PSD W07S01 Z Transform 3

14S3201 – Digital Signal Processing
The z-Transform
Semester I1 2023/2024 2/20/2024 1
Outline
 Definition
 Properties of the z-Transform
 Inverse z-Transform
◦ Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
 Solution of Difference Equations Using the z-Transform
 Summary
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Objectives:
 This chapter introduces the z-transform and its
properties; illustrates how to determine the inverse z-
transform using partial fraction expansion; and applies
the z-transform to solve linear difference equations.
20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 3

Definition

2/20/2024 6
Properties of the z-Transform

Verification


Inverse z-Transform

Reference
 Li Tan (2008), Digital Signal Processing : Fundamentals and
Applications, Academic Press: Chapter 5.

EOF
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Linear Time-Invariant, Causal Systems
 We study linear time-invariant causal systems and focus on
properties such as linearity, time-invariance, and causality.
 A linear system is illustrated in Figure 3.11, where 𝑦1 (𝑛) is
the system output using an input 𝑥1 (𝑛), and 𝑦2 (𝑛) the
system output with an input 𝑥2 (𝑛).
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 A time-invariant system
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 A Causal system is the one in which the output 𝑦(𝑛) at
time n depends only on the current input 𝑥(𝑛) at time n,
and its past input sample values such as 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 , 𝑥(𝑛 −
2) , …
 Otherwise, if a system output depends on future input
values such as 𝑥 𝑛 + 1 , 𝑥 𝑛 + 2 , … the system is
noncausal.
 The noncausal system cannot be realized in real time.
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 A Causal system
 Example 3.4
 Determine whether the systems
 are causal.
 Solution:
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ELS2204 - Signal and Systems
The Laplace Transform and Its Applications (1)
Semester 2 2018/2019 2/20/2024 40
Outlines
 Definition of the Laplace Transform
 Linearity Property
 Examples of the Unilateral Laplace Transform
 Differentiation and Integration Properties
 Multiplication by t
 Multuplication by e^at
 Time shift Property
 Scale Change
 Convolution Property
 IVT, FVT
 Circuit Solution
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Introduction
 The Laplace transform converts linear time-invariant
differential equations into algebraic equations → that are
generally easier to solve.
 To solve partial differential equations and some time-
varying differential equations.
 Laplace transform solutions can provide insights into the
properties and behaviors of systems.
 Another application of the Laplace transform is the
development and use of the system function, through
which natural frequencies, poles and zeros, stability,
feedback, and frequency response.
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Definition
 The Laplace transform of a function x(t) is defined by
◦ Unilateral Laplace transform:
◦ Bilateral Laplace transform:
◦ the Laplace transform produces a function of the new variable s

(in general, a complex number)
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Linearity Property
 Linearity is a basic property of the Laplace transform. It
states that
 where a, b are any constants and x, y are any functions.
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Examples of the Unilateral Laplace Transform
 The unilateral Laplace transform of a function x(t) is defined
by
 Ex 6.1 Transform of a constant

Find the Laplace transforms of x(t) = 1, t > 0,
 At t = ∞, the value of e-st either goes to zero (when RE[s] >

0, in which case the integral converges) or
 ∞ (when RE[s] ≤ 0, in which case the integral doesn’t
converge)
2/20/2024 45
 Ex 6.1 Transform of a constant
Find the Laplace transforms of x(t) = 1, t > 0,
 At t = ∞, the value of e-st either goes to zero (when RE[s] >

0, in which case the integral converges) or
 ∞ (when RE[s] ≤ 0, in which case the integral doesn’t
converge)
 The ROC is the right-half plane starting from RE[s] = 0 and

stretching to ∞.
2/20/2024 46
 Ex 6.2 A Rectangular Pulse
Find the Laplace transforms are given below:
 Answer:
 The transform exists everywhere in the s-plane.
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 Ex 6.3 An exponential
Find the Laplace transforms of x(t) = eat, t > 0 :
 Integral converges if RE(s - a) > 0.
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 Ex 6.4 Two exponentials
Find the Laplace transform of y(t) = e-t - e-2t, t > 0, shown
in Figure 6.1.
 Solution
◦ Applying the linearity property we get
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 Ex 6.4 Two exponentials
Find the Laplace transform of y(t) = e-t - e-2t, t > 0, shown
in Figure 6.1.
 Solution
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 Ex 6.5 Trigonometric functions
 Use the linearity property and transform of an
exponential function to find the Laplace transforms of
sin(ωt) and cos(ωt)
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 Ex 6.6 Decaying or growing sinusoids
 The Laplace transforms of eat sin(ωt), t > 0, eat cos(ωt), t
> 0, and eat cos(ωt +θ), t > 0, may be deduced from the
transform of an exponential with the exponent a ± jω as
derived below.
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 Ex 6.7 Hyperbolic functions
sinh(at) and cosh(at).
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 Ex 6.7 Hyperbolic functions
sinh(at) and cosh(at).
2/20/2024 54
Differentiation and Integration Properties
 Transforms of the derivative and integral of x(t) are related
to X(s) by
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 Proof of the Derivative Property
 First apply the definition of the Laplace transform to
dx(t)/dt.
 Then integrate by parts.
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 Proof of the Integral Property
 First apply the definition of the Laplace transform to
0t x(τ)dτ. The result is a double integral in τ and t.
 Integration is done on a region that is defined by t ≥ 0, τ ≥ 0

and t ≥ τ. Then, change the order and integrate over the same
region to get
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 Example 6.8
 A DC voltage source, V1, gets connected to a capacitor C
through a resistor R at t = 0. Capacitor voltage at t = 0 is V0
volt. Use a Laplace transform to find current i flowing into
the capacitor for t > 0.
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 Solution
 From KVL around the loop for t > 0 we have the following
equation in the time domain.
 Taking Laplace transform of both sides we have
 from which we find I(s)
The current in the time is

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 Example 6.9
 Given
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 Example 6.9
 Given
 Solution
 Take the transform of both sides of the differential equation
 By the linearity property of the Laplace transform
 and by the derivative property
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 Example 6.9
 Therefore
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EOF
2/20/2024 63

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14S3201 – Digital Signal Processing

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 3

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 4

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 11

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 13

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 15

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 19

20/02/2024 ABS/Digital Signal Processing/ Z-Transform 34

◦ Bilateral Laplace transform:

◦ the Laplace transform produces a function of the new variable s

 where a, b are any constants and x, y are any functions.

 Ex 6.1 Transform of a constant

 At t = ∞, the value of e-st either goes to zero (when RE[s] >

 At t = ∞, the value of e-st either goes to zero (when RE[s] >

 The ROC is the right-half plane starting from RE[s] = 0 and

 The transform exists everywhere in the s-plane.

 Integral converges if RE(s - a) > 0.

 Then integrate by parts.

 Integration is done on a region that is defined by t ≥ 0, τ ≥ 0

 Taking Laplace transform of both sides we have

 from which we find I(s)

The current in the time is

 By the linearity property of the Laplace transform

 and by the derivative property

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