THEORY OF DESIGN AND STRUCTURES

SEMESTER – 4

BARC 404

RIYA YOGESH PATIL

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ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

VIVA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

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INTRODUCTION TO STEEL STRUCTURES:

Steel structure is a metal structure which is made of structural steel components connect with
each other to carry loads and provide full rigidity. Because of the high strength grade of steel,
this structure is reliable and requires less raw materials than other types of structure like
concrete structure and timber structure.
Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of
shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile of a
specific cross section.
In modern construction, steel structures is used for almost every type of structure including
heavy industrial building, high-rise building, equipment support system, infrastructure, bridge,
tower, airport terminal, heavy industrial plant, pipe rack, etc.

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QUESTION 01:
WRITE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. DESIGN:

o One of the most evident advantages of using a steel structure in construction is the ability
of steel to span greater distances with steel ceiling joists.
o This allows engineers to expand their options, allowing them to create new/large space
using steel products that just weren’t available with other materials.
o A steel structure is highly recommended for large span and heavy structures which befits all
types of Industrial buildings.
o The most economical and general shape for a prefabricated steel building is a basic
rectangle.
o However, steel is also used to create more complex designs. Steel’s greatest design asset
maybe its ability to span long distances without interrupting the related interior columns.

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2. STRENGTH AND DURABILITY:

o Structural steel components are stronger and lighter than the components made of weight-
bearing concrete or wood. Weight-bearing steel fabrication is 30%-50% lighter than its
wooden equivalent.
o This makes construction of steel structure stronger and more durable. Besides offering
durability, a steel structure can withstand extreme forces or harsh weather conditions, such
as earthquakes, strong winds, hurricanes and heavy snow to a larger extent.
o They are also rust-proof and, unlike wooden structures, they are not affected by termites,
mildew, bugs, mold, and fungal contamination. And also, they are more fire-resistant
compared to wooden/RCC structures.
3. LIGHT IN WEIGHT:
o The steel would weigh more due to its density.
o However, when steel is used in framing, the design of beam will cause it to be lighter than a
structurally sound wooden/concrete beam design.
4. EASY INSTALLATION AND SPEED IN CONSTRUCTION:
o Steel parts in a steel structures are pre-manufactured to a specific design inside the
manufacturing plant/fabrication shop and are shipped out in ready-to-be erected condition.
Hence it speeds up construction time significantly. So, it is possible to complete large-scale
projects in a shorter period than usual.
o Due to easy-to-make parts of a steel structure, it is hassle-free to install and assemble them
on site, and also there is no need of measuring and cutting of parts on site.
5. FLEXIBILITY:
o Steel it can be designed as per the required needs, this helps designing a steel structures in
such a way that it can withstand heavy winds or earthquake, especially in case of the
bridges or tall towers.
6. EASY FABRICATION IN DIFFERENT SIZES:

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o Steel studs are available in a variety of sizes and can be manufactured as per an order. This
means they can be customized to bear specific loads in buildings of all different sizes and
types.
7. DUCTILITY:
o Steel, in general do not crack like comparatively brittle materials like concrete. This property
of steel permits steel buildings to bend out of shape, or deform without collapse if there is
any breakage risk, thus giving warning to the inhabitants to vacate beforehand.
o Breakdown for the steel structures neither happens overnight nor a steel structure rarely
can collapse
8. VERSATILE:
o Steel is incredibly versatile as it can be molded into almost any shape, which makes it an
attractive option for both residential and commercial buildings.
o Architects may let their artistic imaginations run wild, while still having the ability to design
and construct a building that is both strong and safe.
o Similarly, for the adaptability to the versatile design of large, clear span buildings such as
airport, terminal buildings, auditorium, halls, agricultural buildings, warehouses, and indoor
areas, there are hardly any alternatives to steel structures.

9. FIRE RESISTANCE:
o Steel structures are highly fire resistant as compared to wood, and it reduces the fire
accident risk to a building.

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o The spread of fire gets reduced if there is more steel structure in a building. Special flame-
retardant coatings are used to increase this property of structural steel.

10. PEST AND INSECT RESISTANT:

o Structural steel/concrete components are termite proof and these are not the consumables
of mammals or bugs.
o In comparison to wooden structures steel structures need lesser maintenance. Steel
structures also do not require any insect resistant treatment.
11. MOISTURE AND WEATHER RESISTANCE:
o Steel structures are wonderfully moisture resistant although this privilege may get slightly
compromised depending on the carbon content of the steel being used for the structure.
o Hot zinc coating and extra powder treatments for enhanced rust resistance will make a
structural steel component even more resistant to the effects of water
12. Adaptability:

o Steel products can be changed or adjusted according to the owner’s requirement. This
ability to adapt to changes permits for easier expansions, at the same time it helps in
extending the lifespan of the structure.
13. COST-EFFECTIVE:
o Steel is light in weight as compared to timber/concrete, which makes it easier to transport
and hence, reduces fuel costs and quicken project schedules. Aside from this, it is also
energy efficient and can be recycled, hence, creates minimal raw material wastes.

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o Since the steel parts are manufactured in the plant, there is no waste on location. However,
the cost ultimately governs everything.
o Also less labor is used which reduces the cost.
14. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY:
o Steel is one of the most recyclable materials in the world. Using recycled steel saves natural
resources and energy to a large extent, which in turn, lowers the cost of producing new
steel products.
15. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

o Steel structures can be easily built using various methods such as welding, bolting or
riveting and can be also disassembled without hassles.
o This reduces the time taken to make a temporary structure, and hence professional steel
fabricators use steel for temporary structures.
16. IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION QUALITY:
o Steel buildings do not age and may get worsen like wooden/concrete structures over time.
o The service life is good without hefty maintenance cost.

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DISADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES ARE AS

FOLLOWS:
1. HIGH MAINTENANCE & CAPITAL COST:
o When steel structures are exposed to severe or aggressive weather conditions, it may get
corroded due to the action of steel with atmospheric oxygen or aggressive environment. For
preventing such a problem expensive application of paints is required frequently.
o Hence, the maintenance cost of steel may go up, which is a sure concern for a common
user. Also, the initial cost of steel structure is higher as compared to concrete/wood
structure.
o More skilled labors are required for making a steel structure as compared to concrete/
wood structure.
2. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING :
o Because of high strength/weight ratio, steel products are in general slenderer and
consequently more susceptible to buckling than reinforced concrete members.
o As a result, considerable materials may have to be used just to improve the buckling
resistance of slender steel items.
3. FATIGUE AND FRACTURE:

o Steel structures are quite susceptible to fatigue. Large variations in tensile strength expose
steel elements to excessive tension, which decreases its overall strength. Steel is also
responsive to brittle fracture when it loses its ductility.

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o These two adversities increase its chances of buckling, which is typically counterbalanced by
adding expensive steel columns that can successfully stiffen the primary structure.

4. FIREPROOF TREATMENT:
o Although steel elements are incombustible up to a temperature, the strength of steel gets
highly compromised at the exposure against higher temperatures due to fire or when other
materials within a building burn, making them susceptible to buckling.
o Moreover, steel is a good conductor of heat, ignites materials in contact and often causes
fires, which rapidly spread to other sections of a building.
o Hence, steel structures may require additional fireproofing treatment.
5. FABRICATION ERROR:
o Though steel is a versatile material, it is not easy to make field corrections if one or more
components do not fit properly.
o Most of the metal building manufacturers perform adhere to strict quality assurance
processes to ensure all parts of a building fit correctly. But in actual it is not possible.
o One cannot mold it or cut it in desired shape on site once it is fabricated.

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QUESTION 02:
WRITE BRIEF MOTE ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEEL SECTIONS USED.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND THEIR USES IN

CONSTRUCTION:

1. PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS:

These channelled beams are U-shaped with right angled corners, similar to the shape of a
staple. They come in various different sizes, however, the two sides are always the same length
and are parallel to one another. They also offer a high strength to weight ratio and have similar
uses to angled sections.

PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS

2. TAPERED FLANGE BEAMS:
Taper flange beams come in an I-shaped and are also available in a vast variety of sizes. In
construction, these are often used as cross-sections for girders. Though they have a particularly
resistance ratio, it is not usually recommended when pressure is present along the length as
they are not torsion (twisting) resistant.

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TAPERED FLANGE BEAMS

3. UNIVERSAL BEAM:
Universal beams, also known ad I-beams or H-beams, come in the shape of their namesake: an
‘I’ when standing upright, and a ‘H’ on their side. Universal beams are usually made of
structural steel and are used in construction and civil engineering, among other industries.

UNIVERSAL BEAM
4. UNIVERSAL COLUMN:
Universal beams are also widely used for structural purposes. They are similar to beams and are
often referred to as I-beams or H-beams, however, all three sections are the same in length. As
their name suggests, they are mainly used for columns, and have a brilliant load-bearing
capabilities.

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5. ANGLED SECTIONS:
Angled structural steel sections can come as either equal or unequal. Both will be right angled,
however, unequal sections have different sized axis’ making them L-shaped. This kind of section
is much stronger (up to 20%) with a much higher strength to weight ratios. Angled sections are
used in residential construction, infrastructure, mining and transport. Also, they are available in
a wide range of lengths and sizes.

ANGLED SECTIONS

6. CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS:

Circular Hollow Sections come as a hollow tubular cross sections and have a much higher
resistance to torsion that tapered flange beams. The density of the walls is uniform within the
entire circle which makes this beams great for use with multi-axis loading processes.

CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS

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7. RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS:

These types of structural steel are much like the circular hollow sections,however they have
rectangular cross sections. They are very popular in many mechanical and construction steel
applications. Their flat surfaces make them prime for use in joining and metal fabrication.

RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS

8. SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS:

Like their hollow section counterparts (except with square cross sections), these are used
within smaller applications such as columns or posts. However, they are unsuitable for beams
as their shapes are inherently difficult to bolt into other types of shape. They are also known as
‘box sections’.

SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS

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9. FLAT SECTIONS:
Arguably the most versatile type of steel section as they require to be attached to another
section. In some cases, they can be attached to another section as a strengthening tool. They
are also often referred to as ‘plates’ (for example, checker plates).

FLAT SECTIONS
10. CHECKER PLATE:
Steel checker plate, also known as floor plate, are flat plates of metal with collections of square
indents for gripping and aesthetic purposes. As their name suggests, they are used in flooring.
Thicknesses vary from 3mm to 12mm.Checker plate is also quite malleable and can be bent or
rolled to suit a number of different needs. You may have seen it used for things like tool boxes
and storage chests.

CHECKER PLATE

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11. Steel Mesh:

Steel mesh is integral in construction, mainly used for concrete reinforcing – thus it is also
known as reinforcing steel. It has a wide array of applications including driveway paving, patio
and house slabbing, building reinforcement and uses in rural applications such as fencing. It
comes in rectangles and squares.

Steel Mesh

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QUESTION 03:
SHOW NEAT SKETCH OF STANCHION TO BEAM JOINERY.

STEEL BEAMS ARE LINKED TO SUPPORTING ELEMENTS WHETHER IT IS STEEL GIRDERS OR

COLUMNS WITH WEB CONNECTION ANGLE

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QUESTION 04:
With the help of neat sketch show different components of I-section:
ISMB 500.

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