8/15/2017

SUBATOMIC PARTIC
BY-ANIMESH SINGH

ANIMESH SINGH,
AUTHOR OF FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
BY ANIMESH SINGH, AUTHOR OF FUNDAMENTAL
PHYSICS

INSIDE AN ATOM, THERE IS A NUCLEUS AND

ELECTRONS WHIZZING AROUND IT. THE NUCLEUS
CONSISTS OF TWO TYPES OF PARTICLES, PROTONS
AND NEUTRONS.
IN THIS ARTICLE WE WILL DESCRIBE EACH IN BRIEF.

ELECTRON
 THEY ARE VERY, VERY, VERY SMALL PARTICLES
THAT REVOLVE AROUND THE ATOM IN FIXED
ORBITS.
 THEY HAVE NEGATIVE CHARGE.
 THEIR MASS IS NEGLIGIBLE, EVEN AT ATOMIC
LEVEL
 THEY WERE DISCOVERED BY J.J THOMSON

PROTON
 THEY ARE NOT SMALL PARTICLES AT ATOMIC
LEVEL THAT ARE IN THE NEUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.
 THEY HAVE POSITIVE CHARGE.
 THEIR MASS IS ACKNOWLEDGEABLE (ATOMIC
LEVEL)
 THEY WERE DISCOVERED BY ERNEST
RUTHERFORD.

NEUTRON
 THEY ARE NOT SMALL PARTICLES WHICH ARE
LOCATED IN THE NEUCLEUS.
 THEY HAVE NEUTRAL CHARGE.
 THEIR MASS IS ALMOST THE SAME AS A PROTON.

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  THEY WERE DISCOVERED BY JAMES CHADWICK.

IDENTIFYING AN ATOM
AN ATOM IS MAINLY IDENTIFIED BY TWO THINGS,
ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASS.

ATOMIC NUMBER
 IT IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN AN ATOM,
WHICH IS SAME AS THE NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS.
 IT IS DIFFERENT IN EVERY ATOM. FOR
EXAMPLE-CARBON-6, HYDROGEN-1

ATOMIC WEIGHT
 IT IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS PLUS THE
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS.
 IT CAN BE SAME FOR TWO ATOMS.

ISOTOPES
IN THIS TOPIC WE WILL LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT
KINDS OF SAME ELEMENTS.

ISOTOPES ARE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SAME

ELEMENTS,
BUT HOW? WE HAVE LEARNT THAT THERE COULD
BE SAME NUMBER OF NEUTRON IN THE SAME KIND
OF ATOM. LET’S TAKE AN EXAMPLE OF CARBON
HAS THREE ISOTOPES, CARBON-12, CARBON-13,
CARBON-14
ISOTOPE ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC
WEIGHT

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 CARBON-12 12 6
CARBON-13 13 6
CARBON-14 14 6
FROM THIS TABLE, WE CAN INFER THAT CARBON-
12 HAS 6 NEUTRONS, CARBON-13 HAS 7
NEUTRONS, CARBON-14 HAS 8 NEUTRONS.
ISOTOPES ARE ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT,
BUT WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF
NEUTRONS.

ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY

IN THE PREVIOUS TOPIC, YOU LEARNT ABOUT
ISOTOPES. NOW YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT THEIR
CONNECTION WITH RADIOACTIVITY.

ATOMS WITH MORE ATOMIC NUMBER TEND TO BE

UNSTABLE. IT MEANS THAT ATOMS WITH FREE
ELECTRONS IN THEIR ORBITS TEND TO GIVE AWAY
PROTONS OR ELECTRONS. THIS EMITTING OF A
PARTICLE IS CALLED RADIOACTIVITY. FOR EXAMPLE-
TWO ISOTOPES OF CARBON, C-12 AND C-13 ARE
STABLE. BUT ONE ISOTOPE, C-14 IS UNSTABLE.

RADIOACTIVE DECAY
WHEN AN ATOM RELEASES OR GAINS A PARTICLE, IT
IS KNOWN AS DECAY OR RADIOACTIVE DECAY. IT IS
OF THREE TYPES- ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA.

ALPHA DECAY
IN ALPHA DECAY, AN ALPHA PARTICLE IS RELEASED.
AN ALPHA PARTICLE CONSISTS OF TWO PROTONS AND

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TWO NEUTRONS. SOUNDS FAMILIAR? AN ALPHA
PARTICLE IS A DOUBLY-CHARGED HELIUM ATOM!

BETA DECAY
IN BETA DECAY, A BETA PARTICLE IS RELEASED. A
BETA PARTICLE CONSISTS OF AN ELECTRON
NEUTRINO AND A POSITRON. THESE ARE PARTS OF
THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES WHICH FORM THE
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES. YOU WILL LEARN MORE
ABOUT THEM IN THE COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY.

GAMMA DECAY
IN GAMMA DECAY, NO PARTICLE IS RELEASED, INSTEAD, THE
ATOM SENDS OUT A HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION WAVE THAT
STABILISES THE ATOM.

CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FIRST OF ALL, A BIG, BIG THANKS TO PAPA, MUMMY,
AND DIDI, A SPECIAL THANKS TO ME.
AND SOME LOWER LEVEL THANKS TO THIS LAPTOP
AND MS WORD 2016.
THIS DOCUMENT IS TYPED WITH THE CASUAL FONT
IN MS OFFICE. WITH FONT SIZE 18 AND 20.

IF ANYONE HAS ANY QUERY REGARDING THIS

ARTICLE, THEY ARE WELCOME TO REPORT IT TO ME.
PLEASE, DO NOT SEND UNNESCESARRY VERY GOODS
OR BADS.

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THE NEXT ARTICLE IN THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
WILL BE THE UNIVERSE.

THE WRITER IS ONLY 11 YEARS OLD SO PLEASE

TOLERATE SOME MISTAKES.

SPECIALEST THANKS TO THE

READERS.