Modern History Emergence of Swarajists Socialist Ideas Revolutionary Activities, and Other New Forces

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B. Chaitanya Reddy IPS (UPSC AIR 161 - 2021)

B. Ravikiran Reddy (UPSC EO/AO AIR 29 - 2020)
Emergence of
Swarajists'
Socialist Ideas,
Revolutionary
Activities, and
Other New Forces
CHAPTER 17
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This is not a study material for History.

This is merely a free supplementary
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aspirants) as the frame of reference for
creating a skeletal structure for Modern
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THE LEGEND OF BHAGAT SINGH
23 MARCH 1931: SHAHEED
THE LEGEND OF
BHAGAT SINGH
KHELEIN HUM JEE

JAAN SEY
RANG DE BASANTI
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Swarajists or Pro-Changers
(Vithalbhai Patel is elder bro of Vallabhbhai Patel)

[VIMP for Prelims] (formed Congress-Khilafat Swarajya
Party or Swarajist Party)
C A M Vithal
CR Das Ajmal Motilal Vithalbhai Patel
(President) Khan Nehru
Speaker of Central
AjMal has CAM Legislative council in 1925
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No Changers
(Vithalbhai Patel is elder bro of Vallabhbhai Patel)

[VIMP for Prelims]
C A R Vallabh
C. Raja Ansari Rajendra Vallabhbhai Patel
gopalachari Prasad
AnsaRi comes
in CaR
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CM resigns in Gaya of 1922 &
forms Swarajist Party
[V.Imp for Prelims]
C
Chittaranjan Das
M
Motilal Nehru
President of Gaya Session Secretary of Gaya Session

& Swarajist Party & Swarajist Party

NAG Vijaya Hakim Das
(Congress sessions in 20,21,22)
[V.Imp for Prelims]
1920 1921 1922

Nagpur Ahmedabad Gaya
NAG
Vijayaraghavachariar | Hakim Ajmal Khan |C.R. Das
Note: In 1921 Session - C.R. Das was the actual President

(in Prison) & Hakim Ajmal Khan was acting President

Link Des with Das
or Desh with active in Desh ka Politics
Deshbandhu vs. Deenbhandu
C.R. Das C.F. Andrews

(As he played significant role in (As he played significant role in
National Politics he is called as improving the lives of the poor
Deshbhandu i.e., Friend of he is called as Deenbhandu i.e.,
Nation) (First Mayor of Kolkatta) Friend of Poor)

Arguments of Swarajists - NAP
(Swarajists say lets take a NAP post NCM - Non-

Cooperation Movement) [V.Imp for Mains]
N NCM Continuation - Entering councils would not

negate NCM, rather it would be like carrying on the
movement through other means - Opening a new front
A
Arena of Political Struggle - Councils could be used as
an arena of Political Struggle (deter British measures
from within); there was no intention to use the councils
as organs for the gradual transformation of colonial rule
P Political Vacuum - Council work could enthuse the

masses and keep up their morale

Arguments of No-Changers - PCR
(No-Changers argue that council entry could lead to

PCR) (PCR is widely used acronym for Polymerase Chain
Reaction) [V.Imp for Mains]
P C R
Political Constructive work Revolutionary Zeal
Corruption would be neglected would be lost

1922 Gaya Split turned into a
compromise in 1923 Delhi meeting
(Under Gandhi’s leadership the split turned into a

compromise within a year - to fight under the United
Nationalist Front) [V.Imp for Prelims]
Gaya - Delhi
Dec 1922 Gaya = INC Sept 1923 Delhi = Meeting
Session (President - CR (Not an INC Session) (1923
Das) INC Session - Kakinada -
President - Maulana Md. Ali)
Split - Defeat of
Swarajists proposal of Compromise - Swarajists
council entry. It led to were allowed to contest
the formation of elections as a group within
Swarajist Party congress

Swarajist
Manifest
ctober
1923
Swarajist Manifesto for Elections took a
strong Anti-Imperialist line (to win the
elections one has to say the British have
been exploiting us and we need our own
self-government - similar is being said
even in the present-day elections)

Swarajist
Manifest
ctober
1923
[Imp for Prelims & Mains]
It has 3 main things - Win + Ask of Self-Govt

+ If not Obstruct & create Deadlocks
1. Win the elections by saying - the British

guiding motive lies in their self-interest + Real
objective is to continue the exploitation of
India’s unlimited resources
2. After winning - Ask for the Nationalist

Demand for Self-Government in councils
2. If they don’t accept - Adopt a policy of

obstruction within councils to make
Governance impossible by creating Deadlocks

LMN - Responsivists
(Responsivists are a group within Swarajists. Advocated

cooperation with govt. + protection of Hindu interests)
[Prelims]
L M N
Lala Lajpat Rai Madam NC Kelkar
Mohan
Malaviya

Swarajists Performance
1923 vs 1926 Elections
[Imp for Prelims]
1923 Elections 1926 Elections
won 42 seats out of won 40 seats in

141 elected seats. center and some
Clear majority in the seats in Madras.
Provincial Assembly Defeated in the
of Central Provinces United Provinces,
Central Provinces,
and Punjab
Poor performance of
Swarajists in 1926 elections
compared to 1923 elections!!

During 1923 Nov Elections - Jinnah
and Malaviya are Independents
[Imp for Prelims]
Jinnah Madan Mohan

Malaviya

Bel-gaum/Bel-goan Session of
INC - Only time Gandhi Presided
[V.Imp for Prelims]
Belgaum me gaanv/goan (= Village in Hindi) hai.

So associate “village” with Gandhi
Therefore, Gandhi Presided over the Belgaum session
But Belgaum is a city
Faizpur session of INC was

the first session held in a village
The 50th Session of INC was held in Dec 1936 at Faizpur,

a village in Jalgaon District of Bombay Presidency
(Maharashtra). Therefore, the Faizpur session of INC was
the first session held in a village.

Why council entry programme
fizzled out? - Hindu + Muslim +
Death of CR Das
[V.Imp for Mains]
Hindus Split from Swarajists as

Resposivisits (to protect Hindu
intertests) as they felt swarajists
are not promoting Hindu
interests
Swarajists didn’t support Muslim

Muslims
peasants (tenants) against the
Zamindars in Bengal. Lost
support among Muslim
members.
Death of CR Led to Political Vacuum
Das in 1925

Achievements of Swarajists
[V.Imp for Mains]
Powerful Speeches on SIC - Self-Government,

Industrialization, and Civil Liberties
Vithalbhai Patel - Elected as speaker

of Central Legislative Assembly in 1925
Exposed hollowness of the

Montford Scheme
Out-voted the government several times - BAP

even on matters relating to Budgetary Grants + Passed
Adjournment Motions + Defeat of Public Safety Bill in 1928
By their activities they filled the Political Vacuum at at time

when the national movement was recouping its strength

Drawbacks of Swarajists - Hindu + Muslim +
Death of CR Das + Perks & Privileges + Policy
of Internal Co-ordination
[V.Imp for Mains]
Hindus Split from Swarajists as

Resposivisits (to protect Hindu
intertests) as they felt swarajists
are not promoting Hindu
interests
Swarajists didn’t support Muslim

Muslims
peasants (tenants) against the
Zamindars in Bengal. Lost
support among Muslim
members.
Death of CR Led to Political Vacuum
Das in 1925
P & P
failed to resist Perks & lacked a Policy to
Privileges of Power & coordinate their
Office militancy inside
legislatures with the
mass struggle outside

NAG Constructive work by
No-Changers
[V.Imp for Mains]
N National Schools & Colleges - Where students were

trained in a non-colonial ideological framework
A
Ashrams sprang up & Popularised the use of Khadi &
Charkha - Youth worked for the upliftment of Tribals
and Lower castes esp. in the KHEDA & BARDOLI areas
of Gujarat
G Grassroot work - HUB - Hindu Muslim Unity +

Untouchability eradication + Boycott of foreign cloth
and liquor
Constructive work for No-Changers served as the

backbone of Civil Disobedience as active organisers

NAG - Critique of Constructive work
by No-Changers
[V.Imp for Mains]
N National Schools & Colleges - Benefited the Urban

Upper middle classes and the Rich Peasants only
A
Ashrams sprang up & spread the use of Khadi &
Charkha -the use of Khadi & Charkha - But the
popularisation of Khadi was an uphill task since it
was costlier than the imported cloth
G Grassroot work - No emphasis was laid on the

economic grievances of the landless & agricultural
labourers
Although the Swarajists and the No-Changers worked in their separate ways,
they kept on the best of terms with one another and were able to unite whenever
the time was ripe for a new political struggle.

Characteristics of Younger Nationalists/Left
Wing within Congress - CPI
[V.Imp for Mains]
C Critical - of Swarajists, No-changers and Gandhian

Ideas
P Purna Swaraj - Advocated for Purna Swaraj

(Complete Independence)
I Inspired by International events - Soviet Revolution
They stressed the need to combine NAS (Nationalism + Anti-

Imperialism + Social Justice) and simultaneously raised the
question of internal class oppression by Capitalists and Landlords

CPI was formed in 1920 by RAM
(After 2nd Congress of Commintern CPI was formed in

1920 in Tashkent by RAM) [V.Imp for Prelims]
R A M
M.N. Roy & Abani Mukherjee Mohd Shafiq
his wife & his wife Mohd Ali
Evelyn Roy Rosa Fitingov MPT Acharya

Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case - SS MuNa
[In 1924 - SS MuNa were jailed in Kanpur Bolshevik case]

[V.Imp for Prelims]
SS MuNa
Shaukat Usmani Muzaffar Ahmed Nalini Gupta
SA Dange

CPI was formed in 1920 & 1925
[V.Imp for Prelims]
1920 & 1925

After 2nd Congress of Indian communist
Commintern CPI was conference at KANPUR
formed in 1920 in formalised the
TASHKENT by RAM foundation of the CPI

1928
In 1928 when Nehru was with
Bengal Students, Patel is in Bar
[V.Imp for Prelims]
I will lead I will preside

over
Bardoli Peasant ABSC (All Beng
al
Satyagraha in Students
Gujarat Conference)

AITUC was founded on Oct 31st 1920
by Lali Jo Lali Jo
[V.Imp for Prelims]
Lali Jo Lali Jo
Lala Lajpat Rai NM Joshi Diwan Joseph
Chaman Lall Baptista
President General
Secretary

Major strikes during 1920's -
Tata’s KaBaB
[Prelims]
Tata’s KaBaB
Tata Iron & Kharagpur Railway
Steel works Workshops
(Jamshedpur)
Bombay Textile Mills
Buckingham Carnatic
Mills

Tenant Peasant Problems that led
to Peasant Agitations
[Mains & Prelims]
T E R I
Tenancy Laws Protection Rents are Relief from
Revision against lower Indebtedness
Eviction

1st May Day
was Celebrated
in 1923 in
Madras da!!

Caste Movements during early
20th century - U-MESSY
(for improvement of Social Status)
[V.Imp for Prelims & Mains]
U - M E S S Y
Unionist Mahars Ezhavas Satyashodhak Yadavas
Party under (Radical) activism under (BH)
(PN) Ambedkar under Jyotirao Phule
under (MH) K. Ayyapan (Pune)
Fazl-i- (1924) and
Hussain C. Kesavan Self Respect
(1923) Movement
(1925) under
Periyar
to represent Punjabi Ramaswamy
zamindar (rural/agrarian)
Naicker
interests.
(Madras)

Unionist Party was founded by
Chotu FaSi in 1923
(Unionist Party represented the Punjabi Zamindari
interests) [V.Imp for Prelims]
Chotu FaSi
Chotu Ram Fazl-i-Hussain
(main
founder)
&
Sikandar
Hayat
Khan

Radical Ezhavas led by 3 Gods
[V.Imp for Prelims]
K. Ayyapan C. Kesavan TK Madhavan
Led Vaikom
Satyagraha (1924-25)
(Other Leaders
Insiders: KP Kesava
Menon & Kelappan
Outsiders: Periyar &

Gandhi)

Vaikom Satyagraha - MaKe
Periya Gandhi
[V.Imp for Prelims]
MaKe
TK. Madhavan Kesava Menon
(Main Leader) & Kelappan
Gandhi & Periyar

Insiders
(within Kerala)
Outsiders
(Out of Kerala)

Lower Castes in Vaikom
Satyagraha - PEN
(PEN castes defied the orders and walked on the

prohibited roads) [Imp for Prelims]
P E N
Pulayas Ezhavas Nairs

Justice Party was founded by ANT
(Justice Party is also called SILF - South Indian Liberal

Federation. Founded in 1916 in Victoria Public Hall in
Madras. It is a Non-Brahmin Conference)
[V.Imp for Prelims]
A N T
Alamelu Mangai Natesa Mudaliar Thyagaraya Shetty
Thayarammal & TM Nair

Phase II Revolutionary
groups in Bengal - YAC
[V.Imp for Prelims]
Y A C
Yuganthar Anushillan Chittagong
(Shubash Chandra Group Armory Raid
Bose) (JM Sengupta) (Suryasen)
Shub Yug Anu-Sen Surya-Chitta

HRA was founded by JARS
(HRA = Hindustan Republic Association. It was founded

in Oct 1924. Active in PUB Region - Punjab-UP-Bihar)
[V.Imp for Prelims]
J A R S
Jogesh Ashfaqulla Ram Prasad Sachindranath
Chandra Khan Bismil Sanyal
Chatterjee
Sachindranath
Bakshi
HSRA
or Remember like this.
As HRA evolves into HSRA associate
founders with HSRA (strike off H and
J write J in its place)

BaSuRa were tried in Lahore
Conspiracy Case (March 23 1931)
(March 23 is now observed as Shaheed Diwas

and Sarvodaya Day) [V.Imp for Prelims]
Ba Su Ra
Bhagat Singh Sukh Dev Raj guru

Major Influences on 2nd Phase of
Revolutionaries - RTI + Journals/Books
[V.Imp for Prelims & Mains]
R T I
Russian Revolution Trade Unionism Ideologies of
(1917) & its success (Upsurge of Communism
of the young Working Class) (Marxism),
Soviet State in Socialism
consolidating
itself
Journals - Publishing memoirs & articles extolling the self-sacrifice

of revolutionaries - BAS (Bijoli - Atmashakti - Sarathi)
Novels & Books such as Bandi Jeevan by Sachin Sanyal (BaSS) and
Pather Dabi by Sharatchandra Chatterjee (Path by Sharat) (Pather
Dabi = The Right of Way; or Demands of the Road)

Revolutionary Phase 2
Conspiracy Cases - KaLaM
[Prelims & Mains]
Ka La M
Kanpur Lahore Meerut
(1924) (1928) (1929)
In Chronological order

ART became mARTtyrs (hanged) in
Kakori Conspiracy case
(These 4 were hanged by the government in 1927 for

their involvement in Kakori Conspiracy Case) [V.Imp for
Prelims]
A R T
Ashfaqullah Ram Prasad Bismil Thakur Roshan
& Rajendra Lahari Singh

HRA & HSRA
[V.Imp for Prelims]
HRA HSRA
Founded in Oct 1924 Founded in Sept 1928
By SaRaJ under the leadership of

Chandra Shekar Azad
In Kanpur
At Ferozshah Kotla in Delhi
Aim: to overthrow colonial
government and establish Federal Aim: Socialism
Republic of USI (United States of
India) with Adult Franchise

BomB in CLA (Central Legislative
Assembly) on April 8, 1929 by
[V.Imp for Prelims]
BomB
Bhagat Batukeshwar
Singh Dutt

Revolutionaries involved in
Saunders Murder (Dec, 1928) - RCB
(RCB is a widely known acronym for Royal Challengers

Bangalore) [V.Imp for Prelims]
R C B
Raj guru Chandrashekar Bhagat Singh
Azad
while R & B shot dead Saunders, C gave Cover fire &

killed an Indian Constable. They had mistaken Saunders
for SP James Scott.

Why BomB in CLA? - to protest PT bills of
Legislature & to use Judiciary to be heard
[Imp for Mains]
Legislature To protest against the passage of
(PT Bills)
P - Public Safety Bill, 1928
T - Trade Disputes Bill, 1928
(Both are aimed at curtailing civil

liberties of citizens in general
and workers in particular)
Judiciary use the trial court as a Forum for

Propaganda so that people would
become familiar with their
movement & ideology
Not to kill, but to make the deaf hear

Baghat Singh Combinations
[V.Imp for Prelims]
Founding members
of HSRA + LSU
dev
u kh (Lahore Students
+S
Union)
+ Rajguru
Shot dead
Saunders
Bhagat Singh
+B
atu
kes
hwa
r Du threw Bomb in CLA
tt
(Central Legislative
Assembly)

“Force when
aggressively applied
is ‘violence’ and is,
therefore, morally
unjustifiable, but
when it is used in the
furtherance of a
legitimate cause, it
has its moral
justification”
Bhagat Singh

The arrested revolutionaries in the Lahore conspiracy
case protested against the horrible conditions of jail
through fasting and demanded honourable and
decent treatment as political prisoners.
Jatin Das became the

first martyr on the
63rd day of his fast.
Tribute to Jatin Das

Chandra Shekar Azad was involved in the conspiracy
to blow up Lord Irwin's train in 1929, unfortunately,
the plan failed (AI - Azad Irwin)

Azad died in Alfred Park is in Allahabad.
Colt Pistol used by him is in Allahabad
Museum
(Alfred Park is now called as Chandra Shekar Azad Park) (Azad

was surrounded by the British Police and Seeing no other way
to escape, he shot himself dead and, thus, fulfilled his pledge
of not being captured alive by the British) [V.Imp for Prelims]
A
zad
lfred Park
llahabad

After the death of CR Das’s Death (1925)
- the Bengal Congress broke up into 2
factions - Anu-Sen & Yug-Subh
[V.Imp for Prelims]
Anu-Sen Yug-Subh
Anushillan Yuganthar
Group (Shubash
(JM Sengupta) Chandra Bose)

CHARLES day lucky as DAY was killed
instead by GOPI (1924)
(An Assassination attempt was made on Charles Tegart,

notorious Calcutta Police Commissioner by Gopinath
Saha. But another man named Mr. Day got killed)
[V.Imp for Prelims]
But you
killed Mr.
I wanted to Day instead
kill you of me
Gopinath Saha Charles Tegart

People associated with Chittagong
Armory Raid in April 1930 - LAGS
(This raid was done under the banner of IRA - Indian

Republican Army) [V.Imp for Prelims]
L A G S
Lokenath Anant Singh Ganesh Gosh Surya Sen
Baul
Though Surya Sen hoisted the national flag, took a salute,

and proclaimed a provisional revolutionary government
he was arrested in February 1933 and hanged in January
1934. Therefore Chittagong Armory Raid LAGS

I’m Suryasen. I love
poetry and Admire
Tagore & Qazi
Nazrul Islam

‘Master Da’, a former school teacher (National
School in Chittagong) turned freedom fighter who
worked closely with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das
(Secretary of Chittagong District Congress
Committee) and led the Non-Cooperation
Movement in Bengal
“Humanism is
a special
virtue of a
revolutionary”
Surya Sen

Santi Ghose was a founding member of Chhatri
Sangha (Girl Students' Association). Ghosh was
released on the strength of amnesty
negotiations between Gandhi and the British
government (after serving 7 years in Jail)
Dec 1931 - Santi Ghose (15 years) and Suniti Chowdhury

(14 years) shot the notorious British District Magistrate
of Comilla in Bengal

Bina Das fired point blank at
the British Governor - Sir
Stanley Jackson while receiving
her degree at the convocation
(Feb 1932)
“I fired on the
Governor, impelled
by the love for my
country which is
repressed”
Bina Das

Bhagat fully accepted Marxism
and the class approach to
society
“Peasants have to
free themselves not
only from the foreign
yoke, but also from
the yoke of landlords
and capitalists.”
Bhagat Singh

Bhagat was fully and consciously secular. He
also saw the importance of freeing people
from the mental bondage of religion and
superstition
“to be a revolutionary,
one required immense
moral strength, but one
also required criticism
and independent
thinking”.
Bhagat Singh

“The struggle in India will continue, so
long as a handful of exploiters continue
to exploit labour of common people to
further their own interests. It matters
little whether these exploiters are
British capitalists, British and Indian
capitalists in alliance, or even
purely Indians.”
Bhagat Singh

Though BomB in CLA was thrown by Batukeshwar
& Bhagat, the Book “The Philosophy of the Bomb”
was written by Bhagwati
[V.Imp for Prelims]
“The
Philo
soph
the B y of
omb
by B ”
hagw
Char ati
an V
ohra
BomB
Bhagat Batukeshwar Bhagwati Charan

Singh Dutt
Vohra

“Real
Revolutionary
armies are in
villages &
factories”
Bhagat Singh

Founded by Bhagat Singh - HPL
(HPL is widely known acronym for Hindustan Petroleum

Limited) [V.Imp for Prelims]
H P L
Hindustan Punjab Nau-Jawan Lahore Students
Socialist Bharat Sabha Union
Republic
Association (Open wing of Young (Open wing for
(HSRA) Revolutionaries) Legal work)

Founders of FICCI (1927) - BaPu
(FICCI was founded on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi.

So link it with BaPU) [V.Imp for Prelims]
Ba Pu
GD. Birla Purushottamdas

Thakurdas

Founders of Peasants & Workers Party
Aka Kirti Kisan Party. It became an imp front

organization for CPI and an influential force in the
Bombay labour movement) [Imp for Prelims]
Mu Na H
Muzafar Nazrul Hemant
Ahmad Islam Kumar
Sarkar

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B. Chaitanya Reddy IPS (UPSC AIR 161 - 2021)

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THE LEGEND OF BHAGAT SINGH

23 MARCH 1931: SHAHEED

KHELEIN HUM JEE

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

(Vithalbhai Patel is elder bro of Vallabhbhai Patel)

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

(Vithalbhai Patel is elder bro of Vallabhbhai Patel)

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[V.Imp for Prelims]

President of Gaya Session Secretary of Gaya Session

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

1920 1921 1922

Note: In 1921 Session - C.R. Das was the actual President

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

Deshbandhu vs. Deenbhandu

C.R. Das C.F. Andrews

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

(Swarajists say lets take a NAP post NCM - Non-

N NCM Continuation - Entering councils would not

P Political Vacuum - Council work could enthuse the

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

(No-Changers argue that council entry could lead to

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

(Under Gandhi’s leadership the split turned into a

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[Imp for Prelims & Mains]

It has 3 main things - Win + Ask of Self-Govt

1. Win the elections by saying - the British

2. After winning - Ask for the Nationalist

2. If they don’t accept - Adopt a policy of

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

(Responsivists are a group within Swarajists. Advocated

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[Imp for Prelims]

1923 Elections 1926 Elections

won 42 seats out of won 40 seats in

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[Imp for Prelims]

Jinnah Madan Mohan

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[V.Imp for Prelims]

Belgaum me gaanv/goan (= Village in Hindi) hai.

Faizpur session of INC was

The 50th Session of INC was held in Dec 1936 at Faizpur,

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[V.Imp for Mains]

Hindus Split from Swarajists as

Swarajists didn’t support Muslim

Death of CR Led to Political Vacuum

@mnemonicsdaddy @chaitanya.ips @iravikiranreddy

[V.Imp for Mains]

Powerful Speeches on SIC - Self-Government,

Vithalbhai Patel - Elected as speaker

Exposed hollowness of the

Out-voted the government several times - BAP

By their activities they filled the Political Vacuum at at time