TISSUE AND EPITHELIAL TISSUE

BSC NURSINGI YR
2079/5/21
Dr. SK SAH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ANATOMY
 TISSUE
• Tissue are a group of cells that have similar structure,
origin and that function together as a unit.
• A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills
the spaces between the cells.
• This may be abundant in some tissues and minimal in
others.

• The various types of tissue found in the human body are:

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue and
4. Nervous tissue.
 INTRODUCTION
• The epithelia are a diverse group of tissues that covers the outer surface of the
body or line the luminal surface of the structures and cavities of the body.

• Features of Epithelial tissue:

1. Very cellular with little intercellular spaces.
2. Usually avascular.
3. Rests on the basement membrane.
4. Cells shows polarity.
5. Cells may display surface modifications.

 Basement membranes separate epithelia from underlying supporting tissues

and are never penetrated by blood vessels; epithelia are thus critically
dependent on the diffusion of oxygen and metabolites from adjacent
supporting tissues.
 FUNCTIONS
 PROTECTION

 ABSORPTION

 SECRETION

 DIFFUSION
 CLASSIFICATION
• Surface epithelia are traditionally classified according to three
morphological characteristics: The number of cell layers: a single
layer of epithelial cells is called simple epithelium, whereas
epithelium composed of several layers is a stratified epithelium.

• The shape of the component cells: this is based on the appearance

in sections taken at right angles to the epithelial surface; cells are
thus either squamous (flattened), cuboidal or columnar. In
stratified epithelia the shape of the outermost layer of cells
determines the descriptive classification.

• The presence of surface specialisations such as cilia and keratin. For

example the epithelial surface of the skin is classified as stratified
squamous keratinising epithelium since it consists of many layers of
cells, the surface cells of which are flattened (squamous) in shape,
and it is covered by an outer layer of the proteinaceous material,
keratin that is synthesised by the epithelial cells.
 1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
• The cytoplasm of cells in this kind of
epithelium forms only a thin layer. The
nuclei produce bulgings of the cell surface .
• In surface view the cells have polygonal
outlines that interlock with those of
adjoining cells.

• Distribution:
1. lines the alveoli of the lungs.
2. lines the free surface of the serous
pericardium, of the pleura, and of the
peritoneum: here it is called mesothelium.
3. It lines the inside of the heart, where it is
called endocardium;
 2. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• in vertical section the cells of this epithelium
are rectangular.
• In keeping with the elongated shape of the
cells, the nuclei are also frequently
elongated.

• Can be classified as:

a) In some situations the cell surface has no
particular specialization: simple columnar
epithelium.
b) In some situations the cell surface bears
cilia: ciliated columnar epithelium.
• Distribution/location:
1. Simple columnar (without
cillia or microvilli)– mucus
membrane of stomach and
large intestine.
2. Simple columnar with striated
border– in small intestine,
with brush border in gall
bladder.
3. Ciliated columnar epithelium–
in respiratory tract, uterus,
uterine tube, efferent
ductules of testis, middle ear,
auditory tube, ependyma
lining the central canal of
spinal cord and ventricles of
brain.
 3. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• Cuboidal epithelium is similar to
columnar epithelium, but for the
fact that the height of the cells is
about the same as their width. The
nuclei are usually rounded.

• Distribution:
1.follicles of the thyroid gland, in
the ducts of many glands, and on
the surface of the ovary (where it
is called germinal epithelium).
2.Choroid plexuses, the inner
surface of the lens, and the
pigment cell layer of the retina.
3.Cuboidal epithelium with a
prominent brush border is seen in
the proximal convoluted tubules of
the kidneys.
 4. PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
• Sometimes, however, the nuclei
appear to be arranged in two or
more layers giving the
impression that the epithelium
is more than one cell thick.

• Distribution:
1. some parts of the auditory
tube, the ductus deferens, and
the male urethra (membranous
and penile parts).
2. ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium is seen in
the trachea and in large
bronchi.
 5.STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
• This type of epithelium is made
up of several layers of cells.
• The cells of the deepest (or basal)
layer rest on the basement
membrane: they are usually
columnar in shape. Lying over the
columnar cells there are
polyhedral or cuboidal cells. As
we pass towards the surface of
the epithelium these cells
become progressively more flat,
so that the most superficial cells
consist of flattened squamous
cells.
• Stratified squamous epithelium
can be divided into two types:
non-keratinised and keratinised.
• Stratified squamous epithelium (both
keratinised and non-keratinised) is found
over those surfaces of the body that are
subject to friction.
• As a result of friction the most superficial
layers are constantly being removed and
are replaced by proliferation of cells from
the basal (or germinal) layer. This layer,
therefore, shows frequent mitoses.

• Distribution:
1. Keratinised stratified squamous
epithelium covers the skin of the whole of
the body and forms the epidermis.
2. Non-keratinised stratified squamous
epithelium is seen lining the mouth, the
tongue, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the
vagina and the cornea.
 Under pathological conditions the
epithelium in any of these situations may
become keratinised.
 6. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• Multi-layered epithelium and is 4
to 6 cells thick.

• It differs from stratified squamous

epithelium in that the cells at the
surface are not squamous. The
deepest cells are columnar or
cuboidal. The middle layers are
made up of polyhedral or pear-
shaped cells. The cells of the
surface layer are large and often
shaped like an umbrella.

• Transitional epithelium is found in

the renal pelvis and calyces, the
ureter, the urinary bladder, and
part of the urethra. Because of
this distribution it is also called
urothelium.
PROJECTIONS FROM THE CELL
SURFACE

• Cilia

• Microvilli

• Stereocilia
 Differences b/w Cilia and Microvilli
Cilia Microvilli

10µm in length and 0.25µm in diameter. 1-2mm in length and 75-90µm in

diameter.

Motile Non-motile

Contains 9+2 pattern of microtubules. Contain numerous microfilaments.

Concerned with movement of ova Concerned with absorptive functions.

through uterine tube and movement in
trachea and bronchi towards pharynx.

Seen over lining epithelium of respiratory Seen over the intestinal epithelium.
tract and uterine tube.
 GLANDULAR TISSUE

• Glands (gland cells) are derived from epithelial tissue which

helps in secretion.

• The glands develop as cords of epithelial cell from the

surface membrane and invade the adjoining connective
tissues.

• The glands are classified as:

1. Exocrine glands– secretes out of the body by the ducts.
2. Endocrine glands– secretes within the substance of the
body, directly into the capillaries and require no ducts,
hence called ductless gland.
 Gland Categories

1) Exocrine - glands that exude secretions into a

ductule system. Have two parts, acinous =
secretory bulb and ductule.
2) Endocrine - glands exuding secretions
directly into body fluids, ultimately blood.
3) Mixed - glands combining both the above
characteristics (e.g. liver) in the same cell.
4) Paracrine - tissue secretions affecting own cells.
 Serous Mucous
Thin watery Thick viscous

Zymogen granules Mucigen droplets

Round central nucleus Flat peripheral nucleus

Parotid gland Sublingual gland

 Classification
Glands

EXOCRINE GLAND ENDOCRINE GLAND

Cord & Clump

Unicellular Multicellular type
Follicular type

A/C TO SHAPE OF GLANDS Tubulo-

Tubular Alveolar alveolar
A/C TO THE DUCTS BRANCHED OR
Simple Compound
UNBRANCHED

A/C TO MANNER OF SECRETION Holocrine Apocrine Merocrine

A/C TO DEVELOPMENT Ectodermal Mesodermal Endodermal

 EXOCRINE GLANDS

• May be Unicellular and Multicellular.

 Unicellular glands: --e.g; Goblet cells.

 Multicellular glands: classified as;

1. A/C TO SHAPE: Tubular, Alveolar, Tubulo- Alveolar.
2. A/C TO BRANCHING: Simple and Compound.
3. **A/C TO MANNER OF SECRETION:
4. A/C TO DEVELOPMENT.:
Classification of Glands
 **According to manner of secretion

1. Holocrine: The cells disintegrates and die to liberate the

secretion. It is a destructive process. E.g Sebaceous gland.

2. Apocrine: here the luminal part of the cell disintegrates,

leaving the nucleus and the basal portion. E.g. Mammary
gland.

3. Merocrine: here the secretion is discharged through the

intact cell membrane without destruction of the cell. E.g.
most of the glands of the body.

4. Cytocrine: cells released as secretion. Eg; sperm from testis.

 ACCORDING TO THE DEVELOPMENT

1. ECTODERMAL: Glands of the skin, mammary gland, lacrimal

and salivary gland.

2. MESODERMAL: Suprarenal cortex, gonads, kidneys, spleen,

etc.

3. ENDODERMAL: thymus, pancreas, liver, lining cells of glands

of alimentary tracts, prostate, urethral glands, etc.
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• These are the ductless glands and secrets various hormones

and chemical substances into the blood capillaries.

• The gland is of two type:

1. Cord and clump type: (most of the endocrine glands of the
body).
2. Follicular type: e.g. Thyroid follicles.
 Clinical Importance

• Epithelial tissue gives origin to benign

(Papilloma) and malignant (Carcinoma) tumors.

• Malignant tumors from glandular tissue-

Adenocarcinoma.
THANK YOU