After burning

After burning
After the after-burning or treatment period, diesel engines
emit exhaust that is harmful to the environment and human
health and does not comply with EPA standards.
 DOC SYSTEM

 Diesel oxidation catalyst is Consists of stainless steel
 A box containing a honeycomb structure called a
substrate or catalyst …Figure (1)
 The substrate can be either made of ceramic material
or metal foil.
 There are no moving parts, just large amounts of
internal surface area. Interior surfaces
 They are coated with catalyst metals such as
platinum and/or palladium
DOC SYSTEM


 Figure 1
 How it works?


 It converts gaseous pollutants into harmless gases
through chemical oxidation. in case Diesel exhaust,
the catalyst oxidizes carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons
and the soluble organic fraction
 molecules into carbon dioxide and water. DOCs also
play an important role. This occurs by oxidizing
certain elements
 NO to NO2 which oxidizes the soot or by generating
heat through it
 Oxidation of CO and HC
How it works?

 DPF SYSTEM
(Diesel Particulate Filters)


 The DPF system is designed to allow exhaust gases
to pass through it while at the same time preventing
the leakage of small solid particles
 DPF SYSTEM

 The Depending on material, there are roughly 200 cells per
square inch in a DPF, each measuring approximately 3/64″
square running the entire length of the filter. The cell surface
area has a texture similar to what you would find on a small
sponge. The image to the right is magnified 10,000 times and
shows the complexity of the cell design.
 DPF SYSTEM

 How it works?
 Exhaust flows through the filter and the plugs force it
from one cell chamber to another. As the air maneuvers
and finds its way through the sponge-like surface, the
filter wall captures everything larger than 5 microns, or
the size of a human hair.
CCV SYSTEM

 CCV SYSTEM

 Types of Crankcase Ventilation Systems:
1- Open crankcase ventilation(OCV)
2- Closed crank case ventilation (CCV)

 Function of Closed Crankcase Ventilation(CCV):

Closed Crankcase Ventilation (CCV) is a system used to
control and manage the vapors and gases that are produced
in the crankcase during engine operation. It is designed to :
1-reduce emissions
2-improve fuel efficiency
3-prevent the buildup of pressure and harmful gases within
the engine.
 CCV SYSTEM

 Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) Valve: The PCV valve is a key component of
the CCV system. It is typically located on the engine's valve cover and is
connected to the intake manifold or air intake system. The PCV valve regulates the
flow of gases between the crankcase and the intake system.

 Vacuum Source: The CCV system utilizes a vacuum source, usually provided by
the intake manifold, to create a slight vacuum within the crankcase. This vacuum
helps to pull the gases and vapors out of the crankcase and into the intake system
for proper combustion.

 Crankcase Filtration: The CCV system often includes a crankcase filter or oil
separator. This filter is designed to remove oil droplets and contaminants from the
gases before they are reintroduced into the intake system.

 Reintroduction into Intake System: The gases and vapors collected from the
crankcase, after passing through the crankcase filter, are reintroduced into the
intake system downstream of the throttle body. They mix with the incoming air
and fuel mixture, and are subsequently burned during combustion in the engine's
cylinders.
 EGR SYSTEM

 How it works?
The EGR system works by returning a small portion of exhaust gas to the
engine's combustion chambers through the intake manifold, lowering
combustion temperatures and therefore reducing the amount of NOx
emitted.
 EGR SYSTEM
 Types of EGR


Mechanical Electrical (solenoid)

 EGR SYSTEM

 High pressure EGR captures the exhaust
gas prior to the turbocharger and redirect
it back into the intake air.
 Low pressure EGR collects the clean
exhaust after the turbocharger and after a
diesel particulate filter and returns it to
the inter-cooler. Diesel particulate filters
are always used with a low-pressure EGR
system to ensure that large amounts of
particulate matter are not recirculated to
the engine which would result in accelerated
wear in the engine and turbocharger.
 VVT SYSTEM

 Variable valve timing was created, a system that aims to
alter the opening and closing time of the air intake valves
(or exhaust gases) so that the optimum amount of air for
the process enters the cylinders.

 Improved efficiency, increased torque, and power.

 More precise engine timing.
 Reduction of fuel consumption. and consumption as well as
lower carbon emissions
 VVT SYSTEM

 Purpose and operation of the VVT:
VVT system is controlled by the ECU, the electronic control unit
that regulates the engine and is responsible for activating this gear
through the flow of engine oil. Oil pressure is sent through the
VVT gear to fill up cavities to advance or retard timing.
Main components:
ECU (Engine Control Unit).
• Sensors.
• VVT Camshaft adjuster consisting of stator, rotor, vanes and locking
element.
• Camshafts.
• Solenoid valves.
• Oil
 Selective catalytic reduction

 AFTER TREATMENT PROCESS which selectively
reduces the emission of Nox

 It is designed to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides in

exhaust gases and is a combination of(nitric oxide +
nitrogen dioxide)

 Nitrogen oxides are produced when nitrogen and oxygen

bind together and do not combine except at a high
temperature in the combustion chamber. Therefore, the
percentage of Nox is high in diesel engines.

 To reduce NOx emissions, a NOx oxidation catalyst is

used in addition to an SCR system
Selective catalytic reduction

 How it works?


 Main component :(a Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) tank, the SCR
catalyst, and an ammonia (NH3) catalyst.

 When the exhaust temperature decreases, Nox emissions are

stored in the oxidation catalyst until the regeneration process is
completed with a rich fuel mixture where the NOx is chemically
converted to N or N2.

 At higher exhaust temperatures and more NOx is produced than

the oxidation catalyst can convert, fluid is added from the injector,
where it reacts with Nox to split it into nitrogen and water.

 The knock sensor measures the NOx content in the exhaust before
Adblue fluid is injected and distributed evenly with a mixer
 How it works?


 Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) or Adblue is a non-toxic fluid
composed of 32% automotive grade aqueous urea and purified
water.

 AdBlue is injected into the exhaust pipe upstream of the SCR

catalyst by using a pump and injector, the injection is
controlled by the ECU, which detects the condition of the
engine through sensors and determines the amount of urea to
be injected.

 Under the influence of temperature Urea turns into ammonia

(NH3), where ammonia causes Nox to separate into (N+H2O).
 How it works?


 There is also a chance of unreacted ammonia being
emitted, known as ammonia slip. In order to avoid this,
an oxidation catalyst is added to the SCR system and it is
subsequently oxidized to nitrogen.

 However, one of the disadvantages of this system is that

it requires:
1- Storage tank for urea
2- Periodic replenishment of urea
3- High cost
 THANK YOU

Mariam alaa – Mohamed ahmed – Eslam waled – Mohamed saber
– Abdelrahman magdy – Ahmed adel