6.

1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 T Junction resistive divider

Module:6 Microwave Passive circuits

Course: BECE305L – Antenna and Microwave Engineering
-Dr Richards Joe Stanislaus
Assistant Professor - SENSE
Email: 51749@vitstudent.ac.in / richards.stanislaus@vit.ac.in
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

Module:6 Microwave Passive circuits 7

hours
• T junction and resistive power divider, Wilkinson power divider,
branch line coupler (equal & unequal), Rat Race Coupler, Filter
design: Low pass filter (Butterworth and Chebyshev) - Richards
transformation and stepped impedance methods.

• Source of the contents: Pozar

 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

• E plane T and H plane T
• Fringing fields and higher order modes
with discontinuity at junctions
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

• E plane T and H plane T
• Fringing fields and higher order modes
with discontinuity at junctions
• This results in stored energy (modelled as jB lumped susceptance)
1 1 1
• 𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗𝐵 + + = (For matched condition)
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

• E plane T and H plane T
• Fringing fields and higher order modes
with discontinuity at junctions
• This results in stored energy (modelled as jB lumped susceptance)
1 1 1
• 𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗𝐵 + + = (For matched condition)
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
• For lossless transmission lines
Characteristic impedance is real 𝑍0
• Practical case: 𝐵 is not negligible,
Additional reactive tuning element or discontinuity compensation
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

• E plane T and H plane T
• Fringing fields and higher order modes
with discontinuity at junctions
• This results in stored energy (modelled as jB lumped susceptance)
1 1 1
• 𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗𝐵 + + = (For matched condition)
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
• For lossless transmission lines
Characteristic impedance is real 𝑍0
• Practical case: 𝐵 is not negligible,
Additional reactive tuning element or discontinuity compensation
1 1 1
• Ideal case: 𝑗𝐵 = 0 + =
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

1 1 1
• Ideal case: 𝑗𝐵 = 0 + =
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
• Output line impedances 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 - selected to provide various
power divisions.
•
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

1 1 1
• Ideal case: 𝑗𝐵 = 0 + =
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
• Output line impedances 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 - selected to provide various
power divisions.
• 3𝑑𝐵(equal split) power divider:
For a Z0 = 50Ω input line, the output lines can be made as two 100Ω
lines.
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

1 1 1
• Ideal case: 𝑗𝐵 = 0 + =
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
• Output line impedances 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 - selected to provide various
power divisions.
• 3𝑑𝐵(equal split) power divider:
For a Z0 = 50Ω input line, the output lines can be made as two 100Ω
lines.
Quarter wave transformers can be used to bring output lines at 50Ω.
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.1 Lossless T junctions

1 1 1
• Ideal case: 𝑗𝐵 = 0 + =
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍0
• Output line impedances 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 - selected to provide various
power divisions.
• 3𝑑𝐵(equal split) power divider:
For a Z0 = 50Ω input line, the output lines can be made as two 100Ω
lines.
Quarter wave transformers can be used to bring output lines at 50Ω.
For matched output lines, input will also be matched.
Disadvantage: No isolation between two output ports
Mismatch looking into output ports
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.2 Problem on T junction power divider

• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances.
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
•
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.2 Problem on T junction power divider

• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances.
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
• Voltage at junction is 𝑉0 , Input power into
1 𝑉02
matched divider: 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = while
2 𝑍0
1 𝑉02 1 1 𝑉02 2
output powers are 𝑃1 = = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 and 𝑃2 = = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
2 𝑍1 3 2 𝑍2 3
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.2 Problem on T junction power divider

• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances.
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
• Voltage at junction is 𝑉0 , Input power into
1 𝑉02
matched divider: 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = while
2 𝑍0
1 𝑉02 1 1 𝑉02 2
output powers are 𝑃1 = = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 and 𝑃2 = = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
2 𝑍1 3 2 𝑍2 3
1 𝑉02 1 1 𝑉02 1 𝑉02 2 1 𝑉02
= =
2 𝑍1 3 2 𝑍0 2 𝑍2 3 2 𝑍0
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝛀
6.2 Problem on T junction power divider
• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
𝟕𝟓𝛀
Find output characteristic impedances.
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
• Voltage at junction is 𝑉0 , Input power into
1 𝑉02
matched divider: 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = while
2 𝑍0
1 𝑉02 1 1 𝑉02 2
output powers are 𝑃1 = = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 and 𝑃2 = = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
2 𝑍1 3 2 𝑍2 3
1 𝑉02 1 1 𝑉02 1 𝑉02 2 1 𝑉02
= =
2 𝑍1 3 2 𝑍0 2 𝑍2 3 2 𝑍0
3𝑍0
𝑍1 = 3𝑍0 = 150Ω 𝑍2 = = 75Ω
2
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝛀
6.2 Problem on T junction power divider
• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances. 𝟕𝟓𝛀
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
3𝑍0
• 𝑍1 = 3𝑍0 = 150Ω 𝑍2 = = 75Ω
2
Input impedance at the transmission lines act as load to that line.
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝛀
6.2 Problem on T junction power divider
• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances. 𝟕𝟓𝛀
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
3𝑍0
• 𝑍1 = 3𝑍0 = 150Ω 𝑍2 = = 75Ω
2
Input impedance at the transmission lines act as load to that line.
When seen from 𝑍1 , input impedance of 50 ∥ 75 = 30Ω
When seen from 𝑍2 , input impedance of 50 ∥ 150 = 37.5Ω
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝛀
6.2 Problem on T junction power divider
• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances. 𝟕𝟓𝛀
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
3𝑍0
• 𝑍1 = 3𝑍0 = 150Ω 𝑍2 = = 75Ω
2
Input impedance at the transmission lines act as load to that line.
When seen from 𝑍1 , input impedance of 50 ∥ 75 = 30Ω
When seen from 𝑍2 , input impedance of 50 ∥ 150 = 37.5Ω
• The respective reflection coefficients seen looking into these ports are:
𝑍𝑖𝑛1 −𝑍1 30−150
Γ1 = = = −0.667 and
𝑍𝑖𝑛1 +𝑍1 30+150
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝛀
6.2 Problem on T junction power divider
• A lossless T junction power divider – Source 𝑍0 = 50Ω
For output powers in two ports to be in 2: 1 ratio,
Find output characteristic impedances. 𝟕𝟓𝛀
Compute reflection coefficients seen looking into output ports.
3𝑍0
• 𝑍1 = 3𝑍0 = 150Ω 𝑍2 = = 75Ω
2
Input impedance at the transmission lines act as load to that line.
When seen from 𝑍1 , input impedance of 50 ∥ 75 = 30Ω
When seen from 𝑍2 , input impedance of 50 ∥ 150 = 37.5Ω
• The respective reflection coefficients seen looking into these ports are:
𝑍𝑖𝑛1 −𝑍1 30−150 𝑍𝑖𝑛2 −𝑍2 37.5−150
Γ1 = = = −0.667 and Γ2 = = = −0.333
𝑍𝑖𝑛1 +𝑍1 30+150 𝑍𝑖𝑛2 +𝑍2 37.5+150
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

• Three port divider contains lossy components
Can be made to be matched at all ports
Though two output ports may not be isolated
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

• Three port divider contains lossy components
Can be made to be matched at all ports
Though two output ports may not be isolated
• Equal split (−3𝑑𝐵) divider is shown, but unequal divisions are
possible.
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

• Three port divider contains lossy components
Can be made to be matched at all ports
Though two output ports may not be isolated
• Equal split (−3𝑑𝐵) divider is shown, but unequal divisions are
possible.
• Assume all ports are terminated in characteristic impedance 𝑍0 .
With terminated output line, the impedance 𝑍 observed at junction
𝑍0 4𝑍0
is 𝑍 = + 𝑍0 =
3 3
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

• Three port divider contains lossy components
Can be made to be matched at all ports
Though two output ports may not be isolated
• Equal split (−3𝑑𝐵) divider is shown, but unequal divisions are
possible.
• Assume all ports are terminated in characteristic impedance 𝑍0 .
With terminated output line, the impedance 𝑍 observed at junction
𝑍0 4𝑍0
is 𝑍 = + 𝑍0 =
3 3
𝑍0
• At input, Input impedance of the divider 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + (𝑍 ∥ 𝑍)
3
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

• Three port divider contains lossy components
Can be made to be matched at all ports
Though two output ports may not be isolated
• Equal split (−3𝑑𝐵) divider is shown, but unequal divisions are
possible.
• Assume all ports are terminated in characteristic impedance 𝑍0 .
With terminated output line, the impedance 𝑍 observed at junction
𝑍0 4𝑍0
is 𝑍 = + 𝑍0 =
3 3
𝑍0
• At input, Input impedance of the divider 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + (𝑍 ∥ 𝑍)
3
𝑍0 2𝑍0
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + = 𝑍0 (Input is matched to feed line).
3 3
• Same can be verified from all ports: 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍
𝑉 = 𝑉1 =
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
• Output voltage at ports 2 and 3
𝑍0 3
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 𝑉=
𝑍0 +𝑍0 /3 4
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
• Output voltage at ports 2 and 3
𝑍0 3 3 2 1
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍0 +𝑍0 /3 4 4 3 2
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
• Output voltage at ports 2 and 3
𝑍0 3 3 2 1
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍0 +𝑍0 /3 4 4 3 2
1
• S parameters 𝑆21 = 𝑆31 = 𝑆23 =
2
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
• Output voltage at ports 2 and 3
𝑍0 3 3 2 1
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍0 +𝑍0 /3 4 4 3 2
1
• S parameters 𝑆21 = 𝑆31 = 𝑆23 =
2
0 1 1
1
• Reciprocal network: 𝑆 = 1 0 1
2
1 1 0
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
• Output voltage at ports 2 and 3
𝑍0 3 3 2 1
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍0 +𝑍0 /3 4 4 3 2
1
• S parameters 𝑆21 = 𝑆31 = 𝑆23 =
2
0 1 1
1
• Reciprocal network: 𝑆 = 1 0 1
2
2
1 1 0
1 𝑉1 1 𝑉22 1
• With input at port 1, 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = = 𝑃1 (6𝑑𝐵 below
2 𝑍0 2 𝑍0 4
input power level)
 6.1 T Junction resistive divider

6.3 Resistive divider

𝑍0 4𝑍0
•𝑍= + 𝑍0 = 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 0
3 3
• Voltage at junction when looked from port 1
𝑍∥𝑍 2𝑍0 /3 2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍∥𝑍+𝑍0 /3 2𝑍0 /3+𝑍0 /3 3
• Output voltage at ports 2 and 3
𝑍0 3 3 2 1
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 𝑉 = 𝑉= 𝑉1 = 𝑉1
𝑍0 +𝑍0 /3 4 4 3 2
1 1
• S parameters 𝑆21 = 𝑆31 = 𝑆23 = Power delivered to ports=𝑃2 + 𝑃3 = 𝑃
2 1
2 1
0 1 1 The remaining power 𝑃1 is lost in the
1 2
• Reciprocal network: 𝑆 = 1 0 1 resistors.
2
2
1 1 0
1 𝑉1 1 𝑉22 1
• With input at port 1, 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = = 𝑃1 (6𝑑𝐵 below
2 𝑍0 2 𝑍0 4
input power level)