Regular PDF

French Regular Verbs Conjugated
in all Forms:
With Pronunciation Helps
L.O. Crysel
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Copyright © 2018 L.O. Crysel

A Project of the Budsonian Institute
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 1722891491
ISBN-13: 978-1722891497
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii
1 Casser ................................................................................... Pg 1
2 Se Casser .............................................................................. Pg 23
3 Appeler ................................................................................. Pg 34
4 S’Appeler .............................................................................. Pg 56
5 Jeter ...................................................................................... Pg 67
6 Se Jeter ................................................................................. Pg 88
7 Renouveler ............................................................................ Pg 99
8 Aliéner .................................................................................. Pg 124
9 S’Aliéner .............................................................................. Pg 147
10 Essayer ................................................................................. Pg 160
11 Employer .............................................................................. Pg 184
12 S’Employer ........................................................................... Pg 206
13 Manger .................................................................................. Pg 219
14 Forcer .................................................................................... Pg 240
15 Se Forcer ............................................................................... Pg 261
16 Finir ...................................................................................... Pg 272
17 Se Finir ................................................................................. Pg 294
18 Rendre .................................................................................. Pg 305
19 Se Rendre ............................................................................. Pg 326
20 Rompre ................................................................................. Pg 337
21 Se Rompre ............................................................................ Pg 359
Appendix 1: A Brief Introduction to French Speech Sounds Pg 370
Appendix 2: A Brief Outline of the French Verb Pg 389
Bibliography Pg 400
Copyrights Pg 402
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank my girlfriend Tori, who supported me throughout my many long days – and sometimes
long evenings – of work on this book, without any complaint whatsoever
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Chapter 1
CASSER
Casser to break; to break-up (with someone); to demote; to quash, annul (Note: casser is used for things that are unelastic or
brittle, and which can be broken, such as glass, porcelain, marble, egg shells, etc., and also things that can be made to snap,
such as sticks, pencils, bones, etc.)
Infinitive
Present Past
casser [kɑ.se] to break avoir cassé [a.vwaʁ kɑ.se] to have broken
Participle
Present Past
cassant [kɑ.sɑ̃] breaking cassé [kɑ.se] broken
Gerundive
Present Past
en cassant [ɑ̃ kɑ.sɑ̃] while breaking en ayant cassé [ɑ̃.n‿ɛ.jɑ̃ kɑ.se] while having broken
Infinitive – Negative
Present Past
ne pas casser [nə pɑ kɑ.se] to not break ne pas avoir cassé [nə pɑ a.vwaʁ kɑ.se] to not have broken
Participle – Negative
Present Past
ne cassant pas [nə kɑ.sɑ̃ pɑ] not breaking n’ayant pas cassé [n‿ɛ.jɑ̃ pɑ kɑ.se] not having broken
Gerundive – Negative
Present Past
en ne cassant pas [ɑ̃ nə kɑ.sɑ̃ pɑ] while not breaking en n’ayant pas cassé [ɑ̃ nɛ.jɑ̃ pa kɑ.se] while not having broken
Imperative
Present Past
2.sg casse! [kɑs] break! aie cassé! [ɛ kɑ.se] have (something) broken (by a stated time) or
before (that) is done!
1.pl cassons! [kɑ.sɔ]̃ let us break! ayons cassé! [ɛ.jɔ kɑ.se] ̃ let us have (something) broken (by a stated time)
or before (that) is done!
2.pl cassez! [kɑ.se ] break! ayez cassé! [ɛ.je kɑ.se] have (something) broken (by a stated time) or
Chapter 1: Casser
Imperative – Negative
Present Past
2.sg ne casse pas! n’aie pas cassé(e)(s)! [n‿ɛ don’t have (something) broken (by a stated time) or
don’t break!
[nə kɑs pɑ] pɑ kɑ.se] before (that) is done!
1.pl ne cassons pas! let’s not n’ayons pas cassé(e)(s)! let’s not have (something) broken (by a stated time)
[nə kɑ.sɔ ̃ pɑ] break! [n‿ɛ.jɔ̃ pɑ kɑ.se] or before (that) is done!
2.pl ne cassez pas! n’ayez pas cassé(e)(s)! don’t have (something) broken (by a stated time) or
don’t break!
[nə kɑ.se pɑ] [n‿ɛ.je pɑ kɑ.se] before (that) is done!
Present
1.sg. je casse [ʒə kɑs] I break, do break, am breaking
2.sg. tu casses [ty kɑs] you break, do break, are breaking
3.sg.masc. il casse [il kɑs] he\it breaks, does break, is breaking
3.sg.fem. elle casse [ɛl kɑs] she\it breaks, does break, is breaking
3.sg.indef. on casse [ɔ kɑs] ̃ one breaks, does break, is breaking; we break, do break, are breaking
1.pl. nous cassons [nu kɑ.sɔ]̃ we break, do break, are breaking
2.pl. vous cassez [vu kɑ.se] you break, do break, are breaking
3.pl.masc. ils cassent [il kɑs] (masc.) they break, do break, are breaking
3.pl.fem. elles cassent [ɛl kɑs] (fem.) they break, do break, are breaking
Present – Negative
1.sg. je ne casse pas [ʒə nə kɑs pɑ] I don’t break, I’m not breaking
2.sg. tu ne casses pas [ty nə kɑs pɑ] you don’t break, you aren’t breaking
3.sg.masc. il ne casse pas [il nə kɑs pɑ] he\it doesn’t break, he\it isn’t breaking
3.sg.fem. elle ne casse pas [ɛl nə kɑs pɑ] she\it doesn’t break, she\it isn’t breaking
3.sg.indef. on ne casse pas [ɔ nə kɑs pɑ] ̃ one doesn’t break, one isn’t breaking; we don’t break, we aren’t breaking
1.pl. nous ne cassons pas [nu nə kɑ.sɔ̃ pɑ] we don’t break, we aren’t breaking
2.pl. vous ne cassez pas [vu nə kɑ.se pɑ] you don’t break, you aren’t breaking
3.pl.masc. ils ne cassent pas [il nə kɑs pɑ] (masc.) they don’t break, they aren’t breaking
3.pl.fem. elles ne cassent pas [ɛl nə kɑs pɑ] (fem.) they don’t break, they aren’t breaking
Present – Interrogative
1.sg. cassé-je? [kɑse‿ʒ] do I break? am I breaking?
2.sg. casses-tu? [kɑs ty] do you break? are you breaking?
3.sg.masc. casse-t-il? [kɑs.‿t‿il] does he\it break? is he\it breaking?
3.sg.fem. casse-t-elle? [kɑs.‿t‿ɛl] does she\it break? is she\it breaking?
3.sg.indef. casse-t-on? [kɑs.‿t‿ɔ]̃ does one break? is one breaking?; do we break? are we breaking?
1.pl. cassons-nous? [kɑ.sɔ ̃ nu] do we break? are we breaking?
2.pl. cassez-vous? [kɑ.se vu] do you break? are you breaking?
3.pl.masc. cassent-ils? [kɑs.t‿il] (masc.) do they break? are they breaking?
3.pl.fem. cassé-je? [kɑse‿ʒ] (fem.) do they break? are they breaking?
Present – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. ne cassé-je pas? [nə kɑ.se‿ʒ pɑ] do I not break? am I not breaking?
2.sg. ne casses-tu pas? [nə kɑs ty pɑ] do you not break? are you not breaking?
3.sg.masc. ne casse-t-il pas? [nə kɑs.‿t‿il pɑ] does he\it not break? is he\it not breaking?
3.sg.fem. ne casse-t-elle pas? [nə kɑs.‿t‿ɛl pɑ] does she\it not break? is she\it not breaking?
ne casse-t-on pas? [nə kɑs.‿t‿ɔ pɑ] ̃ does one not break? is one not breaking?; do we not break? are we
3.sg.indef.
not breaking?
1.pl. ne cassons-nous pas? [nə kɑ.sɔ ̃ nu pɑ] do we not break? are we not breaking?
2.pl. ne cassez-vous pas? [nə kɑ.se vu pɑ] do you not break? are you not breaking?
3.pl.masc. ne cassent-ils pas? [nə kɑs.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) do they not break? are they not breaking?
3.pl.fem. ne cassent-elles pas? [nə kɑs.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) do they not break? are they not breaking?
French Regular Verbs Conjugated in all Forms
Present Perfect (Compound Past)

1.sg. j’ai cassé [ʒ‿e kɑ.se] I have broken, did break
2.sg. tu as cassé [ty a kɑ.se] you have broken, did break
3.sg.masc. il a cassé [i.l‿a kɑ.se] he\it has broken, did break
3.sg.fem. elle a cassé [ɛ.l‿a kɑ.se] she\it has broken, did break
3.sg.indef. on a cassé [ɔ.n‿a kɑ.se] ̃ one has broken, did break; we have broken, did break
1.pl. nous avons cassé [nu.z‿a.vɔ kɑ.se] ̃ we have broken, did break
2.pl. vous avez cassé [vu.z‿a.ve kɑ.se] you have broken, did break
3.pl.masc. ils ont cassé [il.z‿ɔ kɑ.se] ̃ (masc.) they have broken, did break
3.pl.fem. elles ont cassé [ɛl.z‿ɔ kɑ.se] ̃ (fem.) they have broken, did break
Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative

1.sg. je n’ai pas cassé [ʒə n‿e pɑ kɑ.se] I have not broken, did not break
2.sg. tu n’as pas cassé [ty n‿a pɑ kɑ.se] you have not broken, did not break
3.sg.masc. il n’a pas cassé [il n‿a pɑ kɑ.se] he\it has not broken, did not break
3.sg.fem. elle n’a pas cassé [ɛl n‿a pɑ kɑ.se] she\it has not broken, did not break
3.sg.indef. on n’a pas cassé [ɔ n‿a pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ one has not broken, did not break; we have not broken, did
not break
1.pl. nous n’avons pas cassé [nu n‿a.vɔ pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ we have not broken, did not break
2.pl. vous n’avez pas cassé [vu n‿a.ve pɑ kɑ.se] you have not broken, did not break
3.pl.masc. ils n’ont pas cassé [il n‿ɔ pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ (masc.) they have not broken, did not break
3.pl.fem. elles ne sont pas allées [ɛl nə sɔ pɑ.̃ ‿za.le] (fem.) they have not broken, did not break
Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que j’ai cassé? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿e kɑ.se] have I broken?
2.sg. as-tu cassé? [a ty kɑ.se] have you broken?
3.sg.masc. a-t-il cassé? [a.‿t‿il kɑ.se] has he\it broken?
3.sg.fem. a-t-elle cassé? [a.‿t‿ɛl kɑ.se] has she\it broken?
3.sg.indef. a-t-on cassé? [a.‿t‿ɔ̃ kɑ.se] has one broken?; have we broken?
1.pl. avons-nous cassé? [a.vɔ̃ nu kɑ.se] have we broken?
2.pl. avez-vous cassé? [a.ve vu kɑ.se] have you broken?
3.pl.masc. ont-ils cassé? [ɔ.t‿il kɑ.se] ̃ (masc.) have they broken?
3.pl.fem. ont-elles cassé? [ɔ̃.t‿ɛl kɑ.se] (fem.) have they broken?
Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je n’ai pas cassé? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿e pɑ kɑ.se] have I not broken?
2.sg. n’as-tu pas cassé? [na ty pɑ kɑ.se] have you not broken?
3.sg.masc. n’a-t-il pas cassé? [n‿a.‿t‿il pɑ kɑ.se] has he\it not broken?
3.sg.fem. n’a-t-elle pas cassé? [n‿a.‿t‿ɛl pɑ kɑ.se] has she\it not broken?
3.sg.indef. n’a-t-on pas cassé? [n‿a.‿t‿ɔ pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ has one not broken?; have we not broken?
1.pl. n’avons-nous pas cassé? [n‿a.vɔ nu pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ have we not broken?
2.pl. n’avez-vous pas cassé? [n‿a.ve vu pɑ kɑ.se] have you not broken?
3.pl.masc. n’ont-ils pas cassé? [n‿ɔ.t‿il pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ (masc.) have they not broken?
3.pl.fem. n’ont-elles pas cassé? [n‿ɔ.t‿ɛl pɑ kɑ.se] ̃ (fem.) have they not broken?
Imperfect
1.sg. je cassais [ʒə kɑ.sɛ] I used to break, was breaking
2.sg. tu cassais [ty kɑ.sɛ] you used to break, were breaking
3.sg.masc. il cassait [il kɑ.sɛ] he\it used to break, was breaking
3.sg.fem. elle cassait [ɛl kɑ.sɛ] she\it used to break, was breaking
3.sg.indef. on cassait [ɔ̃ kɑ.sɛ] one used to break, was breaking; we used to break, were breaking
1.pl. nous cassions [nu kɑ.sjɔ]̃ we used to break, were breaking
2.pl. vous cassiez [vu kɑ.sje] you used to break, were breaking
3.pl.masc. ils cassaient [il kɑ.sɛ] (masc.) they used to break, were breaking
3.pl.fem. elles cassaient [ɛl kɑ.sɛ] (fem.) they used to break, were breaking
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Chapter 4
S’APPELER
S’Appeler to be named, to be called

Infinitive
Present Past
s’appeler [s‿a.pə.le] to be named s’être appelé [s‿ɛ.tʁ‿a.pə.le] to have been named
Participle
Present Past
s’appelant [s‿a.pə.lɑ̃] being named s'étant appelé [s‿e.tɑ̃.t‿a.pə.le] having been named
Gerundive
Present Past
en s’appelant [ɑ̃ s‿a.pə.lɑ̃] while being named en s’étant appelé [ɑ̃ s‿e.tɑ̃.t‿a.pə.le] while having been named
Present Past
ne pas s'appeler ne pas s’être appelé

to not be named to not have been named
[nə pɑ s‿a.pə.le] [nə pɑ s‿ɛ.tʁ‿a.pə.le]
Present Past
ne s’appelant pas ne s’étant pas appelé

not being named not having been named
[nə s‿a.pə.lɑ̃ pɑ] [nə s‿e.tɑ̃.t‿a.pə.le]
Present Past
en ne s’appelant pas while not being en ne s’étant pas appelé while not having been
[ɑ̃ nə s‿a.pə.lɑ̃ pɑ] named [ɑ̃ nə s‿e.tɑ̃.t‿a.pə.le] named
Present Imperative
2.sg appelle-toi! [a.pɛl.twa] be named!
1.pl appelons-nous! [a.pə.lɔ̃.nu] let us be named!
2.pl appelez-vous! [a.pə.le.vu] be named!
Present Imperative – Negative
2.sg ne t’appelle pas [nə t‿a.pɛl pɑ] don’t be named!

1.pl ne nous appelons pas [nə nu.z‿a.pə.lɔ̃ pɑ] let’s not be named!
2.pl ne vous appelez pas [nə vu.z‿a.pə.le pɑ] don’t be named!
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Present
1.sg. je m’appelle [ʒə m‿a.pɛl] I am named, am being named
2.sg. tu t’appelles [ty t‿a.pɛl] you are named, are being named
3.sg.masc. il s’appelle [il s‿a.pɛl] he\it is named, is being named
3.sg.fem. elle s’appelle [ɛl s‿a.pɛl] she\it is named, is being named
3.sg.indef. on s’appelle [ɔ̃ s‿a.pɛl] one is named, is being named; we are named,are being named
1.pl. nous nous appelons [nu nu.z‿a.pə.lɔ]̃ we are named, are being named
2.pl. vous vous appelez [vu vu.z‿a.pə.le] you are named, are being named
3.pl.masc. ils s’appellent [il s‿a.pɛl] (masc.) they are named, are being named
3.pl.fem. elles s’appellent [ɛl s‿a.pɛl] (fem.) they are named, are being named
1.sg. je ne m’appelle pas [ʒə nə m‿a.pɛl pɑ] I am not named, I’m not being named
2.sg. tu ne t’appelles pas [ty nə t‿a.pɛl pɑ] you are not named, you aren’t being named
3.sg.masc. il ne s’appelle pas [il nə s‿a.pɛl pɑ] he\it is not named, he\it isn’t being named
3.sg.fem. elle ne s’appelle pas [ɛl nə s‿a.pɛl pɑ] she\it is not named, she\it isn’t being named
one is not named, one isn’t being named; we are not
3.sg.indef. on ne s’appelle pas [ɔ̃ nə s‿a.pɛl pɑ]
named, we aren’t being named
1.pl. nous ne nous appelons pas [nu nə nu.z‿a.pə.lɔ̃ pɑ] we are not named, we aren’t being named
2.pl. vous ne vous appelez pas [vu nə vu.z‿a.pə.le pɑ] you are not named, you aren’t being named
3.pl.masc. ils ne s’appellent pas [il nə s‿a.pɛl pɑ] (masc.) they are not named, they aren’t being named
3.pl.fem. elles ne s’appellent pas [ɛl nə s‿a.pɛl pɑ] (fem.) they are not named, they aren’t being named
1.sg. est-ce que je m’appelle? [ɛs.kə ʒə m‿a.pɛl] am I named? am I being named?
2.sg. t’appelles-tu? [t‿a.pɛl ty] are you named? are you being named?
3.sg.masc. s’appelle-t-il? [s‿a.pɛl.‿t‿il] is he/it named? is he\it being named?
3.sg.fem. s’appelle-t-elle? [s‿a.pɛl.‿t‿ɛl] is she/it named? is she\it being named?
is onenamed? is one being named?; are we named? are we
3.sg.indef. s’appelle-t-on? [s‿a.pɛl.‿t‿ɔ̃]
being named?
1.pl. nous appelons-nous? [nu.z‿a.pə.lɔ nu] ̃ are we named? are we being named?
2.pl. vous appelez-vous? [vu.z‿a.pə.le vu] are you named? are you being named?
3.pl.masc. s’appellent-ils? [s‿a.pɛl.t.‿il] (masc.) are they named? are they being named?
3.pl.fem. s’appellent-elles? [s‿a.pɛl.t‿ɛl] (fem.) are they named? are they being named?

1.sg. est-que je ne m’appelle pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə nə m‿a.pɛl pɑ] am I not named? am I not being named?
2.sg. ne t’appelles-tu pas? [nə t‿a.pɛl ty pɑ] are you not named? are you not being named?
3.sg.masc. ne s’appelle-t-il pas? [nə s‿a.pɛl.‿t‿il pɑ] is he/it not named? is he\it not being named?
3.sg.fem. ne s’appelle-t-elle pas? [nə s‿a.pɛl.‿t‿ɛl pɑ] is she/it not named? is she\it not being named?
is one not named? is one not being named?; are we not
3.sg.indef. ne s’appelle-t-on pas? [nə s‿a.pɛl.‿t‿ɔ pɑ] ̃
named? are we not being named?
1.pl. ne nous appelons-nous pas? [nə nu.z‿a.pə.lɔ nu pɑ] ̃ are we not named? are we not being named?
2.pl. ne vous appelez-vous pas? [nə vu.z‿a.pə.le vu pɑ] are you not named? are you not being named?
3.pl.masc. ne s’appellent-ils pas? [nə s‿a.pɛl.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) are they not named? are they not being named?
3.pl.fem. ne s’appellent-elles pas? [nə s‿a.pɛl.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) are they not named? are they not being named?
1.sg. je me suis appelé(e) [ʒə mə sɥi.z‿a.pə.le] I have been named
2.sg. tu t’es appelé(e) [ty t‿ɛ.z‿a.pə.le] you have been named
3.sg.masc. il s’est appelé [il s‿ɛ.t‿a.pə.le] he\it has been named
3.sg.fem. elle s’est appelée [ɛl s‿ɛ.t‿a.pə.le] she\it has been named
3.sg.indef. on s’est appelé(e)(s) [ɔ s‿ɛ.t‿a.pə.le] ̃ one has been named; we have been named
1.pl. nous nous sommes appelé(e)s [nu nu sɔm.z‿a.pə.le] we have been named
2.pl. vous vous êtes appelé(e)s [vu vu.z‿ɛt.z‿a.pə.le] you have been named
3.pl.masc. ils se sont appelés [il sə sɔ.t‿a.pə.le] ̃ (masc.) they have been named
3.pl.fem. elles se sont appelées [ɛl sə sɔ.t‿a.pə.le] ̃ (fem.) they have been named
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Chapter 4: S’Appeler

1.sg. je ne me suis pas appelé(e) [ʒə nə mə sɥi pɑ.z‿a.pə.le I have not been named
2.sg. tu ne t’es pas appelé(e) [ty nə tɛ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le you have not been named
3.sg.masc. il ne s’est pas appelé [il nə sɛ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le he\it has not been named
3.sg.fem. elle ne s’est pas appelée [ɛl nə sɛ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le she\it has not been named
one has not been named; we have not been
3.sg.indef. on ne s’est pas appelé(e)(s) [ɔ nə sɛ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le ̃
named
1.pl. nous ne nous sommes pas appelé(e)s [nu nə nu sɔm pɑ.z‿a.pə.le we have not been named
2.pl. vous ne vous êtes pas appelé(e)s [vu nə vu.z‿ɛt pɑ.z‿a.pə.le you have not been named
3.pl.masc. ils ne se sont pas appelés [il nə sə sɔ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le ̃ (masc.) they have not been named
3.pl.fem. elles ne se sont pas appelées [ɛl nə sə sɔ̃ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le (fem.) they have not been named

1.sg. est-ce que je me suis appelé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə mə sɥi.z‿a.pə.le] have I been named?
2.sg. t’es-tu appelé(e)? [t‿ɛ ty a.pə.le] have you been named?
3.sg.masc. s’est-il appelé? [s‿ɛ.t‿i.l‿a.pə.le] has he\it been named?
3.sg.fem. s’est-elle appelée? [s‿ɛ.t‿ɛ.l‿a.pə.le] has she\it been named?
3.sg.indef. s’est-on appelé(e)(s)? [s‿ɛ.t‿ɔ.n‿a.pə.le] ̃ has one been named?; have we been named?
1.pl. nous sommes-nous appelé(e)s? [nu sɔm nu a.pə.le] have we been named?
2.pl. vous êtes-vous appelé(e)s? [vu.z‿ɛt vu.z‿a.pə.le] have you been named?
3.pl.masc. se sont-ils appelés? [sə sɔ̃.t‿il a.pə.le] (masc.) have they been named?
3.pl.fem. se sont-elles appelées? [sə sɔ.t‿ɛl a.pə.le] ̃ (fem.) have they been named?

1.sg. est-ce que je ne me suis pas appelé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə nə mə sɥi pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] have I not been named?
2.sg. ne t’es-tu pas appelé(e)? [nə t‿ɛ ty pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] have you not been named?
3.sg.masc. ne s’est-il pas appelé? [nə s‿ɛ.‿t‿il pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] has he\it not been named?
3.sg.fem. ne s’est-elle pas appelée? [nə s‿ɛ.‿t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] has she\it not been named?
3.sg.indef. ne s’est-on pas appelé(e)(s)? [nə s‿ɛ.‿t‿ɔ̃ pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] has one not been named?; have we
not been named?
1.pl. ne nous sommes-nous pas appelé(e)s? [nə nu sɔm nu pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] have we not been named?
2.pl. ne vous êtes-vous pas appelé(e)s? [nə vu.z‿ɛt vu pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] have you not been named?
3.pl.masc. ne se sont-ils pas appelés? [nə sə sɔ.t‿il pɑ.z‿a.pə.le]] ̃ (masc.) have they not been named?
3.pl.fem. ne se sont-elles pas appelées? [nə sə sɔ̃.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿a.pə.le] (fem.) have they not been named?
Imperfect
1.sg. je m’appelais [ʒə m‿a.pə.lɛ] I used to be named, was being named
2.sg. tu t’appelais [ty t‿a.pə.lɛ] you used to be named, were being named
3.sg.masc. il s’appelait [il s‿a.pə.lɛ] he\it used to be named, was being named
3.sg.fem. elle s’appelait [ɛl s‿a.pə.lɛ] she\it used to be named, was being named
one used to be named, was being named; we used to be named, were
3.sg.indef. on s’appelait [ɔ s‿a.pə.lɛ] ̃
being named
1.pl. nous nous appelions [nu nu.z‿a.pə.ljɔ̃] we used to be named, were being named
2.pl. vous vous appeliez [vu vu.z‿a.pə.lje] you used to be named, were being named
3.pl.masc. ils s’appelaient [il s‿a.pə.lɛ] (masc.) they used to be named, were being named
3.pl.fem. elles s’appelaient [ɛl s‿a.pə.lɛ] (fem.) they used to be named, were being named
Imperfect – Negative
1.sg. je ne m’appelais pas [ʒə nə m‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] I wasn’t being named
2.sg. tu ne t’appelais pas [ty nə t‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] you weren’t being named
3.sg.masc. il ne s’appelait pas [il nə s‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] he\it wasn’t being named
3.sg.fem. elle ne s’appelait pas [ɛl nə s‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] she\it wasn’t being named
3.sg.indef. on ne s’appelait pas [ɔ̃ nə s‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] one wasn’t being named; we weren’t being named
1.pl. nous ne nous appelions pas [nu nə nu.z‿a.pə.ljɔ pɑ] ̃ we weren’t being named
2.pl. vous ne vous appeliez pas [vu nə vu.z‿a.pə.lje pɑ] you weren’t being named
3.pl.masc. ils ne s’appelaient pas [il nə s‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] (masc.) they weren’t being named
3.pl.fem. elles ne s’appelaient pas [ɛl nə s‿a.pə.lɛ pɑ] (fem.) they weren’t being named
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Chapter 8: Aliéner
Future {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. j’aliènerai [ʒ‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe] I will alienate
2.sg. tu alièneras [ty a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa] you will alienate
3.sg.masc. il aliènera [i.l‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa] he\it will alienate
3.sg.fem. elle aliènera [ɛ.l‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa] she\it will alienate
3.sg.indef. on aliènera [ɔ.n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa] ̃ one will alienate; we will alienate
1.pl. nous aliènerons [nu.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ]̃ we will alienate
2.pl. vous aliènerez [vu.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe] you will alienate
3.pl.masc. ils alièneront [il.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ]̃ (masc.) they will alienate
3.pl.fem. elles alièneront [ɛl.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ]̃ (fem.) they will alienate
Future {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}

1.sg. j’aliénerai [ʒ‿a.lje.nə.ʁe] I will alienate
2.sg. tu aliéneras [ty a.lje.nə.ʁa] you will alienate
3.sg.masc. il aliénera [i.l‿a.lje.nə.ʁa] he\it will alienate
3.sg.fem. elle aliénera [ɛ.l‿a.lje.nə.ʁa] she\it will alienate
3.sg.indef. on aliénera [ɔ.n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa] ̃ one will alienate; we will alienate
1.pl. nous aliénerons [nu.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ] we will alienate
2.pl. vous aliénerez [vu.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁe] you will alienate
3.pl.masc. ils aliéneront [il.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ]̃ (masc.) they will alienate
3.pl.fem. elles aliéneront [ɛl.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ]̃ (fem.) they will alienate
Future – Negative {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. je n’aliènerai pas [ʒə n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe pɑ] I will not alienate, won’t alienate
2.sg. tu n’alièneras pas [ty n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa pɑ] you will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.sg.masc. il n’aliènera pas [il n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa pɑ] he\it will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.sg.fem. elle n’aliènera pas [ɛl n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa pɑ] she\it will not alienate, won’t alienate
one will not alienate, won’t alienate; we will not alienate,
3.sg.indef. on n’aliènera pas [ɔ n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa pɑ] ̃
won’t alienate
1.pl. nous n’aliènerons pas [nu n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ pɑ] ̃ we will not alienate, won’t alienate
2.pl. vous n’aliènerez pas [vu n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe pɑ] you will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.pl.masc. ils n’alièneront pas [il n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ pɑ] ̃ (masc.) they will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.pl.fem. elles n’alièneront pas [ɛl n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ pɑ] (fem.) they will not alienate, won’t alienate
Future – Negative {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. je n’aliénerai pas [ʒə n‿a.lje.nə.ʁe pɑ] I will not alienate, won’t alienate
2.sg. tu n’aliéneras pas [ty n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa pɑ] you will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.sg.masc. il n’aliénera pas [il n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa pɑ] he\it will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.sg.fem. elle n’aliénera pas [ɛl n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa pɑ] she\it will not alienate, won’t alienate
one will not alienate, won’t alienate; we will not alienate,
3.sg.indef. on n’aliénera pas [ɔ n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa pɑ] ̃
won’t alienate
1.pl. nous n’aliénerons pas [nu n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ pɑ] we will not alienate, won’t alienate
2.pl. vous n’aliénerez pas [vu n‿a.lje.nə.ʁe pɑ] you will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.pl.masc. ils n’aliéneront pas [il n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ pɑ] ̃ (masc.) they will not alienate, won’t alienate
3.pl.fem. elles n’aliéneront pas [ɛl n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ pɑ] (fem.) they will not alienate, won’t alienate
Future – Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. est-ce que j’aliènerai? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe] will I alienate?
2.sg. alièneras-tu? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa ty] will you alienate?
3.sg.masc. aliènera-t-il? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa.‿t‿il] will he\it alienate?
3.sg.fem. aliènera-t-elle? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɛl] will she\it alienate?
3.sg.indef. aliènera-t-on? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɔ]̃ will one alienate?; will we alienate?
1.pl. aliènerons-nous? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ nu] ̃ will we alienate?
2.pl. aliènerez-vous? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe vu] will you alienate?
3.pl.masc. alièneront-ils? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ.t‿il] ̃ (masc.) will they alienate?
3.pl.fem. alièneront-elles? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ.t‿ɛl] ̃ (fem.) will they alienate?
130
Future – Interrogative {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. est-ce que j’aliénerai? [ɛs.kə ʒa.lje.nə.ʁe] will I alienate?
2.sg. aliéneras-tu? [a.lje.nə.ʁa ty] will you alienate?
3.sg.masc. aliénera-t-il? [a.lje.nə.ʁa.‿t‿il] will he\it alienate?
3.sg.fem. aliénera-t-elle? [a.lje.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɛl] will she\it alienate?
3.sg.indef. aliénera-t-on? [a.lje.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɔ̃] will one alienate?; will we alienate?
1.pl. aliénerons-nous? [a.lje.nə.ʁɔ nu] ̃ will we alienate?
2.pl. aliénerez-vous? [a.lje.nə.ʁe vu] will you alienate?
3.pl.masc. aliéneront-ils? [a.lje.nə.ʁɔ.t‿il] ̃ (masc.) will they alienate?
3.pl.fem. aliéneront-elles? [a.lje.nə.ʁɔ.t‿ɛl] ̃ (fem.) will they alienate?
Future – Negative Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. est-ce que je n’aliènerai pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe pɑ] will I not alienate?
2.sg. n’alièneras-tu pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa ty pɑ] will you not alienate?
3.sg.masc. n’aliènera-t-il pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa.‿t‿il pɑ] will he\it not alienate?
3.sg.fem. n’aliènera-t-elle pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɛl pɑ] will she\it not alienate?
3.sg.indef. n’aliènera-t-on pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɔ̃ pɑ] will one not alienate?; will we not alienate?
1.pl. n’aliènerons-nous pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ nu pɑ] will we not alienate?
2.pl. n’aliènerez-vous pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁe vu pɑ] will you alienate?
3.pl.masc. n’alièneront-ils pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ.t‿il pɑ] ̃ (masc.) will they not alienate?
3.pl.fem. n’alièneront-elles pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɔ.t‿ɛl pɑ] ̃ (fem.) will they not alienate?
Future – Negative Interrogative {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. est-ce que je n’aliénerai pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿a.lje.nə.ʁe pɑ] will I not alienate?
2.sg. n’aliéneras-tu pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa ty pɑ] will you not alienate?
3.sg.masc. n’aliénera-t-il pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa.‿t‿il pɑ] will he\it not alienate?
3.sg.fem. n’aliénera-t-elle pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɛl pɑ] will she\it not alienate?
3.sg.indef. n’aliénera-t-on pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁa.‿t‿ɔ̃ pɑ] will one not alienate?; will we not alienate?
1.pl. n’aliénerons-nous pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ nu pɑ] will we not alienate?
2.pl. n’aliénerez-vous pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁe vu pɑ] will you alienate?
3.pl.masc. n’aliéneront-ils pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ.t‿il pɑ] ̃ (masc.) will they not alienate?
3.pl.fem. n’aliéneront-elles pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɔ.t‿ɛl pɑ] ̃ (fem.) will they not alienate?
Future Perfect (Future Anterior)

1.sg. j’eus aliéné [ʒ‿y.z‿a.lje.ne] I have alienated
2.sg. tu eus aliéné [ty y.z‿a.lje.ne] you will have alienated
3.sg.masc. il eut aliéné [i.l‿y.t‿a.lje.ne] he\it will have alienated
3.sg.fem. elle eut aliéné [ɛ.l‿y.t‿a.lje.ne] she\it will have alienated
3.sg.indef. on eut aliéné [ɔ.n‿y.t‿a.lje.ne] ̃ one will have alienated; we will have alienated
1.pl. nous eûmes aliéné [nu.z‿ym.z‿a.lje.ne] we will have alienated
2.pl. vous eûtes aliéné [vu.z‿yt.z‿a.lje.ne] you will have alienated
3.pl.masc. ils eurent aliéné [il.z‿yʁ.t‿a.lje.ne] (masc.) they will have alienated
3.pl.fem. elles eurent aliéné [ɛl.z‿yʁ.t‿a.lje.ne] (fem.) theywill have alienated
Future Perfect (Future Anterior) – Negative

1.sg. je n’aurai pas aliéné [ʒə n‿o.ʁe pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] I will not have alienated
2.sg. tu n’auras pas aliéné [ty n‿o.ʁa pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] you will not have alienated
3.sg.masc. il n’aura pas aliéné [il n‿o.ʁa pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] he\it will not have alienated
3.sg.fem. elle n’aura pas aliéné [ɛl n‿o.ʁa pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] she\it will not have alienated
3.sg.indef. on n’aura pas aliéné [ɔ n‿o.ʁa pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ one will not have alienated; we will not have alienated
1.pl. nous n’aurons pas aliéné [nu n‿o.ʁɔ pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ we will not have alienated
2.pl. vous n’aurez pas aliéné [vu n‿o.ʁe pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] you will not have alienated
3.pl.masc. ils n’auront pas aliéné [il n‿o.ʁɔ pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ (masc.) they will not have alienated
3.pl.fem. elles n’auront pas aliéné [ɛl n‿o.ʁɔ pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ (fem.) they will not have alienated
131
Chapter 8: Aliéner
Future Perfect (Future Anterior) – Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que j’eus aliéné? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿y.z‿a.lje.ne] will I have alienated?
2.sg. auras-tu aliéné? [o.ʁa ty a.lje.ne] will you have alienated?
3.sg.masc. aura-t-il aliéné? [o.ʁa.‿t‿i.l‿a.lje.ne] will he/it have alienated?
3.sg.fem. aura-t-elle aliéné? [o.ʁa.‿t‿ɛ.l‿a.lje.ne] will she/it have alienated?
3.sg.indef. aura-t-on aliéné? [o.ʁa.‿t‿ɔ a.lje.ne] ̃ will one have alienated?; will we have alienated?
1.pl. aurons-nous aliéné? [o.ʁɔ nu.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ will we have alienated?
2.pl. aurez-vous aliéné? [o.ʁe vu.z‿a.lje.ne] will you have alienated?
3.pl.masc. auront-ils aliéné? [o.ʁɔ.t‿il.z‿a.lje.ne] (masc.) will they have alienated?
3.pl.fem. auront-elles aliéné? [o.ʁɔ.t‿ɛl.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ (fem.) will they have alienated?
Future Perfect (Future Anterior) – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je n’aurai pas aliéné? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿o.ʁe pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] will I not have alienated?
2.sg. n’auras-tu pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁa ty pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] will you not have alienated?
3.sg.masc. n’aura-t-il pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁa.‿t‿il pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] will he/it not have alienated?
3.sg.fem. n’aura-t-elle pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁa.‿t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] will she/it not have alienated?
will one not have alienated?; will we not
3.sg.indef. n’aura-t-on pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁa.‿t‿ɔ̃ pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne]
have alienated?
1.pl. n’aurons-nous pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁɔ nu pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ will we not have alienated?
2.pl. n’aurez-vous pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁe vu pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] will you not have alienated?
3.pl.masc. n’auront-ils pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁɔ.t‿il pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] ̃ (masc.) will they not have alienated?
3.pl.fem. n’auront-elles pas aliéné? [n‿o.ʁɔ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿a.lje.ne] (fem.) will they not have alienated?
Present Conditional {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. j’aliènerais [ʒ‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] I would alienate
2.sg. tu aliènerais [ty a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] you would alienate
3.sg.masc. il aliènerait [i.l‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] he\it would alienate
3.sg.fem. elle aliènerait [ɛ.l‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] she\it would alienate
3.sg.indef. on aliènerait [ɔ̃.n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] one would alienate; we would alienate
1.pl. nous aliènerions [nu.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁjɔ]̃ we would alienate
2.pl. vous alièneriez [vu.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁje] you would alienate
3.pl.masc. ils alièneraient [il.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] (masc.) they would alienate
3.pl.fem. elles alièneraient [ɛl.z‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] (fem.) they would alienate
Present Conditional {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. j’aliénerais [ʒ‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] I would alienate
2.sg. tu aliénerais [ty a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] you would alienate
3.sg.masc. il aliénerait [i.l‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] he\it would alienate
3.sg.fem. elle aliénerait [ɛ.l‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] she\it would alienate
3.sg.indef. on aliénerait [ɔ̃.n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] one would alienate; we would alienate
1.pl. nous aliénerions [nu.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁjɔ]̃ we would alienate
2.pl. vous aliéneriez [vu.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁje] you would alienate
3.pl.masc. ils aliéneraient [il.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] (masc.) they would alienate
3.pl.fem. elles aliéneraient [ɛl.z‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ] (fem.) they would alienate
Present Conditional – Negative {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. je n’aliènerais pas [ʒə n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] I would not alienate
2.sg. tu n’aliènerais pas [ty n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] you would not alienate
3.sg.masc. il n’aliènerait pas [il n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] he\it would not alienate
3.sg.fem. elle n’aliènerait pas [ɛl n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] she\it would not alienate
3.sg.indef. on n’aliènerait pas [ɔ n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] ̃ one would not alienate; we would not alienate
1.pl. nous n’aliènerions pas [nu n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁjɔ̃ pɑ] we would not alienate
2.pl. vous n’alièneriez pas [vu n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁje pɑ] you would not alienate
3.pl.masc. ils n’alièneraient pas [il n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] (masc.) they would not alienate
3.pl.fem. elles n’alièneraient pas [ɛl n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] (fem.) they would not alienate
132
Present Conditional – Negative {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. je n’aliénerais pas [ʒə n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] I would not alienate
2.sg. tu n’aliénerais pas [ty n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] you would not alienate
3.sg.masc. il n’aliénerait pas [il n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] he\it would not alienate
3.sg.fem. elle n’aliénerait pas [ɛl n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] she\it would not alienate
3.sg.indef. on n’aliénerait pas [ɔ n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] ̃ one would not alienate; we would not alienate
1.pl. nous n’aliénerions pas [nu n‿a.lje.nəʁjɔ̃ pɑ] we would not alienate
2.pl. vous n’aliéneriez pas [vu n‿a.lje.nəʁje pɑ] you would not alienate
3.pl.masc. ils n’aliéneraient pas [il n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] (masc.) they would not alienate
3.pl.fem. elles n’aliéneraient pas [ɛl n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] (fem.) they would not alienate
Present Conditional – Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. est-ce que j’aliènerais? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ] would I alienate?
2.sg. aliènerais-tu? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ ty] would you alienate?
3.sg.masc. aliènerait-il? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il] would he\it alienate?
3.sg.fem. aliènerait-elle? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl] would she\it alienate?
3.sg.indef. aliènerait-on? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɔ]̃ would one alienate?; would we alienate?
1.pl. aliènerions-nous? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁjɔ nu] ̃ would we alienate?
2.pl. alièneriez-vous? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁje vu] would you alienate?
3.pl.masc. alièneraient-ils? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il] (masc.) would they alienate?
3.pl.fem. alièneraient-elles? [a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl] (fem.) would they alienate?
Present Conditional – Interrogative {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. est-ce que j’aliénerais? [ɛs.kə ʒa.lje.nə.ʁɛ] would I alienate?
2.sg. aliénerais-tu? [a.lje.nə.ʁɛ ty] would you alienate?
3.sg.masc. aliénerait-il? [a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il] would he\it alienate?
3.sg.fem. aliénerait-elle? [a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl] would she\it alienate?
3.sg.indef. aliénerait-on? [a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɔ]̃ would one alienate?; would we alienate?
1.pl. aliénerions-nous? [a.lje.nə.ʁjɔ̃ nu] would we alienate?
2.pl. aliéneriez-vous? [a.lje.nə.ʁje vu] would you alienate?
3.pl.masc. aliéneraient-ils? [a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il] (masc.) would they alienate?
3.pl.fem. aliéneraient-elles? [a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl] (fem.) would they alienate?
Present Conditional – Negative Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

1.sg. est-ce que je n’aliènerais pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] would I not alienate?
2.sg. n’aliènerais-tu pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ ty pɑ] would you not alienate?
3.sg.masc. n’aliènerait-il pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il pɑ] would he\it not alienate?
3.sg.fem. n’aliènerait-elle pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ] would she\it not alienate?
3.sg.indef. n’aliènerait-on pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɔ pɑ] ̃ would one not alienate?; would we not alienate?
1.pl. n’aliènerions-nous pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁjɔ nu pɑ] ̃ would we not alienate?
2.pl. n’alièneriez-vous pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁje vu pɑ] would you not alienate?
3.pl.masc. n’alièneraient-ils pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) would they not alienate?
3.pl.fem. n’alièneraient-elles pas? [n‿a.ljɛ.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) would they not alienate?
Present Conditional – Negative Interrogative

{‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}
1.sg. est-ce que je n’aliénerais pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ pɑ] would I not alienate?
2.sg. n’aliénerais-tu pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ ty pɑ] would you not alienate?
3.sg.masc. n’aliénerait-il pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il pɑ] would he\it not alienate?
3.sg.fem. n’aliénerait-elle pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ] would she\it not alienate?
3.sg.indef. n’aliénerait-on pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɔ pɑ] ̃ would one not alienate?; would we not alienate?
1.pl. n’aliénerions-nous pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁjɔ nu pɑ] ̃ would we not alienate?
2.pl. n’aliéneriez-vous pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁje vu pɑ] would you not alienate?
3.pl.masc. n’aliéneraient-ils pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) would they not alienate?
3.pl.fem. n’aliéneraient-elles pas? [n‿a.lje.nə.ʁɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) would they not alienate?
133
Imperfect Subjunctive {a literary tense} – Negative
1.sg. que je n’essayasse pas [kə ʒə n‿e.se.jas pɑ] that I might not try
2.sg. que tu n’essayasses pas [kə ty n‿e.se.jas pɑ that you might not try
3.sg.masc. qu’il n’essayât pas [k‿il n‿e.se.ja pɑ] that he\it might not try
3.sg.fem. qu’elle n’essayât pas [k‿ɛl n‿e.se.ja pɑ] that she\it may not try
3.sg.indef. qu’on n’essayât pas [k‿ɔ n‿e.se.ja pɑ] ̃ that one might not try; that we might not try
1.pl. que nous n’essayassions pas [kə nu n‿e.se.ja.sjɔ pɑ] ̃ that we might not try
2.pl. que vous n’essayassiez pas [kə vu n‿e.se.ja.sje pɑ] that you might not try
3.pl.masc. qu’ils n’essayassent pas [k‿il n‿e.se.jas pɑ] (masc.) that they might not try
3.pl.fem. qu’elles n’essayassent pas [k‿ɛl n‿e.se.jas pɑ] (fem.) that they might not try
Pluperfect Subjunctive {a literary tense}

1.sg. que j’eusse essayé [kə ʒ‿ys e.se.je] that I might have tried
2.sg. que tu eusses essayé [kə ty ys.z‿e.se.je] that you might have tried
3.sg.masc. qu’il eût essayé [k‿i.l‿y.t‿e.se.je] that he\it might have tried
3.sg.fem. qu’elle eût essayé [k‿ɛ.l‿y.t‿e.se.je] that she\it might have tried
3.sg.indef. qu’on eût essayé [k‿ɔ.n‿y.t‿e.se.je] ̃ that one might have tried; that we might have tried
1.pl. que nous eussions essayé [kə nu.z‿y.sjɔ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ that we might have tried
2.pl. que vous eussiez essayé [kə vu.z‿y.sje.z‿e.se.je] that you might have tried
3.pl.masc. qu’ils eussent essayé [k‿il.z‿ys.t‿e.se.je] (masc.) that they might have tried
3.pl.fem. qu’elles eussent essayé [k‿ɛl.z‿ys.t‿e.se.je] (fem.) that they might have tried
Pluperfect Subjunctive {a literary tense} – Negative

1.sg. que je n’eusse pas essayé [kə ʒə n‿ys pɑ.z‿e.se.je] that I might not have tried
2.sg. que tu n’eusses pas essayé [kə ty n‿ys pɑ.z‿e.se.je] that you might not have tried
3.sg.masc. qu’il n’eût pas essayé [k‿il n‿y pɑ.z‿e.se.je] that he\it might not have tried
3.sg.fem. qu’elle n’eût pas essayé [k‿ɛl n‿y pɑ.z‿e.se.je] that she\it might not have tried
that one might not have tried; that we might
3.sg.indef. qu’on n’eût pas essayé [k‿ɔ n‿y pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃
not have tried
1.pl. que nous n’eussions pas essayé [kə nu n‿y.sjɔ̃ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] that we might not have tried
2.pl. que vous n’eussiez pas essayé [kə vu n‿y.sje pɑ.z‿e.se.je] that you might not have tried
3.pl.masc. qu’ils n’eussent pas essayé [k‿il n‿ys pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (masc.) that they might not have tried
3.pl.fem. qu’elles n’eussent pas essayé [k‿ɛl n‿ys pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) that they might not have tried
Passive Infinitive
Present Past
être essayé [ɛtʁ e.se.je] to be tried avoir été essayé [a.vwa.ʁ‿e.te e.se.je] to have been tried
Passive Participle
Present Past
étant essayé [e.tɑ̃.t‿e.se.je] being tried ayant été essayé [ɛ.jɑ̃.t‿e.te e.se.je] having been tried
Passive Gerundive
Present Past
en étant essayé en ayant été essayé
while being tried while having been tried
[ɑ̃.n‿e.tɑ̃.t‿e.se.je] [ɑ̃.n‿ɛ.jɑ̃.t‿e.te e.se.je]
Passive Infinitive – Negative

Present Past
173
ne pas être essayé ne pas avoir été essayé
to not be tried to not have been tried
[nə pɑ.z‿ɛ.tʁ‿e.se.je] [nə pɑ.z‿a.vwa.ʁ‿e.te e.se.je]
Passive Participle – Negative

Present Past
n’étant pas essayé n’ayant pas été essayé
not being tried not having been tried
[n‿e.tɑ̃ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] [n‿ɛ.jɑ̃ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je]
Passive Gerundive – Negative

Present Past
en n’étant pas essayé en n’ayant pas été essayé
while not being tried while not having been tried
[ɑ̃ n‿e.tɑ̃ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] [ɑ̃ n‿ɛ.jɑ̃ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je]
Chapter 11: Essayer
Passive Imperative
Present Past
sois essayé(e)! aie été essayé(e)!
2.sg be called! be called (by a stated time) or before (that) is done!
[swa e.se.je] [ɛ e.te e.se.je]
soyons essayé(e)s! let’s be ayons été essayé(e)s!
1.pl let us be called (by a stated time) or before (that) is done!
[swa.jɔ̃.z‿e.se.je] called! [ɛ.jɔ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃
soyez essayé(e)s! ayez été essayé(e)s!
2.pl be called! be called (by a stated time) or before (that) is done!
[swa.je.z‿e.se.je] [ɛ.je e.te e.se.je]
Passive Imperative - Negative

Present Past
ne sois pas essayé(e)! don’t be n’aie pas été essayé(e)! don’t be called (by a stated time) or before
2.sg
[nə swa pɑ.z‿e.se.je] called! [n‿ɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] (that) is done!
ne soyons pas essayé(e)s! let’s not be n’ayons pas été essayé(e)s! let us not be called (by a stated time) or
1.pl
[nə swa.jɔ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ called! [n‿ɛj pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] before (that) is done!
ne soyez pas essayé(e)s! don’t be n’ayez pas été essayé(e)s! don’t be called (by a stated time) or before
2.pl
[nə swa.je pɑ.z‿e.se.je] called! [n‿ɛ.je pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] (that) is done!
Passive Present
1.sg. je suis essayé(e) [ʒə sɥi.z‿e.se.je] I am tried
2.sg. tu es essayé(e) [ty ɛ e.se.je] you are tried
3.sg.masc. il est essayé [i.l‿ɛ.t‿e.se.je] he\it is tried
3.sg.fem. elle est essayée [i.l‿ɛ.t‿e.se.je] she\it is tried
3.sg.indef. on est essayé(e)(s) [ɔ.n‿ɛ.t‿e.se.je] ̃ one is tried; we are tried
1.pl. nous sommes essayé(e)s [nu sɔm.z‿e.se.je] we are tried
2.pl. vous êtes essayé(e)s [vu.z‿ɛt.z‿e.se.je] you are tried
3.pl.masc. ils sont essayés [il sɔ.t‿e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) they are tried
3.pl.fem. elles sont essayées [ɛl sɔ̃.t‿e.se.je] (fem.) they are tried
Passive Present – Negative

1.sg. je ne suis pas essayé(e) [ʒə nə sɥi pɑ.z‿e.se.je] I am not tried
2.sg. tu n’es pas essayé(e) [ty n‿ɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] you are not tried
3.sg.masc. il n’est pas essayé [il n‿ɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] he\it is not tried
3.sg.fem. elle n’est pas essayée [ɛl n‿ɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] she\it is not tried
3.sg.indef. on n’est pas essayé(e)(s) [ɔ n‿ɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ one is not tried; we are not tried
1.pl. nous ne sommes pas essayé(e)s [nu nə sɔm pɑ.z‿e.se.je] we are not tried
2.pl. vous n’êtes pas essayé(e)s [vu n‿ɛt pɑ.z‿e.se.je] you are not tried
3.pl.masc. ils ne sont pas essayés [il nə sɔ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) they are not tried
3.pl.fem. elles ne sont pas essayées [ɛl nə sɔ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ (fem.) they are not tried
Passive Present – Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je suis essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə sɥi.z‿e.se.je] am I tried?
2.sg. es-tu essayé(e)? [ɛ ty e.se.je] are you tried?
3.sg.masc. est-il essayé? [ɛ.t‿i.l‿e.se.je] is he/it tried?
3.sg.fem. est-elle essayée? [ɛ.t‿ɛ.l‿e.se.je] is she/it tried?
3.sg.indef. est-on essayé(e)(s)? [ɛ.t‿ɔ.n‿e.se.je] ̃ is one tried?; are we tried?
1.pl. sommes-nous essayés? [sɔm nu.z‿e.se.je] are we tried?
2.pl. êtes-vous essayé(e)s? [ɛt vu.z‿e.se.je] are you tried?
3.pl.masc. sont-ils essayés? [sɔ.t‿il.z‿e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) are they tried?
3.pl.fem. sont-elles essayées? [sɔ.t‿ɛl.z‿e.se.je] ̃ (fem.) are they tried?
Passive Present – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je ne suis pas essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə nə sɥi pɑ.z‿e.se.je] am I not tried?
2.sg. n’es-tu pas essayé(e)? [n‿ɛ ty pɑ.z‿e.se.je] are you not tried?
3.sg.masc. n’est-il pas essayé? [n‿ɛ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.se.je] is he/it not tried?
3.sg.fem. n’est-elle pas essayée? [n‿ɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.se.je] is she/it not tried?
3.sg.indef. n’est-on pas essayé(e)(s)? [n‿ɛ.t‿ɔ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ is one not tried?; are we not tried?
1.pl. ne sommes-nous pas essayé(e)s? [nə sɔm nu pɑ.z‿e.se.je] are we not tried?
2.pl. n’êtes-vous pas essayé(e)s? [n‿ɛt vu pɑ.z‿e.se.je] are you not tried?
3.pl.masc. ne sont-ils pas essayés? [nə sɔ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) are they not tried?
3.pl.fem. ne sont-elles pas essayées? [nə sɔ̃.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) are they not tried?
174
Passive Present Perfect (Compound Past)

1.sg. j’ai été essayé(e) [ʒ‿e e.te e.se.je] I was tried, have been tried
2.sg. tu as été essayé(e) [ty a.z‿e.te e.se.je] you were tried, have been triedk
3.sg.masc. il a été essayé [i.l‿a e.te e.se.je] he\it was tried, had been tried
3.sg.fem. elle a été essayée [ɛ.l‿a e.te e.se.je] she\it was tried, had been tried
one was tried, had been tried; we were tried, have
3.sg.indef. on a été essayé(e)(s) [ɔ.n‿a e.te e.se.je] ̃
been tried
1.pl. nous avons été essayé(e)s [nu.z‿a.vɔ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ we were tried, have been tried
2.pl. vous avez été essayé(e)s [vu.z‿a.ve.z‿e.te e.se.je] you were tried, have been tried
3.pl.masc. ils ont été essayés [il.z‿ɔ.t‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) they were tried, have been tried
3.pl.fem. elles ont été essayées [ɛl.z‿ɔ.t‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (fem.) they were tried, have been tried
Passive Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative

1.sg. je n’ai pas été essayé(e) [ʒə n‿e pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] I was not tried, have not been tried
2.sg. tu n’as pas été essayé(e) [ty n‿a pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] you were not tried, have not been triedk
3.sg.masc. il n’a pas été essayé [il n‿a pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] he\it was not tried, had notbeen tried
3.sg.fem. elle n’a pas été essayée [ɛl n‿a pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] she\it was not tried, had not been tried
one was not tried, had not been tried; we were
3.sg.indef. on n’a pas été essayé(e)(s) [ɔ n‿a pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃
not tried, have not been tried
1.pl. nous n’avons pas été essayé(e)s [nu n‿a.vɔ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ we were not tried, have not been tried
2.pl. vous n’avez pas été essayé(e)s [vu n‿a.ve pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] you were not tried, have not been tried
3.pl.masc. ils n’ont pas été essayés [il n‿ɔ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) they were not tried, have not been tried
3.pl.fem. elles n’ont pas été essayées [ɛl n‿ɔ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (fem.) they were not tried, have not been tried
175
Passive Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Interrogative
1.sg. est-ce que j’ai été essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿e e.te e.se.je] have I been tried?
2.sg. as-tu été essayé(e)(e)? [a ty e.te e.se.je] have you been tried?
3.sg.masc. a-t-il été essayé? [a.‿t‿i.l‿e.te e.se.je] has he\it been tried?
3.sg.fem. a-t-elle été essayé? [a.‿t‿ɛ.l‿e.te e.se.je] has she\it been tried?
3.sg.indef. a-t-on été essayé(e)(s)? [a.‿t‿ɔ e.te e.se.je] ̃ has one been tried?; have we been tried?
1.pl. avons-nous été essayé(e)s? [a.vɔ̃ nu.z‿e.te e.se.je] have we been tried?
2.pl. avez-vous été essayé(e)s? [a.ve vu.z‿e.te e.se.je] have you been tried?
3.pl.masc. ont-ils été essayés? [ɔ.t‿il.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) have they been tried?
3.pl.fem. ont-elles été essayées? [ɔ̃.t‿ɛl.z‿e.te e.se.je] (fem.) have they been tried?
Passive Present Perfect (Compound Past) - Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je n’ai pas été essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿e pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] have I not been tried?
2.sg. n’as-tu pas été essayé(e)? [n‿a.ty pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] have you not been tried?
3.sg.masc. n’a-t-il pas été essayé? [n‿a.‿t‿il pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] has he\it not been tried?
3.sg.fem. n’a-t-elle pas été essayée? [n‿a.‿t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] has she\it not been tried?
has one not been tried?; have we not
3.sg.indef. n’a-t-on pas été essayé(e)(s)? [n‿a.‿t‿ɔ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃
been tried?
1.pl. n’avons-nous pas été essayé(e)s? [n‿a.vɔ nu pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ have we not been tried?
2.pl. n’avez-vous pas été essayé(e)s? [n‿a.ve vu pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] have you not been tried?
3.pl.masc. n’ont-ils pas été essayés? [n‿ɔ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (masc.) have they not been tried?
3.pl.fem. n’ont-elles pas été essayées? [n‿ɔ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ (fem.) have they not been tried?
Passive Imperfect
1.sg. j’étais essayé(e) [ʒ‿e.tɛ.z‿e.se.je] I was being tried
2.sg. tu étais essayé(e) [ty e.tɛ.z‿e.se.je] you were being tried
3.sg.masc. il était essayé [i.l‿e.tɛ.t‿e.se.je] he\it was being tried
3.sg.fem. elle était essayée [ɛ.l‿e.tɛ.t‿e.se.je] she\it was being tried
3.sg.indef. on était essayé(e)(s) [ɔ̃.n‿e.tɛ.t‿e.se.je] one was being tried; we were being tried
1.pl. nous étions essayé(e)s [nu.z‿e.tjɔ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ we were being tried
2.pl. vous étiez essayé(e)s [vu.z‿e.tje.z‿e.se.je] you were being tried
3.pl.masc. ils étaient essayés [il.z‿e.tɛ.t‿e.se.je] (masc.) they were being tried
3.pl.fem. elles étaient essayées [ɛl.z‿e.tɛ.t‿e.se.je] (fem.) they were being tried
Chapter 11: Essayer
Passive Imperfect – Negative

1.sg. je n’étais pas essayé(e) [ʒə n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] I was not being tried
2.sg. tu n’étais pas essayé(e) [ty n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] you were not being tried
3.sg.masc. il n’était pas essayé [il n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] he\it was not being tried
3.sg.fem. elle n’était pas essayée [ɛl n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] she\it was not being tried
3.sg.indef. on n’était pas essayé(e)(s) [ɔ n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ one was not being tried; we were not being tried
1.pl. nous n’étions pas essayé(e)s [nu ne.tjɔ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ we were not being tried
2.pl. vous n’étiez pas essayé(e)s [vu ne.tje pɑ.z‿e.se.je] you were not being tried
3.pl.masc. ils n’étaient pas essayés [il n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (masc.) they were not being tried
3.pl.fem. elles n’étaient pas essayées [ɛl n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) they were not being tried
Passive Imperfect – Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que j’étais essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿e.tɛ e.se.je] was I being being tried?
2.sg. étais-tu essayé(e)? [e.tɛ ty e.se.je] were you being tried?
3.sg.masc. était-il essayé? [e.tɛ.t‿i.l‿e.se.je] was he\it being tried?
3.sg.fem. était-elle essayée? [e.tɛ.t‿ɛ.l‿e.se.je] was she\it being tried?
3.sg.indef. était-on essayé(e)(s)? [e.tɛ.t‿ɔ.n‿e.se.je] ̃ was one being tried?; were we being tried?
1.pl. étions-nous essayé(e)s? [e.tjɔ nu.z‿e.se.je] ̃ were we being tried?
2.pl. étiez-vous essayé(e)s? [e.tje vu.z‿e.se.je] were you being tried?
3.pl.masc. étaient-ils essayés? [e.tɛ.t‿il.z‿e.se.je] (masc.) were they being tried?
3.pl.fem. étaient-elles essayées? [e.tɛ.t‿ɛl.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) were they being tried?
Passive Imperfect – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je n’étais pas essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿e.tɛ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] was I not being being tried?
2.sg. n’étais-tu pas essayé(e)? [n‿e.tɛ ty pɑ.z‿e.se.je] were younot being tried?
3.sg.masc. n’était-il pas essayé? [n‿e.tɛ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.se.je] was he\it not being tried?
3.sg.fem. n’était-elle pas essayée? [n‿e.tɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.se.je] was she\it not being tried?
was one not being tried?; were wenot being
3.sg.indef. n’était-on pas essayé(e)(s)? [n‿e.tɛ.t‿ɔ̃ pɑ.z‿e.se.je]
tried?
1.pl. n’étions-nous pas essayé(e)s? [n‿e.tjɔ̃ nu pɑ.z‿e.se.je] were we not being tried?
2.pl. n’étiez-vous pas essayé(e)s? [n‿e.tje vu pɑ.z‿e.se.je] were you not being tried?
3.pl.masc. n’étaient-ils pas essayés? [n‿e.tɛ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (masc.) were not they being tried?
3.pl.fem. n’étaient-elles pas essayées? [n‿e.tɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) were they not being tried?
Passive Pluperfect
1.sg. j’avais été essayé(e) [ʒ‿a.vɛ.z‿e.te e.se.je] I had been tried
2.sg. tu avais été essayé(e) [ty a.vɛ.z‿e.te e.se.je] you had been tried
3.sg.masc. il avait été essayé [i.l‿a.vɛ.t‿e.te e.se.je] he\it had been tried
3.sg.fem. elle avait été essayée [ɛ.l‿a.vɛ.t‿e.te e.se.je] she\it had been tried
3.sg.indef. on avait été essayé(e)(s) [ɔ̃.n‿a.vɛ.t‿e.te e.se.je] one had been tried; we had been tried
1.pl. nous avions été essayé(e)s [nu.z‿a.vjɔ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ we had been tried
2.pl. vous aviez été essayé(e)s [vu.z‿a.vje.z‿e.te e.se.je] you had been tried
3.pl.masc. ils avaient été essayés [il.z‿a.vɛ.t‿e.te e.se.je] (masc.) they had been tried
3.pl.fem. elles avaient été essayées [ɛl.z‿a.vɛ.t‿e.te e.se.je] (fem.) they had been tried
Passive Pluperfect – Negative

1.sg. je n’avais pas été essayé(e) [ʒə n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] I had not been tried
2.sg. tu n’avais pas été essayé(e) [ty n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] you had not been tried
3.sg.masc. il n’avait pas été essayé [il n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] he\it had not been tried
3.sg.fem. elle n’avait pas été essayée [ɛl n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] she\it had not been tried
3.sg.indef. on n’avait pas été essayé(e)(s) [ɔ n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ one had not been tried; we had not been tried
1.pl. nous n’avions pas été essayé(e)s [nu n‿a.vjɔ̃ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] we had not been tried
2.pl. vous n’aviez pas été essayé(e)s [vu n‿a.vje pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] you had not been tried
3.pl.masc. ils n’avaient pas été essayés [il n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] (masc.) they had not been tried
3.pl.fem. elles n’avaient pas été essayées [ɛl n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] (fem.) they had not been tried
176
177
Passive Pluperfect – Interrogative
1.sg. est-ce que j’avais été essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒ‿a.vɛ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had I been tried?
2.sg. avais-tu été essayé(e)? [avɛ ty e.te e.se.je] had you been tried?
3.sg.masc. avait-il été essayé? [a.vɛ.t‿i.l‿e.te e.se.je] had he\it been tried?
3.sg.fem. avait-elle été essayée? [a.vɛ.t‿ɛ.l‿e.te e.se.je] had she\it been tried?
3.sg.indef. avait-on été essayé(e)(s)? [a.vɛ.t‿ɔ.n‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ had one been tried?; had we been tried?
1.pl. avions-nous été essayé(e)s? [a.vjɔ nu.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃ had we been tried?
2.pl. aviez-vous été essayé(e)s? [a.vje vu.z‿e.te e.se.je] had you been tried?
3.pl.masc. avaient-ils été essayés? [a.vɛ.t‿il.z‿e.te e.se.je] (masc.) had they been tried?
3.pl.fem. avaient-elles été essayées? [a.vɛ.t‿ɛl.z‿e.te e.se.je] (fem.) had they been tried?
Passive Pluperfect – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je n’avais pas été essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿a.vɛ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had I not been tried?
2.sg. n’avais-tu pas été essayé(e)? [n‿a.vɛ ty pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had you not been tried?
3.sg.masc. n’avait-il pas été essayé? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had he\it not been tried?
3.sg.fem. n’avait-elle pas été essayée? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had she\it not been tried?
had one not been tried?; had we not
3.sg.indef. n’avait-on pas été essayé(e)(s)? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿ɔ pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] ̃
been tried?
1.pl. n’avions-nous pas été essayé(e)s? [n‿a.vjɔ̃ nu pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had we not been tried?
2.pl. n’aviez-vous pas été essayé(e)s? [n‿a.vje vu pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] had you not been tried?
3.pl.masc. n’avaient-ils pas été essayés? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿il pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] (masc.) had they not been tried?
3.pl.fem. n’avaient-elles pas été essayées? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ.z‿e.te e.se.je] (fem.) had they not been tried?
Passive Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense}

1.sg. je fus essayé(e) [ʒə fy.z‿e.se.je] I was tried
2.sg. tu fus essayé(e) [ty fy.z‿e.se.je] you were tried
3.sg.masc. il fut essayé [il fy.t‿e.se.je] he\it was tried
3.sg.fem. elle fut essayée [ɛl fy.t‿e.se.je] she\it was tried
3.sg.indef. on fut essayé(e)(s) [ɔ fy.t‿e.se.je] ̃ one was tried; we were tried
1.pl. nous fûmes essayé(e)s [nu fym.z‿e.se.je] we were tried
2.pl. vous fûtes essayé(e)s [vu fyt.z‿e.se.je] you were tried
3.pl.masc. ils furent essayés [il fyʁ.t‿e.se.je] (masc.) they were tried
3.pl.fem. elles furent essayées [ɛl fyʁ.t‿e.se.je] (fem.) they were tried
Passive Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense} – Negative

1.sg. je ne fus pas essayé(e) [ʒə nə fy pɑ.z‿e.se.je] I was not tried
2.sg. tu ne fus pas essayé(e) [ty nə fy pɑ.z‿e.se.je] you were not tried
3.sg.masc. il ne fut pas essayé [il nə fy pɑ.z‿e.se.je] he\it was not tried
3.sg.fem. elle ne fut pas essayée [ɛl nə fy pɑ.z‿e.se.je] she\it was not tried
3.sg.indef. on ne fut pas essayé(e)(s) [ɔ nə fy pɑ.z‿e.se.je] ̃ one was not tried; we were tried
1.pl. nous ne fûmes pas essayé(e)s [nu nə fym pɑ.z‿e.se.je] we were not tried
2.pl. vous ne fûtes pas essayé(e)s [vu nə fyt pɑ.z‿e.se.je] you were not tried
3.pl.masc. ils ne furent pas essayés [il nə fyʁ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (masc.) they were not tried
3.pl.fem. elles ne furent pas essayées [ɛl nə fyʁ pɑ.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) they were not tried
Passive Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense} – Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je fus essayé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə fy.z‿e.se.je] was I tried?
2.sg. fus-tu essayé(e)? [fy ty e.se.je] were you tried?
3.sg.masc. fut-il essayé? [fy.t‿i.l‿e.se.je] was he\it tried?
3.sg.fem. fut-elle essayée? [fy.t‿ɛ.l‿e.se.je] was she\it tried?
3.sg.indef. fut-on essayé(e)(s)? [fy.t‿ɔ.n‿e.se.je] ̃ was one tried?; were we tried?

1.pl. fûmes-nous essayé(e)s? [fym nu.z‿e.se.je] were we tried?
2.pl. fûtes-vous essayé(e)s? [fyt vu.z‿e.se.je] were you tried?
3.pl.masc. furent-ils essayés? [fyʁ.t‿il.z‿e.se.je] (masc.) were they tried?
3.pl.fem. furent-elles essayées? [fyʁ.t‿ɛl.z‿e.se.je] (fem.) were they tried?
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Chapter 13
MANGER
Manger to eat
Infinitive
Present Past
manger [mɑ̃.ʒe] to eat avoir mangé [a.vwaʁ mɑ̃.ʒe] to have eaten
Participle
Present Past
mangeant [mɑ̃.ʒɑ̃] eating mangé [mɑ̃.ʒe] eaten
Gerundive
Present Past
en mangeant [ɑ̃ mɑ̃.ʒɑ̃] while eating en ayant mangé [ɑ̃.n‿ɛ.jɑ̃ mɑ̃.ʒe] while having eaten
Present Past
ne pas manger [nə pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] to not eat ne pas avoir mangé [nə pɑ a.vwaʁ mɑ̃.ʒe] to not have eaten
Present Past
ne mangeant pas [nə mɑ̃.ʒɑ̃ pɑ] not eating n’ayant pas mangé [n‿ɛ.jɑ̃ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] not having eaten
Present Past
en ne mangeant pas [ɑ̃ nə mɑ̃.ʒɑ̃ pɑ] while not eating en n’ayant pas mangé [ɑ̃ nɛ.jɑ̃ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] while not having eaten
Imperative
Present Past
have (something) eaten (by a stated time) or
2.sg mange! [mɑ̃ʒ] eat! aie mangé! [ɛ mɑ̃.ʒe]
let us have (something) eaten (by a stated
1.pl mangeons! [mɑ̃.ʒɔ]̃ let us eat! ayons mangé! [ɛ.jɔ̃ mɑ̃.ʒe]
time)or before (that) is done!
have (something) eaten (by a stated time)or
2.pl mangez! [mɑ̃.ʒe] eat! ayez mangé! [ɛ.je mɑ̃.ʒe]
Imperative – Negative
219
Present Past
2.sg ne mange pas! [nə n’aie pas mangé! [n‿ɛ don’t have (something) eaten (by a stated time) or
don’t eat!
mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] before (that) is done!
1.pl ne mangeons pas! n’ayons pas mangé! let’s not have (something) eaten (by a stated time) or
let’s not eat!
[nə mɑ̃.ʒɔ ̃ pɑ] [n‿ɛ.jɔ̃ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] before (that) is done!
2.pl ne mangez pas! n’ayez pas mangé! don’t have (something) eaten (by a stated time) or
don’t eat!
[nə mɑ̃.ʒe pɑ] [n‿ɛ.je pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] before (that) is done!
Chapter 13: Manger
Present
1.sg. je mange [ʒə mɑ̃ʒ] I eat, do eat, am eating
2.sg. tu manges [ty mɑ̃ʒ] you eat, do eat, are eating
3.sg.masc. il mange [il mɑ̃ʒ] he\it eats, does eat, is eating
3.sg.fem. elle mange [ɛl mɑ̃ʒ] she\it eats, does eat, is eating
3.sg.indef. on mange [ɔ̃ mɑ̃ʒ] one eats, does eat, is eating; we eat, do eat, are eating
1.pl. nous mangeons [nu mɑ̃.ʒɔ]̃ we eat, do eat, are eating
2.pl. vous mangez [vu mɑ̃.ʒe] you eat, do eat, are eating
3.pl.masc. ils mangent [il mɑ̃ʒ] (masc.) they eat, do eat, are eating
3.pl.fem. elles mangent [ɛl mɑ̃ʒ] (fem.) they eat, do eat, are eating
1.sg. je ne mange pas [ʒə nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] I don’t eat, I’m not eating
2.sg. tu ne manges pas [ty nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] you don’t eat, you aren’t eating
3.sg.masc. il ne mange pas [il nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] he\it doesn’t eat, he\it isn’t eating
3.sg.fem. elle ne mange pas [ɛl nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] she\it doesn’t eat, she\it isn’t eating
3.sg.indef. on ne mange pas [ɔn nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] one doesn’t eat, one isn’t eating; we don’t eat, we aren’t eating
1.pl. nous ne mangeons pas [nu nə mɑ̃.ʒɔ ̃ pɑ] we don’t eat, we aren’t eating
2.pl. vous ne mangez pas [vu nə mɑ̃.ʒe pa] you don’t eat, you aren’t eating
3.pl.masc. ils ne mangent pas [il nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] (masc.) they don’t eat, they aren’t eating
3.pl.fem. elles ne mangent pas [ɛl nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] (fem.) they don’t eat, they aren’t eating
1.sg. est-ce que je mange? [ɛs.kə ʒə mɑ̃ʒ] do I eat? am I eating?
2.sg. manges-tu? [mɑ̃ʒ ty] do you eat? are you eating?
3.sg.masc. mange-t-il? [mɑ̃ʒ.‿t‿il] does he\it eat? is he\it eating?
3.sg.fem. mange-t-elle? [mɑ̃ʒ.‿t‿ɛl] does she\it eat? is she\it eating?
3.sg.indef. mange-t-on? [mɑ̃ʒ.‿t‿ɔ]̃ does one eat? is one eating?; do we eat? are we eating?
1.pl. mangeons-nous? [mɑ̃.ʒɔ ̃ nu] do we eat? are we eating?
2.pl. mangez-vous? [mɑ̃.ʒe vu] do you eat? are you eating?
3.pl.masc. mangent-ils? [mɑ̃ʒ.t‿il] (masc.) do they eat? are they eating?
3.pl.fem. mangent-elles? [mɑ̃ʒ.t‿ɛl] (fem.) do they eat? are they eating?

1.sg. est-ce que je ne mange pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə nə mɑ̃ʒ pɑ] do I not eat? am I not eating?
2.sg. ne manges-tu pas? [nə mɑ̃ʒ ty pɑ] do you not eat? are you not eating?
3.sg.masc. ne mange-t-il pas? [nə mɑ̃ʒ.‿t‿il pɑ] does he\it not eat? is he\it not eating?
3.sg.fem. ne mange-t-elle pas? [nə mɑ̃ʒ.‿t‿ɛl pɑ] does she\it not eat? is she\it not eating?
does one not eat? is one not eating?; do we not eat? are we
3.sg.indef. ne mange-t-on pas? [nə mɑ̃ʒ.‿t‿ɔ pɑ] ̃
not eating?
1.pl. ne mangeons-nous pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɔ ̃ nu pɑ] do we not eat? are we not eating?
2.pl. ne mangez-vous pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒe vu pɑ] do you not eat? are you not eating?
3.pl.masc. ne mangent-ils pas? [nə mɑ̃ʒ.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) do they not eat? are they not eating?
3.pl.fem. ne mangent-elles pas? [nə mɑ̃ʒ.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) do they not eat? are they not eating?

1.sg. j’ai mangé [ʒ‿e mɑ̃.ʒe] I have eaten, did eat
2.sg. tu as mangé [ty a mɑ̃.ʒe] you have eaten, did eat
3.sg.masc. il a mangé [i.l‿a mɑ̃.ʒe] he\it has eaten, did eat
3.sg.fem. elle a mangé [ɛ.l‿a mɑ̃.ʒe] she\it has eaten, did eat
3.sg.indef. on a mangé [ɔ̃.n‿a mɑ̃.ʒe] one has eaten, did eat; we have eaten, did eat
1.pl. nous avons mangé [nu.z‿a.vɔ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] we have eaten, did eat
2.pl. vous avez mangé [vu.z‿a.ve mɑ̃.ʒe] you have eaten, did eat
3.pl.masc. ils ont mangé [il.z‿ɔ̃ mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) they have eaten, did eat
3.pl.fem. elles ont mangé [ɛl.z‿ɔ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) they have eaten, did eat
220

1.sg. je n’ai pas mangé [ʒə n‿e pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] I have not eaten, did not eat
2.sg. tu n’as pas mangé [ty n‿a pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] you have not eaten, did not eat
3.sg.masc. il n’a pas mangé [il n‿a pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] he\it has not eaten, did not eat
3.sg.fem. elle n’a pas mangé [ɛl n‿a pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] she\it has not eaten, did not eat
3.sg.indef. on n’a pas mangé [ɔ n‿a p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] one has not eaten, did not eat; we have not eaten, did not eat
1.pl. nous n’avons pas mangé [nu n‿a.vɔ̃ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] we have not eaten, did not eat
2.pl. vous n’avez pas mangé [vu n‿a.ve pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] you have not eaten, did not eat
3.pl.masc. ils n’ont pas mangé [il n‿ɔ p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) they have not eaten, did not eat
3.pl.fem. elles n’ont pas mangé [ɛl n‿ɔ p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) they have not eaten, did not eat

1.sg. est-ce que j’ai mangé? [ɛs.kə ʒe mɑ̃.ʒe] have I eaten?
2.sg. as-tu mangé? [a ty mɑ̃.ʒe] have you eaten?
3.sg.masc. a-t-il mangé? [a.‿t‿il mɑ̃.ʒe] has he\it eaten?
3.sg.fem. a-t-elle mangé? [a.‿t‿ɛl mɑ̃.ʒe] has she\it eaten?
3.sg.indef. a-t-on mangé? [a.‿t‿ɔ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] has one eaten?; have we eaten?
1.pl. [a.vons-nous mangé? [a.vɔ nu m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] have we eaten?
2.pl. avez-vous mangé? [a.ve vu mɑ̃.ʒe] have you eaten?
3.pl.masc. ont-ils mangé? [ɔ̃.t‿il mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) have they eaten?
3.pl.fem. ont-elles mangé? [ɔ.t‿ɛl m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) have they eaten?

1.sg. est-ce que je n’ai pas mangé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿e pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] have I not eaten?
221
2.sg. n’as-tu pas mangé? [n‿a ty pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] have you not eaten?
3.sg.masc. n’a-t-il pas mangé? [n‿a.‿t‿il pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] has he\it not eaten?
3.sg.fem. n’a-t-elle pas mangé? [n‿a.‿t‿ɛl pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] has she\it not eaten?
3.sg.indef. n’a-t-on pas mangé? [n‿a.‿t‿ɔ p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] has one not eaten?; have we not eaten?
1.pl. n’avons-nous pas mangé? [n‿a.vɔ nu p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] have we not eaten?
2.pl. n’avez-vous pas mangé? [n‿a.ve vu pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] have you not eaten?
3.pl.masc. n’ont-ils pas mangé? [nɔ.t‿il p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) have they not eaten?
3.pl.fem. n’ont-elles pas mangé? [nɔ.t‿ɛl p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) have they not eaten?
Imperfect
1.sg. je mangeais [ʒə mɑ̃.ʒɛ] I used to eat, was eating
2.sg. tu mangeais [ty mɑ̃.ʒɛ] you used to eat, were eating
3.sg.masc. il mangeait [il mɑ̃.ʒɛ] he\it used to eat, was eating
3.sg.fem. elle mangeait [ɛl mɑ̃.ʒɛ] she\it used to eat, was eating
3.sg.indef. on mangeait [ɔ̃ mɑ̃.ʒɛ] one used to eat, was eating; we used to eat, were eating
1.pl. nous mangions [nu mɑ̃.ʒjɔ]̃ we used to eat, were eating
2.pl. vous mangiez [vu mɑ̃.ʒje] you used to eat, were eating
3.pl.masc. ils mangeaient [il mɑ̃.ʒɛ] (masc.) they used to eat, were eating
3.pl.fem. elles mangeaient [ɛl mɑ̃.ʒɛ] (fem.) they used to eat, were eating
Imperfect – Negative
1.sg. je ne mangeais pas [ʒə nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] I wasn’t eating
2.sg. tu ne mangeais pas [ty nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] you weren’t eating
3.sg.masc. il ne mangeait pas [il nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] he\it wasn’t eating
3.sg.fem. elle ne mangeait pas [ɛl nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] she\it wasn’t eating
3.sg.indef. on ne mangeait pas [ɔ nə m̃ ɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] one wasn’t eating; we weren’t eating
1.pl. nous ne mangions pas [nu nə mɑ̃.ʒjɔ ̃ pɑ] we weren’t eating
2.pl. vous ne mangiez pas [vu nə mɑ̃.ʒje pɑ] you weren’t eating
3.pl.masc. ils ne mangeaient pas [il nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] (masc.) they weren’t eating
3.pl.fem. elles ne mangeaient pas [ɛl nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] (fem.) they weren’t eating
Chapter 13: Manger
Imperfect – Interrogative
1.sg. est-ce que je mangeais? [ɛs.kə ʒə mɑ̃.ʒɛ] was I eating?
2.sg. mangeais-tu? [mɑ̃.ʒɛ ty] were you eating?
3.sg.masc. mangeait-il? [mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿il] was he\it eating?
3.sg.fem. mangeait-elle? [mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿ɛl] was she\it eating?
3.sg.indef. mangeait-on? [mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿ɔ̃] was one eating?; were we eating?
1.pl. mangions-nous? [mɑ̃.ʒjɔ ̃ nu] were we eating?
2.pl. mangiez-vous? [mɑ̃.ʒje vu] were you eating?
3.pl.masc. mangeaient-ils? [mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿il] (masc.) were they eating?
3.pl.fem. mangeaient-elles? [mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿ɛl] (fem.) were they eating?
Imperfect – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je ne mangeais pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ pɑ] did I not eat? was I not eating?
2.sg. ne mangeais-tu pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ ty pɑ] did you not eat? were you not eating?
3.sg.masc. ne mangeait-il pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿il pɑ] did he\it not eat? was he\it not eating?
3.sg.fem. ne mangeait-elle pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ] did she\it not eat? was she\it not eating?
3.sg.indef. ne mangeait-on pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿ɔ pɑ] ̃ did one not eat? was one not eating?; did we not eat?
were we not eating?
1.pl. ne mangions-nous pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒjɔ ̃ nu pɑ] did we not eat? were we not eating?
2.pl. ne mangiez-vous pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒje vu pɑ] did you not eat? were you not eating?
3.pl.masc. ne mangeaient-ils pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) did they not eat? were they not eating?
3.pl.fem. ne mangeaient-elles pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) did they not eat? were they not eating?
Pluperfect
1.sg. j’avais mangé) [ʒ‿a.vɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] I had eaten
2.sg. tu avais mangé [ty a.vɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] you had eaten
3.sg.masc. il avait mangé [i.l‿a.vɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] he\it had eaten
3.sg.fem. elle avait mangé [ɛ.l‿a.vɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] she\it had eaten
3.sg.indef. on avait mangé [ɔ.n‿a.vɛ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] one had eaten; we had eaten
1.pl. nous avions mangé [nu.z‿a.vjɔ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] we had eaten
2.pl. vous aviez mangé [vu.z‿a.vje mɑ̃.ʒe] you had eaten
3.pl.masc. ils avaient mangé [il.z‿a.vɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) they had eaten
3.pl.fem. elles avaient mangé [ɛl.z‿a.vɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) they had eaten
Pluperfect – Negative
1.sg. je n’avais pas mangé [ʒə n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] I had not eaten
2.sg. tu n’avais pas mangé [ty n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] you had not eaten
3.sg.masc. il n’avait pas mangé [il n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] he\it had not eaten
3.sg.fem. elle n’avait pas mangé [ɛl n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] she\it had not eaten
3.sg.indef. on n’avait pas mangé [ɔ n‿a.vɛ p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] one had not eaten; we had not eaten
1.pl. nous n’avions pas mangé [nu n‿a.vjɔ̃ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] we had not eaten
2.pl. vous n’aviez pas mangé [vu n‿a.vje pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] you had not eaten
3.pl.masc. ils n’avaient pas mangé [il n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) they had not eaten
3.pl.fem. elles n’avaient pas mangé [ɛl n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) they had not eaten
Pluperfect – Interrogative
1.sg. est-ce que j’avais mangé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒavɛ mɑ̃.ʒe] had I eaten?
2.sg. avais-tu mangé? [a.vɛ ty mɑ̃.ʒe] had you eaten?
3.sg.masc. avait-il mangé? [a.vɛ.t‿il mɑ̃.ʒe] had he\it eaten?
3.sg.fem. avait-elle mangé? [a.vɛ.t‿ɛl mɑ̃.ʒe] had she\it eaten?
3.sg.indef. avait-on mangé? [a.vɛ.t‿ɔ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] had one eaten?; had we eaten?
1.pl. avions-nous mangé? [a.vjɔ nu m̃ ɑ̃.ʒe] had we eaten?
2.pl. aviez-vous mangé? [a.vje vu mɑ̃.ʒe] had you eaten?
3.pl.masc. avaient-ils mangé? [a.vɛ.t‿il mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) had they eaten?
3.pl.fem. avaient-elles mangé? [a.vɛ.t‿ɛl mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) had they eaten?
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Pluperfect – Negative Interrogative

223
1.sg. est-ce que je n’avais pas mangé(e)? [ɛs.kə ʒə n‿a.vɛ pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had I not eaten?
2.sg. n’avais-tu pas mangé? [n‿a.vɛ ty pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had you not eaten?
3.sg.masc. n’avait-il pas mangé? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿il pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had he\it not eaten?
3.sg.fem. n’avait-elle pas mangé? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had she\it not eaten?
3.sg.indef. n’avait-on pas mangé? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿ɔ p̃ ɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had one not eaten?; had we not eaten?
1.pl. n’avions-nous pas mangé? [n‿a.vjɔ̃ nu pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had we not eaten?
2.pl. n’aviez-vous pas mangé? [n‿a.vje vu pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] had you not eaten?
3.pl.masc. n’avaient-ils pas mangé? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿il pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (masc.) had they not eaten?
3.pl.fem. n’avaient-elles pas mangé? [n‿a.vɛ.t‿ɛl pɑ mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) had they not eaten?
Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense}

1.sg. je mangeai [ʒə mɑ̃.ʒe] I ate, have eaten, did eat
2.sg. tu mangeas [ty mɑ̃.ʒa] you ate, have eaten, did eat
3.sg.masc. il mangea [il mɑ̃.ʒa] he\it ate, has eaten, did eat
3.sg.fem. elle mangea [ɛl mɑ̃.ʒa] she\it ate, has eaten, did eat
3.sg.indef. on mangea [ɔ m̃ ɑ̃.ʒa] one ate, has eaten, did eat; we ate, have eaten, did eat
1.pl. nous mangeâmes [nu mɑ̃.ʒam] we ate, have eaten, did eat
2.pl. vous mangeâtes [vu mɑ̃.ʒat] you ate, have eaten, did eat
3.pl.masc. ils mangèrent [ɛl mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ] (masc.) they ate, have eaten, did eat
3.pl.fem. je mangeai [ʒə mɑ̃.ʒe] (fem.) they ate, have eaten, did eat
Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense} – Negative

1.sg. je ne mangeai pas [ʒə nə mɑ̃.ʒe pɑ] I wasn’t eating
2.sg. tu ne mangeas pas [ty nə mɑ̃.ʒa pɑ you weren’t eating
3.sg.masc. il ne mangea pas [il nə mɑ̃.ʒa pɑ] he\it wasn’t eating
3.sg.fem. elle ne mangea pas [ɛl nə mɑ̃.ʒa pɑ] she\it wasn’t eating
3.sg.indef. on ne mangea pas [ɔ nə m̃ ɑ̃.ʒa pɑ] one wasn’t eating; we weren’t eating
1.pl. nous ne mangeâmes pas [nu nə mɑ̃.ʒam pɑ] we weren’t eating
2.pl. vous ne mangeâtes pas [vu nə mɑ̃.ʒat pɑ] you weren’t eating
3.pl.masc. ils ne mangèrent pas [il nə mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ pɑ] (masc.) they weren’t eating
3.pl.fem. elles ne mangèrent pas [ɛl nə mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ pɑ] (fem.) they weren’t eating
Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense} – Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je mangeai? [ɛs.kə ʒə mɑ̃.ʒe] did I eat?
2.sg. mangeas-tu? [mɑ̃.ʒa ty] did you eat?
3.sg.masc. mangea-t-il? mɑ̃.ʒa.‿t‿il] did he\it eat?
3.sg.fem. mangea-t-elle? mɑ̃.ʒa.‿t‿ɛl] did she\it eat?
3.sg.indef. mangea-t-on? [mɑ̃.ʒa.‿t‿ɔ]̃ did one eat?; did we eat?
1.pl. mangeâmes-nous? [mɑ̃.ʒam nu] did we eat?
2.pl. mangeâtes-vous? [mɑ̃.ʒat vu] did you eat?
3.pl.masc. mangèrent-ils? [mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ.t‿il? (masc.) did they eat?
3.pl.fem. mangèrent-elles? [mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ.t‿ɛl] (fem.) did they eat?
Past Definite (Simple Past) {a literary tense} – Negative Interrogative

1.sg. est-ce que je ne mangeai pas? [ɛs.kə ʒə nə mɑ̃.ʒe pɑ] did I not eat?
2.sg. ne mangeas-tu pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒa ty pɑ] did you not eat?
3.sg.masc. ne mangea-t-il pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒa.‿t‿il pɑ] did he\it not eat?
3.sg.fem. ne mangea-t-elle pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒa.‿t‿ɛl pɑ] did she\it not eat?
3.sg.indef. ne mangea-t-on pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒa.‿t‿ɔ̃ pɑ] did one not eat?; did we not eat?
1.pl. ne mangeâmes-nous pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒam nu pɑ] did we not eat?
2.pl. ne mangeâtes-vous pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒat vu pɑ] did you not eat?
3.pl.masc. ne mangèrent-ils pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ.t‿il pɑ] (masc.) did they not eat?
3.pl.fem. ne mangèrent-elles pas? [nə mɑ̃.ʒɛʁ.t‿ɛl pɑ] (fem.) did they not eat?
By now, I’m hoping that you, the reader, will be familiar enough with the manipulation of your own speech organs
that you can look at the diagram for /ʁ/, and put your tongue in the correct position to pronounce this consonant. That’s why
I’ve saved this particular consonant for last; by now, you’re much more experienced at this. Of course, it might help if you
also compare your efforts with a website that has clickable audio links attached to an IPA chart.
And now, there are two speech sounds that are present in both English and French, but which have ‘exotic’ looking
IPA symbols. This section is basically for familiarization purposes, as these are sounds you’ll already know how to produce.
The first of these will be the ‘zh’ sound, which is spelled using the letter ‘s’ in the word ‘measure.’ The symbol for
this sound is /ʒ/. This is a voiced vowel, and its unvoiced partner has the ‘sh’ sound in the word ‘ship,’ and has as its symbol
/ʃ/.
Phonological Liaison in French, and Enchaînement
The liaison in French occurs when a word that normally ends in a mute or silent consonant, has that consonant
pronounced, in certain circumstances, when it’s followed by a word that begins with either a vowel, or a ‘silent h’ (h muet).
An example of a word that begins with a ‘silent h’ is ‘homme’ [ɔm], meaning ‘man.’
For example, the French indefinite article meaning ‘a, an,’ as applied to masculine nouns, is ‘un,’ pronounced [œ̃ ].
Here, you see the phenomenon described earlier, where a consonant ending in ‘n’ or ‘m’ mutes that consonant, and nasalizes
the preceding vowel. But, when ‘un’ is followed by a word that begins with a vowel, then the ‘n’ here is once again
pronounced. For example, when it’s followed by the word ‘ami,’ [a.mi], meaning ‘friend,’ the ‘n’ is pronounced once more:
[œ̃ .n‿a.mi].
In the transcription shown above, you’ll see how such liaisons will be indicated in the remainder of this book. When
a formerly mute consonant is now pronounced, it will follow its preceding vowel, but will be separated from it by a period.
This is also to show the division into syllables, but in this case, it also aids in highlighting the liaison phenomenon. The
liaison of this consonant into the next vowel will be shown by the ‿ symbol.
English has a few of these types of liaisons. For example, the words ‘a,’ and ‘an,’ both called the indefinite article,
are historically connected to the word ‘one.’ When you use this with a noun, you’re talking about a singular instance or
occurrence of that noun, or ‘one’ of them. When this article is used before a word that begins with a consonant, it takes the
form ‘a.’ But, when the word that follows begins with a vowel, it takes the form ‘an.’
As a note of interest, the noun ‘newt,’ meaning the small, lizard-like creature, originally didn’t begin with an ‘n.’
But, the word acquired the ‘n’ by the following process: an ewt → a newt.
Here’s a rough guide to the pronunciation of the word-final consonants that undergo the liaison. Final –d and –t
becomes .t‿; final –s, -z, and –x becomes .z‿; final –f becomes .v ‿; final –n remains n. ‿; final –g remains g. ‿; final –l
remains l.‿; final –p remains .p‿; and final –r remains ʁ. ‿. Note that in this last case, though, in the case of a final –er, the
speech sound /e/ originally present is often changed to that of /ɛ/. As examples for this short list, in ‘rend-il?,’ ‘does he
yield?,’ the normally silent final ‘d’ of ‘rend’ turns into a /t/ with liaison: ‘rend’ [ ʁɑ̃ ] plus ‘il’ [il] yields [ʁɑ̃.t‿il]. In ‘ils
emploient,’ ‘they employ,’ the final /s/ in ‘ils’ [il], normally not pronounced, turns into a /z/: ‘ils’ [il] plus emploient [ ɑ̃.plwa]
yields [il.z‿ɑ̃.plwa].
Enchaînement, on the other hand, operates a little differently than does liaison, but has a similar effect. The word
itself suggests that syllables are ‘chained together,’ and unlike the liaison, the first word doesn’t have to end, in its written
form, with an actual consonant. In enchaînement, the word itself just has to phonetically end in the sound of a consonant. In
linguistic texts, this phenomenon is sometimes called ‘concatenation.’
For example, the word ‘elle,’ meaning ‘she,’ ends in an ‘e,’ which is definitely not a consonant at all. But if you look
225
at the word’s IPA transcription, you’ll see that phonetically at least, it does end in a consonant, the consonant /l/: ‘elle’ [ɛl].
The word ‘est,’ in one context, means ‘is.’ It’s the third person singular form of the verb ‘to be,’ and is used with the
pronouns ‘il’ and ‘elle’ to form ‘he is’ and ‘she is.’ As a stand-alone word, it’s pronounced [e]. In the phrase ‘elle est,’ ‘she
is,’ the syllables are re-arranged, so that now the final /l/ sound of ‘elle’ begins a new syllable, one that has attached itself to
the follow-on, one-syllable sound of the word ‘est.’ This is the process: [ɛl] + [e] → [ɛ.l ‿e]. In this way, in spoken French, the
individual sounds of certain words sometimes annex themselves to a following syllable, resulting in new syllables which
contain both elements. This is why enchaînement is sometimes called ‘resyllabification.’ This occurs partly because in
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Appendix 1: A Brief Introduction to French Speech Sounds
French, ‘open syllables,’ that is, syllables that end in a vowel, are to be favored over ‘closed syllables,’ or syllables that end in a
consonant.
Here’s an example of both enchaînement and liaison. Take the two phrases below:
(1) sens ideal ‘ideal sense’
(2) sans ideal ‘without ideal’
The word sens, shown here as a stand-alone word (that is, in its ‘citation form’) means ‘sense, meaning’ and is
pronounced [sɑ̃s]. Notice that in this case, the final /s/ is not a ‘silent’ or ‘mute’ consonant. On the other hand, note that in the
word sans, meaning ‘without’ and pronounced [sɑ̃], that the final ‘s’ is silent. Here’s the phonetic transcription of both
phrases:
(1) sens ideal [sɑ̃.s‿i.dil]
(2) sans ideal [sɑ̃.z‿i.dil]
In the case of sens ideal, the final /s/ is joined to the first syllable of the following word, but the /s/ didn’t become its
voiced counterpart /z/. That’s because this doesn’t happen in enchaînement, which is essentially just a re-ordering of how the
syllables are structured. But in the second example, the ‘silent s,’ once ‘activated’ by the process of liaison has become a /z/,
which is usual in this situation. It’s not just a restructuring of the syllables, it’s also the addition of a speech sound not present
in the pronunciation of the ‘stand-alone’ word.
Both enchaînement and liaison sometimes make it hard for non-native speakers of French to determine the
boundaries of words when they’re listening to the spoken language. For the most part, English doesn’t exhibit enchaînement.
In spoken English each syllable of a separate word is spoken distinctly, and in most cases you’ll be able to tell the difference
between the noun phrases ‘a nice statue’ and ‘an ice statue.’
Whether liaison takes place or not, is due sometimes to the intended register in which the speech act will occur.
‘Register’ can be defined as the social context in which a person is speaking. For instance, in English, a person may want to
make sure that his or her speech is as grammatically and phonetically correct as is possible, if that person were participating
in, let’s say, a job interview for a top executive position. Words that end in ‘-ing’ would be fully pronounced, such as saying
‘stopping by,’ as opposed to ‘stoppin’ by,’ using the word ‘father’ in place of ‘dad,’ or using ‘for example’ instead of ‘like,’
This would be in a ‘high’ register. In a less formal, or ‘lower’ register, like when yer jus’ talkin’ to yer dad, you would
probably be much less grammatically precise.
As an example of register in French, and how it may affect liaison, we’ll use n’était-il pas appelé? which means ‘was he
not called?’ and is an example of a verb conjugated in the negative-interrogative form.
In very formal pronunciation, all possible rules of liaison are followed: [n ‿e.tɛ.t ‿il pɑ.z ‿a.pə.le]. This is the form
that will be used throughout this book. Note in the following that the schwa as used in [a.pə.le] isn’t always pronounced. To
show this feature as being an optional choice, it can be transcribed as [a.p(ə.)le]. And this is, actually, the transcription used
throughout the French Wictionary, or Wiktionnaire, conjugation web page for this verb. But in informal speech, in a verb
form that is multi-syllabic, a schwa in the syllable preceding the final (and thus stressed) syllable may be dropped, turning the
resulting form into a word with one less syllable. [a.p(ə.)le] → [a.ple].
A more informal version may drop liaison after ‘pas,’ yielding [n‿e.tɛ.t‿il pɑ a.pə.le]. And an even more informal
version of n’était-il pas appelé will drop the schwa, as mentioned earlier, as well: [n ‿e.tɛ.t ‿il pɑ a.ple].
There are three kinds of liaisons: compulsory liaisons, optional liaisons, and ‘prohibited’ liaisons.
Compulsory liaisons are those that occur between (at least) two words, the first one ending in a mute consonant, and
the second beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h.’ Here are the occasions when the liaison must occur: • Between an article
(definite, ‘the,’ or indefinite, ‘a, an’) and a noun
─ les amis [le.z‿a.mi] ‘the friends’
─ un an [œ̃ .n‿ɑ̃] ‘a year’
• Between an article and an adjective
─ les anciens combattants [le.z‿ɑ̃.sjɛ ̃ kɔ̃.ba.tɑ̃] ‘the old fighters’
• Between an adjective and a noun
─ petit ami [pə.ti.t‿a.mi] ‘boyfriend’
─ en mauvais état [ɑ̃ mɔ.vɛ.z‿e.ta] ‘in poor condition’
• Between a pronoun and a verb
─ ils essayèrent [il.z‿e.se.jɛʁ] ‘they tried’]
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Appendix 1: A Brief Introduction to French Speech Sounds
As another example, the sentence “Marcus is giving me (his) father’s book” is shown below in Classical Latin,
reconstructed Vulgar Latin, and in modern French:
Latin Marcus mihi librum patris dat
V. Latin *Marco mi da libru de patre.
French Marco me donne le livre de père
In the above, you can see where Vulgar Latin strayed-away from the genitive (possessive) case, and instead relied
on the preposition de, meaning ‘of,’ to take its place. So, patris ‘of the father’ became de patre, with the same meaning. The
verb form dat, meaning ‘he gave,’ became da, and moved from being the last place in the sentence, as was common for verbs
in Classical Latin, to being placed just before the word libru, ‘book.’ The noun librum in the Classical Latin example was a
noun in the accusative case, the case marking the direct object of the verb. Since Vulgar Latin lost this and other case
markers, this movement of the verb to just before libru helped point this relationship out.
Sometimes, in the creation of words from roots or particles being joined together to give rise to new words (such as
that of com– and –initio mentioned above), in Vulgar Latin prepositions were sometimes joined to other prepositions, to
produce a preposition with an even more precise meaning. For example, French avant, ‘before (in time, or in space), in front
of’ is the descendent of Vulgar Latin abante, created by merging ab–, meaning ‘of, or from’ with –ante, meaning ‘before,’
producing a new preposition with the more exact (original) meaning ‘from in front of.’
There were different varieties of ‘Vulgar Latin,’ depending on the part of the empire in which it was spoken. The
original, pre-Roman inhabitants of France were the Gauls, who spoke a Celtic language. Once Roman rule became the
established government, over time, more of the inhabitants began to speak Latin. Later, the Franks and other Germanic tribes
made their way into the area. And as this form of Vulgar Latin evolved by incorporating changes peculiar to the speech habits
of Gaul, of the native Gauls and of the Germanic peoples present, this became Gallo-Romance.
In socio-linguistics, there is the concept of ‘prestige’ in language. Within societies there are certain languages or
dialects of languages that become associated with a higher socio-economic class, and they are therefore seen as being more
prestigious. In France, sometime after Roman rule had become the norm, and native Gauls had begun to be employed in
government administration, Latin was increasingly adopted by the natives as a way to increase their status. It took about two
centuries for the transition from Gaulish, and into what evolved from the local dialect of Vulgar Latin into Gallo-Romance, to
occur.
The spoken form of Latin, as used by the Gauls in what is now northern France, was influenced not only by the
original inhabitant’s native Gaulish, but also by the language spoken by an influx of Germanic peoples, including some
Vikings and Saxons, but chiefly the Franks, from whose name ‘France’ itself is derived. This developed into a continuum of
similar dialects often called the ‘langues d’oïl,’ as opposed to the dialect continuum spoken south of that, called the ‘langues
d’oc.’ These designations are based on the word for ‘yes’ perceived to be the norm for both groups, oïl and oc. The
boundaries of the former roughly correspond to the limits of the Frankish settlements.
The descendants of some originally Gaulish words survive in modern French, most of them relating to either daily
life or agriculture. Among them are aller ‘to go,’ from Gaulish *allu; ardoise ‘slate,’ from artuas ‘stelae, stone plates,’ plural
of *artuā, ‘stone, pebble’; belette, ‘weasel,’ from bela; boue, ‘mud,’ from *bowā; chemin, ‘road,’ from camani, plural of
camanom ‘step’; drèche ‘brewing dregs,’ from drasca; maint ‘many, much,’ from manti; mouton ‘sheep,’ from *molton,
‘castrated buck goat or ram’; sillon, ‘furrow,’ from *selia, ‘dirt mound’; truand, ‘beggar, crook’ from trugant, itself derived
from trugos, ‘wretch’; virer, ‘to veer, swerve,’ from *viru, ‘to deviate, veer off,’ itself derived from viros, ‘round, crooked.’
It should be noted here that the Romans, before they had conquered the part of Europe that contained Gaul, had
borrowed into Latin certain Celtic words pertaining to wheeled vehicles. They changed the forms of these words so that they
would behave as a word in Latin would, such as by affixing them with typically Latin case endings, but then some of these
were borrowed back into Gallo-Romance. For example, the word carrus, meaning a type of wagon or four-wheeled cart, is
thought to be derived from Gaulish *karro. In Old French this bacame char, also meaning ‘cart’ or ‘wagon,’ and the word
remains in this form in Modern French. It has also picked-up the added meaning ‘car’: or, at least, I’ve heard this word used
in that way in my youth in Louisiana, where I was acquainted with some speakers of Cajun French.
Some descendants of the Germanic language, Frankish, that have survived to the present day are: abouter, ‘to join
the ends of something together,’ a word created during the Old French era by combing the preposition à to the word boter,
this last ultimately derived from Frankish *but, ‘end,’ a cognate to modern English ‘butt’; canif, ‘penknife,’ from *knīf;
coiffe, ‘headdress, cap,’ from *kufja, *kuffja; crier, ‘to cry out, shout,’ from *krītan, ‘to proclaim, cry out’; hargne,
386
‘aggressiveness,’ from *harmjan ‘to insult, harm’; meurtre, ‘murder,’ from *murþar (the letter of the alphabet ‘þ,’ used
sometimes in the transcription of Germanic languages, represents the sound of the ‘th’ in ‘thin’); parc, ‘park,’ from *parruk,
‘enclosure’; revêche, ‘surly, crabby,’ from *hreubisck, ‘hard, rough’; soin, ‘care, attention,’ from *sunnia, ‘concern’; and
verbiage, ‘verbiage,’ from *werbilôn, ‘to warble.’
Written language is not the same as spoken language, though many people (especially those not familiar with the
subject of linguistics) unconsciously assume an almost one-to-one correspondence between the two. But often, some of the
written words of a language have become ‘fossilized’ remnants of a previous phonetic form. For example, in English the
word ‘blood’ was once pronounced [blu:d], and roughly rhymed with our modern pronunciation of ‘food.’ The spelling
remained, while the pronunciation changed. If the word were spelled today using the conventional English system of
transcription, it would be something like ‘blud.’
The presence of the ‘mute’ consonants at the end of a word in French are another example of this. The written form
retained something like the original pronunciation, which was ‘set in stone’ at the time of its recording. But, even though as a
stand-alone word the final consonant came to no longer be pronounced, in other situations it continued to be sometimes
pronounced, such as during liaison with a following vowel. So, in this way, an aspect of the previous pronunciation was
preserved both in writing and during some speech circumstances. In effect, the liaison of a final consonant to a following
vowel is the ‘remembrance’ of a previous pronunciation, passed down from generation to generation, and taught while
learning the language as a child.
In French, as you’ve probably noticed by now, there are two kinds of written ‘h,’ the ‘mute’ variety, and the
‘aspirated’ kind. Basically, even though words that possess the ‘aspirate h’ phonetically begin with a vowel sound, for the
purpose of determining liaison, they’re treated as if they begin with a consonant.
The presence in French of both a ‘mute h’ and an ‘aspirate h’ is due to the fact that the ‘h’ was pronounced when it
was in a loanword from another language, such as Gaulish or Frankish, but was lost when it was from a Latin word. For
example, the word haricot, meaning ‘lima or kidney bean,’ and also ‘a stew of lamb and vegetables,’ is derived from the Old
French verb harigoter, meaning ‘to shred, slice up, slice into pieces,’ which you can probably see as applying very well to the
stew-making process. This verb itself is a descendant of Frankish *hariōn, meaning ‘to ruin, lay waste, ravage, plunder,
destroy.’ A little dramatic, I’d say, but who knows what went on in a Frankish kitchen, especially when both a passionate
cook and knives were in close proximity? In contrast, the word heure, meaning ‘hour’ and possessing a ‘mute h,’ is derived
from the Latin hōra.
In his book The Latin Language: A Historical Outline of its Sounds, Inflections, and Syntax, published in 1907, the
author Charles E. Bennett has this to say about the pronunciation of the ‘h’ sound in Latin:
“The same uncertainty manifested itself in the employment of initial h, as is noticeable among the lower classes in
England. As a result of this uncertainty, words etymologically entitled to initial h frequently dropped it in the speech of the
less cultivated, while other words acquired an h to which they were not historically entitled. Thus harēna, haruspex, hirundō,
holus, represent the correct spelling; but these same words were frequently pronounced arēna, aruspex, etc., and appear
repeatedly in that form in our [manuscripts] of the classical authors.”
This passage was written during a time when people (even linguists) were much more conscious of ‘prestige’
languages or dialects, and as a result of this most grammars written were prescriptive, that is, indicating the standard to which
spoken language should be held, rather than being simply descriptive, portraying a language or dialect as it existed in real
life. This later is what many linguists would attempt to depict now. What Bennett really meant when he said “the speech of
the less cultivated,” is the Vulgar Latin of the everyday citizen.
The table below shows, in general, the change in pronunciation in vowels, as Classical Latin words began to be
subsumed into Vulgar Latin. Further sound changes transitioned Vulgar Latin into Gallo-Romance, and then into Old French.
Table 1
387
Appendix 2
A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE FRENCH VERB
Infinitives, Participles, and Gerundives
You can think of the infinitive form of the verb as being the ‘name’ of the verb, describing its basic meaning. In
English, this form is always prefixed by the word ‘to,’ as in, ‘to read.’
The term ‘infinitive’ suggests that this form is ‘infinite,’ in the sense that it is without limits. What gives a verb a
more narrow or specific meaning, is when it’s modified to indicate person, number, and either tense or aspect. When a verb
form is limited in just such a way, it is a finite verb form.
Besides being the ‘name’ of the verb, in French it is the infinitive that may be used as a noun, just as in English it is
the present participle (or –ing form) that may fulfill this function. In English, a present participle can be used as either an
adjective, or as a noun. When it is used as a noun, it is called a gerund. French doesn’t have a form of the present participle
that can be used (or rather, replace) the function of the English gerund, but the present participle itself can be used as a noun.
I can illustrate this difference in function, between English and French usage, by showing you the present participle of the
word boire, ‘to drink,’ which is buvant, ‘drinking.’ Now, knowing that j’aime means ‘I like,’ following the English rules for
the use of the gerund, you’d think you’d be able to stick buyant after it, and create a sentence that means ‘I like to drink’:
j’aime buyant. But this construction would make no sense at all to a French speaker. To create the phrase you intended, you’d
have to use the infinitive: j’aime boire, meaning either ‘I like drinking’ or ‘I like to drink.’
Similarly, you can’t use the French present participle to create a construction like the English progressive form, ‘I
am blank-ing.’ That is, you can’t first lay-down je suis, ‘I am,’ followed by buyant, to create je suis buyant, ‘I am drinking.’
First of all, to a French speaker this would sound nonsensical, and second of all, French doesn’t have the equivalent
progressive form: it’s meaning would be covered by the Present Tense, with je bois meaning: ‘I drink, I do drink,’ or, ‘I am
drinking.’
The present participle has the ending –ant. In French, there are two types of participles, the present participle, and
the past participle.
In Classical Latin, there were three forms of the participle: the present, the future, and the perfect passive. The
present participle had the ending –ns, and the future participle had the endings –turus, –tura, and –turum. The perfect passive
participle frequently took the ablative absolute construction, and declined as first and second declension adjectives: visus,
visa, visus, ‘having been seen’; dictus, dicta, dictum, ‘having been said.’
The Vulgar Latin present participle had the ending *–nte. So, the evolution from Classical Latin, to Vulgar Latin, to
French was: –(tv)ns → *–(tv)nte → –ant, where (tv) represents the thematic vowel, a vowel that was suffixed to the
‘endpart’ of the verbal base.
The Old French past (or perfective) participle is based on the Latin perfective stem. The Vulgar Latin masculine
forms of the past participle were: *-atu, *-etu, *-utu and *-itu. In Old French, the final vowel of these stems were dropped,
yielding at first: –éṭ, –iṭ, and –uṭ, where ‘ṭ’ represents the sound of ‘th’ as in ‘thin,’ or [θ]. A later development in Old French
was the disappearance of the ‘ṭ’ sound, leaving –é, –i, and –u. No trace of the Latin feminine forms survived, or the Latin
plural. Instead, French added an ‘e’ to the masculine forms to form the feminine, and an ‘s’ to mark the plural.
389
Appendix 2: A Brief Outline of the French Verb
The present participle can also be used as an adjective. When it is used as such, it must agree in number and gender
with the noun it modifies: un garçon amusant, ‘an amusing boy’; les filles amusantes, ‘the amusing girls.’ In this last, the
word les is the plural form of the definite article, ‘the,’ and the marker of the plural is an added ‘-s,’ with the feminine form
often being ‘-es.’
French has a verb form called the gérondif, that in English texts is given the equivalent term gerundive, to set it apart
from the English gerund. The French gerundive consists of the preposition en followed by the present participle, and is used
to express actions that occur or transpire at the same time. Used in this way, it’s translated by preceding the verb with ‘while,’
‘upon,’ or ‘by.’ For example, ‘while driving, I saw a dog’; ‘upon answering the phone, his trouble started.’
The French gerundive doesn’t owe its existence to a Latin form of the participle, but rather, to the dative/ablative case
form (one of the cases used with prepositions) of the Latin gerund: en amant, ‘while loving,’ from Latin in amandō.
There are past forms of the infinitive, participles, and gerundives.
The past infinitive is formed by preceding the (present) infinitive with avoir, ‘to have’: avoir casser, ‘to have broken
(something).’
The past participle is formed by dropping the endings of the infinitive (more on this just shortly), and replacing:
• the –er with é, as in casser ‘to break’ → cassé, ‘broken’
• the –ir with i, as in finir ‘to finish’ → fini, ‘finished’
• the –re with u, as in rompre ‘to smash’ → rompru, ‘smashed’
The past gerundive is formed by using en ayant followed by the past participle: en ayant cassé, ‘while having broken.’
French verbs are divided into three groups, depending on the endings of their infinitives:
• 1st group, verbs that end in –er, as in casser, ‘to break’
•2nd group, verbs that end in in –ir, as in finir, ‘to finish’
•3rd group, verbs that end in –re, like rompre, ‘to smash,’ as well as the irregular verbs. This last includes such verbs
as aller, ‘to go,’ which has a totally unique conjugation, as well as verbs whose conjugations have some irregularities that
prevent them from being in the same group as other verbs that have the same endings. For example, envoyer, ‘to send,’ which
has the same conjugation in most tenses as a model –er verb such as casser, except that in the future and conditional it has the
same conjugation as voir, ‘to see.’
This system of groupings, while making a ‘home’ for irregular verbs, keeps other verbs in the ‘regular’ groups
despite not conjugating exactly the same as one of the ‘model’ verbs. In this category, in the 1st group, are included what are
called the ‘spelling change’ verbs, the ‘stem change’ verbs, and the ‘-ier’ verbs, among other verb patterns that have
peculiarities of conjugation. What keeps them from being classified as irregular verbs, is the fact that even the peculiarities
have patterns, as opposed to verbs such as avoir and être.
Variations in the Pattern of the Regular Verbs
The ‘spelling change’ verbs are 1st group, -er verbs that end in –cer and –ger. Before an ‘e’ or an ‘i,’ the ‘c’ is
pronounced [s], and the ‘g’ is pronounced [ʒ]. In order to preserve these sounds, changes in the written word have to occur.
In the writing of words in French, the letter ‘c’ followed by an ‘e,’ ‘i,’ or ‘y’ is pronounced as an [s]. But, if it
follows an ‘a,’ ‘o,’ or ‘u,’ then it is pronounced as a [k]. So, in all conjugated forms of –cer verbs in which ‘c’ is followed by
something other than an ‘e,’ ‘i,’ or ‘y,’ the ‘c’ is replaced by a ‘c’ with a cédille, or ‘ç.’ This then preserves the [s] sound. For
example, je force [ʒə fɔʁs], ‘I force,’ but also nous forçons [nu fɔʁ.sɔ̃], ‘we force,’ and je forçais [ʒə fɔʁ.sɛ], ‘I used to force,
was forcing.’
The same sort of thing happens in verbs ending in –ger. Before an ‘e,’ ‘i,’ or ‘y’ the ‘g’ has a [ʒ] sound. In order to
preserve this sound before an ‘e,’ ‘i,’ or ‘y,’ an extra ‘e’ is added before the ‘offending’ vowel: je mange [ʒə mɑ̃ʒ], ‘I eat,’ but also
je mangeai [ʒə mɑ̃.ʒe], ‘I ate, have eaten, did eat,’ and nous mangeons [nu mɑ̃.ʒɔ̃], ‘we eat.’
Some verbs in the 1st group that have ‘e’ + {consonant} + –er, change that first ‘e’ into an ‘è’ [ɛ] in many of the
conjugations. This happens when the vowel that follows this ‘e’ is either silent, or is pronounced as a schwa [ə]. For example, nous
achetons [nu.z‿a.ʃ(ə.)tɔ̃], ‘we buy,’ but j’achète [ʒ‿a.ʃɛt], ‘I buy,’ instead of j’achete, and j’achèterai [ʒ ‿a.ʃɛ.t(ə.)ʁe],
‘I will buy.’
390
Over time, certain French verbs acquired peculiarities in their conjugations. Some verbs ending in –eler and –eter
developed forms that duplicated the ‘l’ or the ‘t,’ while others were conjugated the same as acheter. Still others would do
both. Often, dictionaries and grammar books would contradict each other, and sometimes, they would even contradict
themselves.
In 1990, new recommendations concerning these conjugations were made. All of the –eler and -eter verbs, with the
exception of the most common, such as appeler and jeter, were to be conjugated the same as acheter and lever. In this work,
whenever there exists a pre-1990 form alongside one that has incorporated the 1990 recommendations, then both forms will
be presented.
Verbs that aren’t affected by the 1990 change, such as appeler and jeter, as mentioned above, double the ‘l’ or ‘t’
when the vowel after these consonants is either silent, or is pronounced as a schwa [ə]. Instead of turning the ‘e’ that sits
before these consonants into an ‘è’ in order to preserve the [ɛ] sound, as happens in verbs such as acheter, the spelling change
of doubling the ‘l’ or ‘t’ accomplishes this same purpose.
Verbs that end in -oyer and –uyer, such as employer and ennuyer, change the ‘y’ into an ‘i’ when they’re followed
by a mute ‘e.’ For example: j’emploie [ʒ‿ɑ̃.plwa], ‘I use (something),’ but also j’employais [ʒ ‿ɑ̃.plwa.jɛ], ‘I used to use
(something),’ and nous employâmes [nu.z‿ɑ̃.plwa.jam], ‘we used (something.’ This doesn’t apply, however, to envoyer and
renvoyer.
Verbs that end in –ayer, such as essayer, ‘to try,’ can change the ‘y’ into an ‘i,’ as above, but may also keep the ‘y.’
Either conjugation is correct: j’essaye [ʒ‿e.sɛj], but also j’essaie [ʒ ‿e.sɛ], ‘I try.’ Notice that in variations with ‘y,’ the
syllable ends in a [j], effectively making it a diphthong.
In Old French, there were four conjugation groups:
–er, considered to be ‘regular verbs.’ Verbs such as chanter, ‘to sing; to pray; to recount.’ Chanter, from an even
earlier attested form canter, is from Latin cantāre.
–ir, mostly considered to be ‘regular verbs.’ Consists of verbs that include an infixed -iss- in some forms, and those
that do not; sometimes, the same verb will have both variants. In some Romance languages situated in Central and Western
Europe, such as French, Occitan, Catalan, and Italian, this tendency of some –ire verbs to take –iss- or –is- infix is common.
For example: Italian finire ‘to finish,’ was influenced in part by Vulgar Latin *finiscere, and so has the forms finisco, ‘I
finish,’ and finiscono, ‘they finish.’ Old French has two forms of this verb, fenir and finir, both meaning ‘to finish, complete,’
the former with an infixed –iss-, and the later, without. Like the Modern Italian verb, fenir and finir come from Classical
Latin fīnīre, with one more influenced by the Vulgar Latin form *finiscere. Fenir has jo fenissoie and the variant jo fenisseie,
‘I finished,’ alongside (from finir) the attested forms jo finoie, jo fineie, jo finoe, and jo fineve, with the same meaning. Old
French also has avenir, ‘to happen,’ without the infix. Avenir is from Latin advenīre, ‘to come, to arrive.’ As an example for
this verb we have il avenoit and the attested variant il aveneit, ‘it happened.’
–oir, consisting of descendants of Latin verbs ending in –ēre. For example, plovoir, ‘to rain,’ from Classical Latin
pluēre, by way of Vulgar Latin *plovēre and subsequent *plovere.
–re, consisting of descendants of Latin verbs ending in –re. For example, desconter and the variant disconter, ‘to
discount,’ from Vulgar Latin *discomputare. This word itself is created from the addition of the suffix dis-, meaning ‘away,’
to the verb computāre, ‘to count, compute, reckon,’ which itself is derived from joining the prefix com- to the verb putāre, ‘to
trim, prune; arrange, settle.’
Earlier in this work it was said that a finite verb form was one that limited a verb, by narrowing its meaning down by
the use of markers for person, number, and tense or aspect. I’ll discuss this now, but I’m going to explain the concept of
person by the use of the personal pronouns.
When we talk about person in a verb form or personal pronoun, we’re talking about describing speech from a certain
perspective. And in the case of the 1st person singular, this perspective is that of the individual speaker: ‘I’ or ‘me,’ which in
French would be je or me. So, when we say ‘first person,’ we’re talking about speech from the standpoint of a single,
individual speaker, with everything happening in relation to that person.
A way to remember this, is to think of the ‘first person’ as being egotistical – it’s all about that person! The word
‘ego,’ of course, is the pronoun ‘I’ in Latin.
391
Appendix 2: A Brief Outline of the French Verb
because it’s common in English for the same verb to be used either transitively or intransitively. This simply isn’t the case in
French. If, in general, you try to use an intransitive French verb transitively, or vice-versa, you would just confuse or
confound a French speaker. There are cases where this can be done, but you’ll have to specifically learn these verbs. These
will include verbs such as faner, which can have the transitive meaning ‘to toss or turn’ grass or hay, and also the intransitive
meaning ‘to make hay.’ It can also be conjugated as a pronominal verb, with the meaning ‘to fade, wither away.’
Intransitive verbs generally denote either motion, or states of being. Such verbs include dormir, ‘to sleep,’
representative of a state of being, and sortir, ‘to go out,’ which is a verb of motion.
There are certain French verb tenses that use an auxiliary verb, in the same way that such verbs are used in English.
For example, in English you can say: ‘we have gone somewhere,’ where the auxiliary verb is have. French uses two different
verbs to form auxiliaries in this way, être, ‘to be,’ and avoir, ‘to have.’ This feature is present as early as in Old French. Verbs
conjugated with avoir as their auxiliary can be translated literally into their English equivalent, while forms with être will
have to be translated with their ‘to have’ equivalents. In French grammar, a verb tense where a verb takes an auxiliary verb is
called a compound verb tense.
Verbs with être as their auxiliaries are always intransitive verbs of motion: these forms will never be followed by a
noun that is the object of the verb, but they may be followed by a preposition.
There are six verbs that can be conjugated either transitively, or intransitively. What makes these verbs unusual is
that in their transitive forms, they have a form of avoir as their auxiliary verb, and in their intransitive forms, they’re
conjugated with être as their auxiliary. The six verbs are descendre, monter, passer, rentrer, retourner, and sortir. So, you may
see j’étais monté, ‘I was going up, climbing up (something, such as stairs),’ which is an example of its intransitive use, but
also j’avais monté, ‘I had put up, raised (a curtain, etc.); I had ridden (a horse),’ showing the use of this verb in a transitive
manner.
French Verb Tenses
French verbs are divided into fourteen tenses, seven of them called simple tenses, consisting of a single verb form,
and seven are compound tenses, which are forms conjugated using an auxiliary verb.
SIMPLE TENSES COMPOUND TENSES
Present Present Perfect (Compound Past)
Imperfect Pluperfect
Past Definite (Simple Past) {Literary Tense} Past Perfect (Past Anterior) {Literary Tense}
Future Future Perfect (Future Anterior)
Present Conditional Past Conditional
Present Subjunctive Past Subjunctive
Imperfect Subjunctive {Literary Tense} Pluperfect Subjunctive {Literary Tense}
The literary tenses are used in very formal writing – they’re not forms you’ll hear ‘out on the street.’ But, you’ll
encounter most them in literature, journalism, legal documents, and in technical writing. Still others are almost archaic, and
you might never see them.
The present refers to an event, matter, or occurrence which is happening at the present moment, or it refers to the period
when someone is speaking: je casse, ‘I break, do break, am breaking.’
Latin verb forms consisted of many separate parts, each signifying a specific meaning. The basic part was the stem
or root of the verb, which contained the verb’s basic meaning. For example, in Vulgar Latin the stem *parabol contained the
basic meaning of ‘to talk, to speak.’ The first part to be attached to the stem is the thematic vowel, which identifies that verb
with a specific conjugation class or group. Vulgar Latin *parabolare, to speak, has a stem *parabol-, and a thematic vowel a-,
while *finire, to finish, has a stem *fin-, and a thematic -i-.To this are added elements that narrow the meaning of the verb
down to number (1st person, 2nd person, etc.), and tense.
For example, Vulgar Latin *parabol-are → *parabolare, ‘to speak,’ became first paroler in Old French, and then
parler, just as it is in Modern French. The tendency in Gallo-Romance was to lose a ‘b’ between vowels, whenever there was
one in the original form. And so, Vulgar Latin *parabol-a-s → *parabolas, ‘you speak,’ a present tense form, became
paroles in Old French, and evolved into parles in Modern French.
398

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French Regular Verbs Conjugated

Copyright © 2018 L.O. Crysel

All rights reserved.

8 Aliéner .................................................................................. Pg 124

9 S’Aliéner .............................................................................. Pg 147

10 Essayer ................................................................................. Pg 160

11 Employer .............................................................................. Pg 184

12 S’Employer ........................................................................... Pg 206

13 Manger .................................................................................. Pg 219

14 Forcer .................................................................................... Pg 240

15 Se Forcer ............................................................................... Pg 261

16 Finir ...................................................................................... Pg 272

17 Se Finir ................................................................................. Pg 294

18 Rendre .................................................................................. Pg 305

19 Se Rendre ............................................................................. Pg 326

20 Rompre ................................................................................. Pg 337

21 Se Rompre ............................................................................ Pg 359

Appendix 1: A Brief Introduction to French Speech Sounds Pg 370

Appendix 2: A Brief Outline of the French Verb Pg 389

cassant [kɑ.sɑ̃] breaking cassé [kɑ.se] broken

Present – Negative Interrogative

French Regular Verbs Conjugated in all Forms

Present Perfect (Compound Past)

Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative

Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Interrogative

Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative Interrogative

S’Appeler to be named, to be called

ne pas s'appeler ne pas s’être appelé

ne s’appelant pas ne s’étant pas appelé

Present Imperative – Negative

2.sg ne t’appelle pas [nə t‿a.pɛl pɑ] don’t be named!

French Regular Verbs Conjugated in all Forms

Present – Negative Interrogative

Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative

Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Interrogative

Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative Interrogative

Future {Post-1990 Orthography}

Future {‘Traditional,’ or pre-1990 Orthography, also representing 19th cent. pron.}

Future – Negative {Post-1990 Orthography}

Future – Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

French Regular Verbs Conjugated in all Forms

Future – Negative Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

Future Perfect (Future Anterior)

Future Perfect (Future Anterior) – Negative

Future Perfect (Future Anterior) – Interrogative

Future Perfect (Future Anterior) – Negative Interrogative

Present Conditional {Post-1990 Orthography}

Present Conditional – Negative {Post-1990 Orthography}

French Regular Verbs Conjugated in all Forms

Present Conditional – Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

Present Conditional – Negative Interrogative {Post-1990 Orthography}

Present Conditional – Negative Interrogative

Pluperfect Subjunctive {a literary tense}

Pluperfect Subjunctive {a literary tense} – Negative

Passive Infinitive – Negative

Passive Participle – Negative

Passive Gerundive – Negative

Passive Imperative - Negative

Passive Present – Negative

Passive Present – Interrogative

Passive Present – Negative Interrogative

Passive Present Perfect (Compound Past)

Passive Present Perfect (Compound Past) – Negative