 Precision .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 64

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 EN 12697-24:2018 (E) ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018

European foreword

This document (EN 12697-24:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2018, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2018.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 12697-24:2012.

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Compared with EN 12697-24:2012, the following changes have been made:

— the series title no longer makes the method exclusively for hot mix asphalt [Title];

— editing of several text sections in order to clarify the procedures [Ge];

— “load applications” amended to “load cycles" [Ge];

— Figure A.1 corrected: Key 3 pointing at the groove [A.1.2];

— completion of Figure E.3: Line 1 added to extensiometer in front view figure [E.2.5.3];

— introduction of new annex for cyclic indirect tensile test on cylindrical specimens (CIT-CY) [Annex F].

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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 ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018 EN 12697-24:2018 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the methods for characterizing the fatigue of bituminous mixtures
using alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are
performed on compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading,
using different types of specimens and supports.
The procedure is used:
a) to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of resistance to fatigue;

b) as a guide to relative performance in the pavement;

c) to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour of the road; and

d) to judge test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures.

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Because this European Standard does not impose a particular type of testing device, the precise choice
of the test conditions depends on the possibilities and the working range of the device used. For the
choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures
need to be respected. The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for
bituminous mixtures.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays

EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 26: Stiffness

EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods — Part 27: Sampling

EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test method for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the
dimensions of a bituminous specimen

EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation
by gyratory compactor

EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures —Test methods — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor

3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply.

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 EN 12697-24:2018 (E) ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018

3.1 General

3.1.1
fatigue
reduction of strength of a material under repeated loading when compared to the strength under a
single load

3.1.2
conventional criteria of failure
number of load cycles, Nf/50, when the absolute value of the complex stiffness modulus Smix (stiffness
modulus) has decreased to half its initial value Smix,0

Note 1 to entry: In this standard not only the conventional criteria of failure, based on the reduction of stiffness,
is presented. Also other failure criteria like the occurrence of macro cracks or the energy-based failure mechanism
are used.
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Note 2 to entry: Different test methods and different failure criteria might lead to results that are not
comparable.

Note 3 to entry: In a displacement controlled fatigue test the reduction to half of the initial stiffness is a gradual
process. In a force controlled test in most cases there will be a progressive collapse of the specimen.

3.1.3
initial complex stiffness modulus
complex stiffness modulus, Smix,0, after 100 load cycles

3.2 Two-point bending test on trapezoidal shaped specimens (2PB-TR)

3.2.1
constant relative to maximum strain
constant that enables the head displacement z of the trapezoidal specimen of dimensions [B, b, e, h], to
which a bending strain level ε is applied, to be converted into maximum strain

Note 1 to entry: The following formulae express Kε and its relationship with the parameters mentioned above:

Kε ⋅z =ε (1)

( B i − bi )2
Kε j = (2)
 (b − B ) ⋅ (3B − b ) 
8 ⋅ bi ⋅ hi2  i i i i + ln B i

 2 ⋅ B i2 bi 

3.2.2 Symbols

Where a strain of 1 microstrain (μstrain) is equal to 10−6 by convention, the symbols are as follows:
i the index of the specimen for an element test (varies from 1 to n);
hi is the height, in millimetres (mm);
Bi is the large base, in millimetres (mm);
bi is the small base, in millimetres (mm);
ei is the thickness, in millimetres (mm);

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 ILNAS-EN 12697-24:2018 EN 12697-24:2018 (E)

vi is the void content of the specimen i by geometric method, in percent (%);

Kεi is the constant, relative to the maximum strain, in inverse millimetres (mm−1);
zi is the amplitude of displacement imposed at the head of specimen i, in millimetres (mm);
εi is the maximum relative strain of specimen i corresponding with the displacement imposed at
the head;
Ni is the conventional fatigue life of specimen i;
a is the ordinate of the fatigue line according to the formula lg(N) = a + (1/b) lg(ε);
r2 is the linear correlation coefficient (lg(Ni), lg(εi));
1/b is the slope of the fatigue line;
lg(ε) is the average value of lg(εi);
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Slg(ε) is the standard deviation of lg(εi);

Slg(N) is the standard deviation of lg(Ni);
ε6 is the strain corresponding to 106 cycles;
sN is the estimation of the residual standard deviation of the decimal logarithms of fatigue lives;
Δε6 is the quality index of the test;
n is the number of specimens.

3.3 Two-point bending test on prismatic shaped specimens (2PB-PR)

3.3.1
constants for consideration of the geometry of specimen
constants that enable the strength of the head Pij of the specimen i of dimensions bi, ei and hi, to which a
bending strength is applied, to calculate the maximum tension

Note 1 to entry: The following formulae express Kσ i and its relationship with the parameters mentioned above:

σ jmax
K σ i ⋅ Pij = (3)

where

Kσi is the constant for consideration of the geometry of specimen at constant strength (mm-2);

Pij is the amplitude of the strength, with which the head is applied, in Newtons (N);

σjmax is the greatest relative tension of the specimen, corresponding to the strength, with which
the head is applied.

6 hi
Kσ i = (4)
bi2 ⋅ e i

where

Kσi is the constant for consideration of the geometry of specimen at constant strength (factor in
accordance with EN 12697–26);