Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
1
1
by
EVANGELINE K. TAN
MASTER OF ARTS
i n the Department of C l a s s i c s
D i v i s i o n of L i n g u i s t i c s
We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as conforming t o t h e
required standard
August, 196?
In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the requirements
study. I f u r t h e r agree t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s
or p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l l o w e d
w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
Department o f ^ a s ^ j j j s . i ^ Q i ^ ^ ^
T h e " U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia
Vancouver 8 Canada 3
growing i n t e r e s t i n l i n g u i s t i c s c i e n c e . As a r e s u l t , more
m a n i f e s t e d i n P h i l i p p i n e l i n g u i s t i c s as e v i d e n c e d by t h e
a l r e a d y been and a r e b e i n g e x p l o r e d .
L i n g u i s t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Tausug (which i s t h e n a t i v e
I n v i e w o f t h e inadequacy," t h i s p r e s e n t work on a s y n c h r o n i c
The purpose o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o g i v e a s u f f i c i e n t l y
comprehensive d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l phenomena o f
Tausug, w i t h t h e end i n v i e w o f p r o v i d i n g b a s i c e x p l a n a t i o n s
;
c o n c e r n i n g t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l system o f t h e language w h i c h s h o u l d
be u s e f u l t o t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n Tausug l i n g u i s t i c s . I t i s a l s o
hoped t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s w i l l be o f some p e d a g o g i c a l s i g n i f i -
Tausug and i n p r o v i d i n g a t h e o r e t i c a l f o u n d a t i o n f o r f u t u r e
iii
system.
I n t h e main, t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s o f Tausug
the i n v e s t i g a t o r i s a n a t i v e s p e a k e r . Whenever p o s s i b l e ,
v a l i d for a l l dialects.'
A D e s c r i p t i v e A n a l y s i s * , t h e method o f approach t o t h e s t u d y
p o s s i b l e by means o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h , and p r i m a r i l y
u l t i m a t e a i m i s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e phonemic system of t h e
p h o n e t i c raw m a t e r i a l i n t o f u n c t i o n a l u n i t s , i . e . , t h e
similarity, 1
complementary d i s t r i b u t i o n , p a t t e r n congruity,
e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e i d e n t i t y o f each o f t h e phonemes o f
iv
are included.
d e a r t h t o d a t e of l i n g u i s t i c s t u d i e s of the Tausug l a n g -
uage, t h i s p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s of the p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e
L i s t o f F i g u r e s and I l l u s t r a t i o n s vi
Acknowledgements v i i
1. INTRODUCTION............. 1
1.1 Background o f t h e P r e s e n t S t u d y 1
1.2 Purpose o f t h e A n a l y s i s 3
1.4 Method o f A p p r o a c h . . 8
1.5 D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms....... 12
3.2 Contoids 46
4. THE SYLLABLE .. 55
consonants.........•• 69
5.2.1 D e s c r i p t i o n and C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . 77
5.2.2 Phonemic C o n t r a s t 79
5.2.3 Allophonic Variation.................... 86
5.2.5 Diphthongs......... 91
5.2.6 Triphthongs...... 95
5> 3;Consonants 96
5.3.1 D e s c r i p t i o n and C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.3 A l l o p h o n i c V a r i a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4 J u n c t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . v .....
1
170
7. MORPHOPHONEMICS . 172
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................. 183
L i s t o f F i g u r e s and Illustrations
speaking province
F i g u r e 2: The C a r d i n a l Vowel C h a r t
of speech
a p p r o x i m a t e l o c a t i o n o f t h e Tausug V o c o i d s
F i g u r e 5: A C h a r t o f Tausug V o c o i d s
F i g u r e 6: A C h a r t o f Tausug C o n t o i d s
I w i s h t o express my g r a t i t u d e t o s e v e r a l p e o p l e
t o t h e f i n a l accomplishment o f t h e p r o j e c t ; t o M i s s Ruth
M c C o n n e l l i n whose c l a s s t h e w r i t e r g a i n e d encouragement
d r a f t o f t h i s t h e s i s ; and t o my f r i e n d s , M i s s e s R o s a r i o
E l e m e n t a r y E d u c a t i o n D i v i s i o n , Bureau o f P u b l i c S c h o o l s ,
s a r y s u p p o r t and t r a i n i n g by M i s s F e Manza, c h i e f , E n g l i s h
P r i m a r y S e c t i o n s To them, I a l s o express my a p p r e c i a t i o n .
my s i n c e r e thanks and a p p r e c i a t i o n .
MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
SHOWING THE
TAU SUG - SPEAKING PROVINCE
(SHADED)
1. INTRODUCTION
p r o v i n c e a t the s o u t h e r n t i p of t h e P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , Tausug
as a n a t i v e language by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30^,812 p e o p l e l i v i n g
P r e s e n t - d a y Tausug r e p r e s e n t s n o t o n l y a cumulative
v a r i o u s l a n g u a g e s , n o t a b l y S a n s k r i t , Malayan, Indonesian,
of l i g h t ? 1
Loan words from E n g l i s h a r e p u l i s 'police',- i s k u l
'school', tarak 'truck', b a l i b u l ' v o l l e y b a l l ' , miting 'meeting'
or conference', etc.
1
3'The s o u r c e of i n f o r m a t i o n on S a n s k r i t l o a n s i s t h e doc-
t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n of Juan F r a n c i s c o , " I n d i a n I n f l u e n c e s i n t h e
P h i l i p p i n e s , " S o c i a l S c i e n c e s and Humanities Review (Quezon C i t y :
The U n i v e r s i t y of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s A r t and S c i e n c e s P u b l i c a t i o n ,
January-Sept ember, 1963) V.-28, Nos. 1-3.
Due t o u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l s , t h e i n v e s t i -
g a t o r i s not i n a p o s i t i o n t o g i v e s u f f i c i e n t examples of l e x i c a l
items borrowed from o t h e r languages. I n f l u e n c e s of such languages
a r e e v i d e n t not o n l y i n the language but a l s o i n t h e c u l t u r e of
Tausug.
3
As one o f t h e e s t i m a t e d e i g h t y - s e v e n languages o f t h e
P h i l i p p i n e s , Tausug f a l l s under t h e g e n e r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f
l o g i c a l as w e l l as s y n t a c t i c a l resemblances w i t h many P h i l i p p i n e
U n l i k e T a g a l o g , Cebuano, and o t h e r P h i l i p p i n e l a n g u a g e s ,
the d e s i r e d i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l system o f
r e s t i n P h i l i p p i n e l i n g u i s t i c s , i t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t a more com-
p r e h e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e language be made a v a i l a b l e .
1.2 Purpose o f t h e A n a l y s i s
- Whether any g i v e n a n a l y s i s i s d e s i r a b l e o r s u c c e s s f u l
depends p r i m a r i l y on t h e purpose f o r w h i c h i t i s i n t e n d e d . I n
t h i s s t u d y , attempt i s made t o p r o v i d e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e
r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l f o r s t u d e n t s of l i n g u i s t i c s who may be i n -
t i c s and orthography.
T h i s s t u d y o f f e r s n e i t h e r a mass of d e t a i l e d d a t a n o r any
language.
s i g h t s i n t o t h e l e a r n i n g of a new language a r e g a i n e d by h a v i n g
4 - -••
H a r o l d B. A l l e n , T e a c h i n g E n g l i s h as a Second Language,
.(New Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company, 1965).. N e l s o n B r o o k s ,
Language and Language L e a r n i n g (New Y o r k i H a r c o u r t , B r a c e and
1
g r a d u a t e s o f t h e A r a b i c s c h o o l ) , o r t h e Roman a l p h a b e t ( i n the
use o f t h e Roman a l p h a b e t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e l a n g u a g e ^ so t h a t
o r w r i t t e n i n c o n t e x t , t h e form k a h a , o r kahah, i s l i a b l e t o be
-'It was o n l y v e r y r e c e n t l y , w i t h t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e
v e r n a c u l a r a s t h e medium o f i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e c u r r i c u l u m o f
Grades I and I I , t h a t some t e n t a t i v e r u l e s have been l a i d down
on t h e use o f t h e Roman a l p h a b e t i n w r i t i n g t e x t b o o k s i n Tausug,
^ I n t h e f i r s t p r e - p r i m e r o f t h e Tausug s e r i e s , t h e g l o t t a l
s t o p i s l e f t unmarked. F o r c o n s i s t e n c y t h e same o r t h o g r a p h i c a l
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n w i l l be used i n t h i s a n a l y s i s .
6
In t h i s s t u d y , t h e u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e i s to establish
as a t h e o r e t i c a l foundation.
On a c c o u n t o f t h e i r number and t h e g r e a t d i s t a n c e s
f o r i n s t a n c e , between t h e d i a l e c t s of J o l o and S i a s i . By
g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n , Tausug s p e a k e r s of J o l o t e n d t o speak
In t h i s t h e s i s , p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h e d i a l e c t of
t o t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f words f o u n d i n t h e a c t i v e vocabulary
t o y i e l d an a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n a l t h o u g h some o f t h e
A l t h o u g h most o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n s t h a t w i l l soon f o l l o w
a p p l y t o t h e d i a l e c t o f STP and t h e i d i o l e c t o f t h e i n v e s t i g a -
tor i n p a r t i c u l a r , a t t e m p t s w i l l be made t o p r o v i d e f o r g e n e r a l
c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h a r e v a l i d f o r a l l d i a l e c t s o f t h e language.
Whenever p o s s i b l e , i n c l u s i o n o f o t h e r d i a l e c t a l v a r i e t i e s o f
E n g l i s h ^ i s , however,' o f t e n d i f f i c u l t .
1
Sometimes o n l y rough
t h e inadequacy of t r a n s l a t i o n a l e q u i v a l e n t s a l o n e i s o b v i o u s .
d i f f e r e n t i n both languages.
As suggested i n t h e t i t l e , t h e scope o f t h i s t h e s i s w i l l
be l i m i t e d t o t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l a s p e c t o f Tausug. The u l t i m a t e
p u r s u i t o f t h i s p h o n o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s i s t h e i d e n t i t y of t h e
w h i c h a r e b a s i c t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f speech
language. 1
Completeness i s impossible and can never be attained
(New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1958), pp.' 57-58. R. H. Robins,
General L i n g u i s t i c s : An Introductory Survey (London: Longmans,
1965), pp. 1
84-85. Gleason, op.' c i t . , p.' 20.'
11
articulatory differentiations.
1.5 D e f i n i t i o n of Terms
s t a n d i n g o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e ought t o
be d e f i n e d h e r e ! 2
u s e d by a group o f p e o p l e ( t h e Tausug) i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f S u l u ;
of any o t h e r P h i l i p p i n e l a n g u a g e , s i n c e i t I s n o t m u t u a l l y i n -
A c c o r d i n g t o H o c k e t t , a d i a l e c t i s a c o l l e c t i o n o f more
or l e s s s i m i l a r i d i o l e c t s . IDIOLECT r e f e r s t o t h e t o t a l i t y o f
the speech h a b i t s o f a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l a t a g i v e n p o i n t o f
time!'^
• -3prancis,
1
op. c i t . , p;' 43 „ N
H o c k e t t , op. c i t . , p.' 3 2 1 .
13
complicated sentence?
vant or non-relevant, d i s t i n c t i v e or n o n - d i s t i n c t i v e .
and that serve to bring out contrasts between word forms. Such
of Tausug, c e r t a i n m a t t e r s w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d important to
language, i t i s n e c e s s a r y as w e l l as c o n v e n i e n t , t o have c o n s i s -
and c l a s s i f i e d , a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t g i v e s a one-to-one c o r r e s -
18
pondence w i t h the sounds t o be r e p r e s e n t e d . The IPA has been
•the 1
o n l y p o s s i b l e and p e r m i s s i b l e means of r e c o r d i n g speech
f o r showing s e v e r a l k i n d s o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n a r t i c u l a t i o n o f
whenever n e c e s s a r y , a r e e x p l a i n e d as t h e y a r e used i n t h e t e x t .
T a b l e o f Symbols and S i g n s
V o c o i d s and C o n t o i d s
in English
in English
M manghud ['nnsnhYdl 'younger b r o t h e r ' o r
'sister'
CP] pasu C'p'asUh] 'flower p o t '
CD] basu C'basUh] 'drinking glass'
[p] abaga C?a'3ay h] a 'shoulder'
[t] tau C »t»a?Uh] •people'
Cd] daan C 'da?on] 'old' (of things)
M kaan C'k'a?an] 'get f r o m ' o r 'get f o r '
Cs] gaan C ga?cai]
f
'weight'
agarun [ ? a y a r l b l
I
'will follow'
C?] abal C'?agal] 'current'
Ch] habal C'hapal] 'news'
Cn] ahad C ?ahad]
!
'Sunday'
Cs] sabal C'sagal] 'stoic'
Cm] maug [»ma?Ug] •possessive'
Cn] nanug Cna'na?Ug] 'went down'
c>>] . ngan C*}a:n] •name'
Ci] lad ju C 'ladjUh] 'farness'
Cr] rad j u C'radjUh] 'radio
karna C'k»aana?] 'that i s why*
Cd] Jaga C Jayah]
1
'guard'
Cy] yari C'yarlh] 'here' o r ' i t i s h e r e '
Cw] walu C'walUh] 'eight'
17
f o l l o w i n g s y l l a b l e on t h e
phonetic l e v e l
p r i m a r y s t r e s s on t h e pho-
nemic l e v e l
2 3 1
E]1
Low p i t c h l e v e l M a l i n g k a t i n bad .lu
[ ]
2
Normal p i t c h l e v e l •The d r e s s i s p r e t t y . 1
High p i t c h l e v e l
'Inda i s h e r e ? '
2- 3 _v
Sustained intonation Y a r i h i Inda
'Inda i s here,'
(but )
20
James C a r r e l l and W i l l i a m _ T i f f a n y P h o n e t i c s ; Theory
and A p p l i c a t i o n t o Speech Improvement (London: "McGraw H i l l
Company,- I n c . , I9S0), p. X I I . !
18
pauses w i t h i n an u t t e r a n c e Nami a k u i s t a j b u g a s 1
[||] Double b a r j u n c t u r e f o r l o n g e r f i b a n s a y u l ||
utterance and v e g e t a b l e . 1
S l i g h t l y c^as-pirated a r t i c u l a t i o n t a b u [ 't'aeU?]
'market'
CO Full length ud [ ? u : d ] 'worn'
'young man' o r
'bachelor'
C O Centralization pisu ['plsU?l 'sprain'
C]w
Labialization kugan [»k uyan] w
' w i l l be happy'
'mango 1
i s n e c e s s a r y t o have a frame o f r e f e r e n c e s u c h as t h e c a r d i n a l
21
vowel c h a r t t o be used as a k i n d o f s t a n d a r d measure.
The v o w e l s r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e a b o v e c h a r t do n o t b e l o n g t o any-
(See F i g u r e 2).
a r t i c u l a t o r y p o i n t o f v i e w , a d e t a i l e d enumeration and c l a s s i -
prove u s e f u l as a frame o f r e f e r e n c e .
t h e b r o n c h i a l tubes and t h e t r a c h e a .
apple .1
I t c o n t a i n s two membranes known as t h e v o c a l bands
so t h a t t h e a i r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h produces a u d i b l e f r i c t i o n like
or o n l y p a r t i a l l y opened. When c o m p l e t e l y c l o s e d , so t h a t a i r i s
J
It s h o u l d be made c l e a r t h a t t h e organs o f speech
r e f e r r e d t o a r e o n l y f u n c t i o n i n g s e c o n d a r i l y as s u c h . The p r i
mary f u n c t i o n s o f t h e s e organs a r e e a t i n g and b r e a t h i n g .
Figure 3: A cross section of
the head
showing the organs of speech
U v u la
tips
Pharynx
EpigloHf's
Vocal Esophagus
bands
Larynx Trachea
23
sound i s a g l o t t a l s t o p [ ? ] w h i c h o c c u r s as t h e i n i t i a l and
v o c a l bands a r e p a r t i a l l y opened, t h e c u r r e n t o f a i r f o r c e s
w i t h o u t accompaniment o f v o i c e a r e c a l l e d v o i c e l e s s sounds. ^
A c c o r d i n g t o H a l l and H o c k e t t , t h e v o c a l bonds d e t e r -
mine t h e p i t c h , and t h e f o r c e w i t h w h i c h t h e c u r r e n t o f a i r i s
o r i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e back w a l l o f t h e t h r o a t , r e s u l t i n g i n
the tongue surface i s pressed against the roof of the mouth and
a r t i c u l a t i o n made i s c a l l e d a l a t e r a l .
back to front are the velum or soft palate, the hard palate,
a r e d e s c r i b e d as v e l a r , p a l a t a l , a l v e o l a r , and d e n t a l . On
a c o m b i n a t i o n o f a d j e c t i v e s i s used t o d e s c r i b e s u c h a r t i c u -
t h e a l v e o l u m and t h e hard p a l a t e i s r e f e r r e d t o as an a l v e o -
formed as a n i n t e r d e n t a l sound.
t i o n o f a sound.
t o i d e n t i f y t h e p l a c e of a r t i c u l a t i o n o f any g i v e n sound w i t h
mathematical p r e c i s i o n " .
language, t h e f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e p h o n e t i c
classification.
I. 1
Criterion of distribution. Distribution applies to
pidpid £ p'idpld].
1
H o w e v e r , i n some T a u s u g speech, these two
free alternation.
2. Criterion of Phonetic S i m i l a r i t y . To be c o n s i d e r e d as
ness.'
To illustrate this, ;
reference t o the preceding examples. The [t*]
28
ing.
4. Criterion o f P a t t e r n Congruity. 1
Although according
from t h e phonemic a n a l y s i s o f p h o n e t i c a l l y a s y m e t r i c a l s i t u a t i o n s ,
2
^Hall, o p . c i t . , p . 9?.
29
['k'ltab] 'bible 1
and battik ['battlk] "Indonesian f a b r i c ' into
respectively.
3.1 Vocoid
(spread, n e u t r a l , or rounded).
to E n g l i s h , however, t h e f r o n t o f t h e tongue s u r f a c e i s n o t
r a i s e d so h i g h i n t h e mouth. The t o n g u e i s r e l a t i v e l y l e s s
t e n s e f o r Tausug a n d t h e l i p s a r e n o t so s p r e a d as they a r e i n
n o t h a v e a n y s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e w o r d , s o t h a t [ b i : d ] o r
it does n o t o c c u r a f t e r [ y ] •
(of food)
pin', 1
kiait [k»yayt] 'was p i n n e d ' , etc., which i s represented by
Thus, i n liag, the lips are loosely spread, while i n kiait, both
there are i n the high front series. Starting from the highest
out losing i t s distinctive quality, neither the long nor the short
Thus:
taas [«t'a? s] a
'height'
['jayah] •guard'
lara [ larah]
1
'pepper'
lower than [a] has been noted to occur. The vocoid in question
dots (.) represent the vocoids of the language, while the bigger
of t h e Tausug vocoids.
ko
centered ranges.
to represent nasalization.
ad [?a:d].
transition.
etc.
da i n [dayn] * from'
sarcasm'
(gossips, news, e t c . )
43-
'reduced'
diugalan [ d y U g cclan]
1
'was angry'
to neutral.
following:
[ y 30
a
kiait [ kyayt ] 'safety pin*
(refers t o things)
v o c o i d [ a] a n d b a c k t o w h e r e a r t i c u l a t i o n started. Movement
[ waw ~] i s m a d e .
k'6
ment i s v a l i d f o r [way].'
3.2 Contoids
tor'y o r g a n s " i h v o l v e d L a r e L u s u a l l y t h e t i p o f t h e t o n g u e a n d t h e
['t»astas] i s a l s o i n t e r d e n t a l , - b u t t h e s e c o n d o n e , d u e t o t h e
made w i t h t i p o f t h e t o n g u e c u r l e d t o w a r d , b u t n o t t o u c h i n g , t h e
extreme f r o n t o f t h e p a l a t e b u t c l o s e t o t h e a l v e o l i , an
a l v e o p a l a t a l sound i s made, w h i c h i s s y m b o l i z e d as [ j ] a s i n
[ ' k ' a l l s ] ' k r i s ' , gandum ['gqndUm] 'earn', agad ['?qyqd] 'to
environment, n e v e r elsewhere.
A n o t h e r p o i n t o f a r t i c u l a t i o n i s found i n t h e l a r y n g e a l
i s produced. A p a r t i a l l y v o i c e d v a r i e t y o f [ h ] , t r a n s c r i b e d as
Syllable initial:
Word final
released.
[p» »Y>h»h»D
s
are classified. Contoids £s] and [ h ] occur i nun-
vocalic environments.
of Tausug vocoids, 1
phonetic d i p h t h o n g s and triphthongs, as well
' [ i ] Cu]'
[I] Cu]"
C«]
Low Ca] [a]
Phonetic Diphthongs
[ y u ] [wi ]
[ya ] [ wa ]
[ ay ] [ aw ]
[ ay ] [ aw ]
Phonetic Triphthongs
[ yay ] [ waw ]
[ yaw ] [ way ]
54
Stop P b t d j k g ?
Fricative s fi h
I
Nasal m n
1
Lateral 1
Flap r ;
JL
55
4. THE SYLLABLE
26
C.F.Voegelin, "Shawnee Phonemes", L a n g u a g e , X
( D e c e m b e r / 193*0 t p.'24.
2
^A hypen i s u s e d h e r e t o mark s y l l a b l e division within
a word.
56
tell w h e t h e r [ y] and[w] a r e t o be c l a s s i f i e d as v o w e l o r c o n -
syllable.
language .
28"
R e f e r t o s e c t i o n 6.3 f o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n s o n
lengthening of vowels.
^ K e n n e t h P i k e , P h o n e t i c s , (Ann Arbor: The U n i v e r s i t y o f
M i c h i g a n P r e s s , 1964) p p . 7 3 , 7 5 - 7 6 .
30
I b i d , , p . 73. Daniel Jones a l s o used 'contextual
f u n c t i o n * a s c r i t e r i a i n v o w e l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b u t i n more v a r i e d
ways t h a n P i k e .
57
muscles o f t h e v o i c e - p r o d u c i n g mechanism. S t e t s o n , on t h e o t h e r
opening of sounds? 3
other criteria advanced f o rdefining the
34
syllable a r e those of 'relative l o u d n e s s o f phoneme' (Bloomfield),
31
B e r t i l Mamberg, P h o n e t i c s , (New Y o r k : Dover Publica-
tions 1963), pp. 64-65.
I b i d . , pp. 68-69.
3 2
^ F e r d i n a n d de S a u s s u r e , Course i n G e n e r a l L i n g u i s t i c s ,
(London: M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k Company, 1966), p p . 57-60.
-^Leonard B l o o m f i e l d , Language, (Toronto: H o l t , R i n e h a r t ,
and W i n s t o n , 1964), p. 125.
35
^ D a n i e l Jones, An Outline o f E n g l i s h P h o n e t i c s ,
( C a m b r i d g e : W. H e f f e r a n d S o n s L t d . , 1 9 5 6 ) , p . 5 4 .
Kenneth P i k e , Phonemics (Ann Arbor: The U n i v e r s i t y o f
M i c h i g a n P r e s s , 1 9 6 4 ) , p p . 9 0 - 9 1 , 148. P i k e m a k e s a d i s t i n c t i o n
between p h o n e t i c and phonemic s y l l a b l e s . The above d i s c u s s i o n
i s more c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e l a t t e r .
36j.s. K e n y o n , A m e r i c a n P r o n u n c i a t i o n , A T e s t b o o k o f
P h o n e t i c s f o r Students o f E n g l i s h , (Ann Arber: The U n i v e r s i t y
of M i c h i g a n P r e s s , 1935), PP. 68-69.
H a l l , op. c i t . , pp. 61-63.
58
ing a t iS;ome-:.: e x a m p l e s s u c h as t h e f o l l o w i n g :
'sister'
[?a na?-:rUn]
J
'will learn ,
1
ingatun [?I- na-tUn] ,
'ought t o l e a r n , 1
60
i n t a a s f t*a?as1
f
and the second s y l l a b l e 'height*, and that
in word f i n a l p o s i t i o n i s e s t a b l i s h e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e pho-
Word initial
Word medial
[«p«a-?dh] 'thigh'
paha [»p»a-hcthT ]
'band f o r t h e n a v e l '
dayahan [da-'ya-han]
•rich*
dayaan [da-* ya-?an] 'surface up'
Word final
[dli:h ] 'here*
[ «duyUh ] *corner *
on something*
blanket'
report'
banana'
hands
63
£ *k»a-li-?Ih]
•to d i g 1
> 'you d i g '
roofing'
that only two basic patterns exist i n the language. The first
duaun [dwctwn] 1
by twos'
-"A. S. H o r n b y , e t . a l . , T h e A d v a n c e d L e a r n e r ' s
D i c t i o n a r y o f Current E n g l i s h . Second E d i t i o n (London:
O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1964), p p . 312, 871,
67
So f a r , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r h a s a n a l y z e d o n l y twenty segmental
language. By a n a l o g y , t h e i n i t i a l sounds o f f i u l i *a
and ['nyawah] , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
ambivalent category.
S emi cons o n a n t s
each o f t h e w o r d s l i s t e d
( above. Although from a l i s t e n e r ' s
impression' ( d u e t o t h e r a p i d m o v e m e n t o r g l i d e made f r o m o n e
70
functioning a s a s e c o n d a r y o r s u b o r d i n a t e member t o t h e f u l l
vowel.
the feet)
[ s w a t ] > [*suwat J
such interpretation'.
t o g e t h e r as b e l o n g i n g t o t h e same phoneme.
o f v o c o i d s no l o n g e r function as v o w e l s .
etc.
initial a n d word f i n a l a r e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d as c o n s o n a n t s .
Word initial
L l
w
walu ['walUh] 'eight*
Word final
[ ] v
"bay -{bay] 'house'
Since c l u s t e r s o f more t h a n t w o c o n s o n a n t s do n o t o c c u r
of t h e phonemes / i / a n d / u / a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e Vowel
7k
etc. a r e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d p h o n e m i c a l l y as / l i a g / , /kait/,
i n c l u d e d i n t h e s c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f consonants on
and because o f t h e p r e s s u r e o f s y l l a b l e p a t t e r n d i s c u s s e d i n
phonemic s t a t u s .
75
The v o w e l phonemes a r e :
/ i / as i n b i d / b i d / *hill»
ship.
77
High / i / M
Low
/a/
7 8;
position. 1
vowel.
The g e n e r a l i z e d summary d e s c r i p t i o n a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of
listed below:
/a/ - low-central, 1
lax, unrounded
5.'1.2 P h o n e m i c Contrast
Phonemes a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m one a n o t h e r n o t o n l y i n
tity.'
Tausug,' m i n i m a l p a i r s o r p a i r s o f w o r d s ^ e a c h h a v i n g a different
v o w e l phonemes i n u t t e r a n c e s :
—
Hockett, op. cit,' 1
p. 15.'
80
A/ - A/
Word i n i t i a l position
ug Aug/ *possessiveness *
us a /?usah/ *deer'
Word m e d i a l position
*abortion*
pulak /pulak/
81
Moslem faith)
Word f i n a l position
or back*
/ i / - /a/
Word i n i t i a l position
forget 1
ag /?ag/ 'considerateness'
•grandchildren*
alu /?alu?/
*dew* or'drough'
Word m e d i a l position
bilu /biluh/
•blue'
balu /baluh/
•widow' o r w i d o w e r 1
pi l a /pilah/ •how m u c h *
to 'judo'
Word f i n a l position
/u/ - /a/
Word i n i t i a l syllable
us /?ug/ 'possessiveness *
ag /?ag/ •considerateness *
Word m e d i a l position
of a seacucumber*
b
*s" /bisuh/ «deaf»
b l s a
/bisah/ 'pain'
^aku /kaku?/ t m l n e i
kaka /kaka?/ 'appellation given to older sister
or brother*
kj
-ltt Ailuh/ «kilo»
kalu /kaluh/ 'quarrel'
11 su /lisu?/ haziness*
11 sa /lfsa?/ *egg o f l i c e *
pasu •flower p o t 1
Some l i n g u i s t s r e f e r t o t h e s e r i e s o f o p p o s i t i o n s which
p o s i t i o n (front/back a n d h i g h / l o w ) n d l i p shape ( s p r e a d /
a
unrounded, a s w e l l a s l a x / t e n s e ) ,
A c l o s e e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e vowels o f Tausug a s
t h a t t h e r e a r e q u i t e a number o f v a r i a n t s i n t h e i r
no two r e a l i z a t i o n s o f a g i v e n phoneme, a c c o r d i n g t o
linguists and p h o n e t i c i a n s , a r e i n every respect identical,
members o f a phoneme".
I n o t h e r words, 1
the phonetic realizations o f each o f t h e vowel
utterances.
^A.C.Gimson, An Introduction t o the Pronunciation of
English ( London: A r n o l d L t d . , 1 9 6 2 ) , p.To".
^ H a l l , op. c i t . , p. 26.
88 >
phone.
[i] and [ i ] , the [u] and [ u ] variants of the /u/ occur respective-
[manhsd].
full vocoid as i n the words baus [baws] 'to b a r g a i n ' , mui [mwi?]
'to go home', b u a d [ b w a d ] 'to dry'," e t c .
['k'alan] 'to s i n g ' or'gravel', and abu [ ' ? a p U h ] ' a s h e s ' may be
In this respect; 1
the variants [ a ] and [a] are said t o be in
3.'2.4 Distribution
diphthongs o f Tausug:
/ia/ biak /biak/ 'was met 1
vocalic consonant r e s u l t i n g ( c f . p. 8 5 ) .
•'rising d i p h t h o n g s . 1
They are r e f e r r e d t o as s u c h , due to the
Rising diphthongs
1& itf.
uS- ui
Falling diphthongs
&1
au
of /!&/, Al&/, /3d./, and /du/. But where there are two high
vowels as i n /ui/ and /in/, the stress falls on the second com-
5,3. The T r i p h t h o n g s
of the language:
request or command)
p h o n e m e , /a./ f o r m s
t the syllabic center of a triphthongal nucleus,
sound,
,('cf.' s e c t i o n 5.2), ;
following:
/p/ - voiceless bilabial stop
/ j / - voiced d e n t a l a f f r i c a t e d stop
of voice.' w
i t h the other consonants - the affricated stop / j / ,
counterparts.'
1. ' S t o p s : /p,t,k,?/
/b.d.'g/
2. Affricated Stop:/ j /
3. Fricatives: /s,h/
When a c o n s o n a n t i s made b y c o n s t r i c t i n g t h e
fricative.
4. Nasals: /m,n,n/
5. Lateral: /!/
6. Flap: / r /
7. Semiconsonants: /y,w/
The semi cons onants a r e intermvi&iiate between a
analysis, having /i/ grouped along with the other stop sounds.
voiced feature. 1
The o n l y distinguishing characteristic i s the
/jianji?/ *was p r o m i s e d to ,1
diahan /diahan/ 'brought something
paragraph o f preceding!-page).
43
Hall, op. c i t . , p, 97.
103
/mabih/ »can b u y , n a b i
1
/nabih/ 'prophet*, a n d n g a n i /qanih/
•give a name*.
Cental, v e l a r , and on t o g l o t t a l ) .
of symmetry i n p a t t e r n i n g is solved.
/p/ - /b/
Word i n i t i a l position
pais /pa?is/'skin'
bilu /biluh/«blue«
Word medial
skin'
108
Word f i n a l position
A/ - /d/
Word i n i t i a l position
ti /tih/ 'tea'
di /din/ •here'
as rent f o r c a r d , mahjong, e t c . )
Word f i n a l position
lahud /lahud/
'mark l e f t after one h a s b e e n whipped'
s abut /sabut/
•understand'
sabud /sabud/ 'to throw something i n spray*
A/ - /g/
Word i n i t i a l position
Word m e d i a l position
Word f i n a l position
Manner of Articulation
A/ - / s /
removing lice'
as r e n t f o r c a r d s , mahjong, etc.)
Word m e d i a l position
in banana l e a f
Word f i n a l position
/?/ - A/
Word i n i t i a l position
ug /?ug/ 'possessiveness'
Word m e d i a l position
Word f i n a l position
/d/ - / j /
Word i n i t i a l position
' a m o r o d a n c e made b y s t a m p i n g of
dabul /dabul/
the feet'
•to make m i s c h i e f *
jabul /jabul/
/ j / - /n/
Word i n i t i a l position
jaga /jagah/ 1
guard 1
/n/ - / I /
Word m e d i a l position
Word f i n a l position
lpun /?ipun/ f
teech
A/ - A/
Word i n i t i a l position
Word m e d i a l position
Point of A r t i c u l a t i o n
116
/p/ - A/
Word i n i t i a l position
2 coins*
Word m e d i a l position
Word f i n a l position
/P/ - A/
Word initial position
or pasted'
Word m e d i a l position
a sign of respect*
place
coffee or t e a '
/p/ - /?/
Word i n i t i a l position
at a /?atah/ •slave*
Word m e d i a l position
kapa /kapah/ 1
axe'
place•
Word f i n a l position
or curtain'
A/ - A/
Word i n i t i a l position
or curtain)
baki /baki?/ •a k i n d of
Word f i n a l position
to 'judo'
A/ - /?/
121
Word i n i t i a l ^position
k a t as /katas/ •paper'
m /?ug/ •possessiveness'
Word m e d i a l position
Word f i n a l position
M/ /w/
Word m e d i a l position
sanaw /sanaw/
'to grope'
sulam /sulam/
•sliver'
sulaw /sulaw/
*a b r a c e l e t made f r o m a s e a shell'
Voiced dental s t o p "\
Voiced dental nasal
/d/ -
person'
mountain a f t e r raining'
/d/ - /!/
125
Word I n i t i a l p o s i t i o n
Word f i n a l position
/d/ - /y/
Word f i n a l position
,7
labad /labad/
' t o wave s o m e t h i n g rapidly'
labay /labay/
•to pass by'
/ j / - /!/
Word i n i t i a l position
sides of boats.'
/ j / - /y/
Word i n i t i a l position
been removed)
/n/ - /y/
Word m e d i a l position
Word f i n a l position
implying-*I do n o t know')
another - no f i x e d place to s
/!/ - /y/
Word i n i t i a l position
Word m e d i a l position
/kayug/
•thinness* or *slimness*
slla /silah/
»they»
/siyah/ •he* o r •she*
spines*
Word f i n a l position
/b/ - /d/
Word i n i t i a l position
dasu /dasuh/ *a k i n d o f c l o t h *
130
di /dih/ 'here'
Word f i n a l position
area'
/"
/b/ - /g/
Word i n i t i a l position
Word m e d i a l position
the o i l i s stored.*
Word f i n a l position
becomes redish*
/d/ - /g/
Word i n i t i a l position
Word f i n a l position
ad /?ad/ fence'
ag /?ag/ considerateness *
ad /?ad/ fence'
133
of comb f o r r e m o v i n g lice'
ud /?ud/ 'worm*
m Aug/ 'possessiveness'
/s/ - A/
Word i n i t i a l position
Word m e d i a l p o s i t i o n
c h i c k e n pox)
pihak /pihak/
•ancestry' or 'race'
Word final position
apas /?apas/
'to run after'
apa /?apah/
cookies'
a t as /?atas/
'to guarantee for*
at a /?atah/
'slave'
/m/ - /n/
135
Word i n i t i a l position
mabi /mabih/ 1
c a n be b o u g h t 1
ft
Word m e d i a l position
etc.)
Word f i n a l position
alum /?alum/ 'bruise'
M - /*)/
adjective)
ngan /nan/ 1
name»
Word m e d i a l position
found i n clothes *
water'
Word f i n a l position
t a l am /talam/ 'tray'
character*
/n/ - A,/
Word medial p o s i t i o n
Word f i n a l position
M - /y/
Word m e d i a l p o s i t i o n
'careless'
Word f i n a l position
not initially.'
i n s t e a d of / r / i n words l i k e r u k u / r u k u h / ' p o s i t i o n f o r p r a y -
ing , 1
makru /makruh/ t a b o o , J a b u r / j a W r / 'book of Moses',
1 1
known, a r e a c t u a l i z e d i n d i f f e r e n t ways a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r
v a r y i n g p h o n e t i c environments, so t h a t they a r e r e f e r r e d t o
sometimes as p o s i t i o n a l v a r i a n t s .
[»p»adp»adS] * i n s t e a d * o r *a k i n d o f m e d i c i n a l p l a n t * , p a s u
'fire tree'.
in much t h e same d i s t r i b u t i o n a l p a t t e r n as t h e s i m i l a r
(carpenter's tool).
allophone [k»] i s
c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o n t e d , a n d w i t h t h e back v o w e l ,
it i s retracted.
^ The i n t e r v o c a l i c ? i s s a i d t o be c o m p l e t e l y arti-
culated i n t h a t i t i n c l u d e s both t h e 'catch' (onset) as w e l l as t h e
\143
one allophone.'
['hapUl] 'blanket*, !
lupa ['lupah] 'appearance',- and a voiced
on'.
['p'auman] 'message*, 1
surga Q'suaga?] 'heaven' and murka
w h i c h may he d e s c r i b e d a s h a v i n g more l i p r o u n d i n g i n t h e
5.3.4 Distribution.
Word i n i t i a l position
Word m e d i a l position
medial positions:
medicinal plant'
or back'
distribution o f some c o n s o n a n t s l i k e :
plant.
dada /da?da?/
'fence' (diminutive)
bukbuk /bukbuk/
•termite'
kubkub /kubkub/ 'to b i t e something' (fruit)
A c l u s t e r as d e f i n e d by A r c h i b a l d H i l l i s a sequence
boundaries, b u t t h e y a r e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d a s s e q u e n c e s o f two
'egg ,' i s k u l
1
/?'f'Skul/ ' s c h o o l ' m a k r u / m a ' k r u h / ' t a b o o , e t c .
1
boundaries, -
the following has been observed i n Tausug:
scientifically
known as r'inea
flava'
151
/-kg-/ /hsgfei-k/ 1
todf tiff'
deliberately*
medicinal plant'
154 ;
praying'(moslem rosary)
habitually'
sarcastically i n anger'
medicinal plant 1
'to grope f o r 1
inside the f i s t 1
goes w i t h wine'
ordinarily b y m o s l e m women
wading i n the s e a 1
©assava'
it has been d r i e d of i t s
juice
a person 1
medicine f o r asthma'
allowing h e r t o do what
she likes'
house 1
pressure*
(of boat)
attention'
arms '
/-yl-/ nagpaylu /nagpayluh/ •denied 1
made b e t w e e n m e a n i n g f u l u t t e r a n c e s . R e f e r e n c e i s made t o t h e
prosodic f e a t u r e s . -*
LLC
-'The u s e o f ' s u p r a s e g m e n t a l f e a t u r e s ' feather t h a n ' p r o -
sodic features' i n t h i s analysis i s just a matter of choice. For
p u r p o s e o f p a r a l l e l i s m w i t h t h e t e r m ' s e g m e n t a l ' phonemes, t h e
use o f suprasegmental' i s p r e f e r r e d here.
161
be made c l e a r h e r e , h o w e v e r , 1
that the absolute measurements o f
6.1 Stress
as /sabal/.
— 4 7
n a g d a r a g a n / n a g d a r a g a n / 'was running 1
game)
In s p i t e of a f f i x a t i o n , i t i s obvious i n t h e examples
one a r e e v i d e n t .
of them independently.^
^Hlll, 1
op. c i t . , p. 2?.
5°Pei,' o p . c i t . , p. 208.
165
2. P a k a i n kaw? / p a k a ? i n kaw/
above as /!/.
i.e., / 2 3~*/:
(but . . ., e t c . )
2 3 1
/yari hi Inda?t/
of /2 3 t / o r / 2 3 2 t / .
tion pattern"
1 3 .
/Paka?in kaw T/ "Where d i d y o u say you are
going 1
. 52j n i g r e e t i n g , among a c q u a i n t a n c e s , t h e a b o v e
c a s u a
s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e f a l l i n g i n t o n a t i o n /Z 3 I V i s o f t e n h e a r d .
I t i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e E n g l i s h ' H i ' o r 'How a r e y o u ? ' . A
T a u s u g s p e a k e r when a s k i n g t h e q u e s t i o n d o e s n o t mean t o be
nosy about other people's b u s i n e s s .
169
t o c a l l t h e a t t e n t i o n of h i s l i s t e n e r t o . By pitch-displacement
t h e r e i s a p o t e n t i a l change of p i t c h .
i s s a i d t o have c o n t r a s t i v e s i g n i g i c a n c e i n Tausug.
6•3 Length
A n o t h e r f a c t o r of speech, c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t r e s s
s y l l a b l e p r o m i n e n t ) i s l e n g t h , w h i c h i s sometimes r e f e r r e d t o
o r equated w i t h • d u r a t i o n 1
or •quantity '. 1
I t i s d e f i n e d as the
the p o s i t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r a r t i c u l a t i o n i n q u e s t i o n .
I n Tausug, r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e s i n vowel l e n g t h a r e
by /./.
•170.
dress*
[ba:n] - [ba.nban]
[kast] - [ka.'tkat]
[pi:s] i - [pi.spls]
[si:n] - [si.nsln]
[bu:d] - [bu.dbUd]
[ku:p] -[ku.pkUp]
171;
from c o c o n u t - o i l making , 1
as sang [ ?assai!j] and as ang
f
['?asaij]
intelligibility, 1
to recognize the boundaries between words,
phrasesj^and sentences.
represented b y a d o u b l e b a r , /(I /.
/kita?ah i n dun s i n k a p p a l I n a g h i h i b a l /
2
» Way k a s u s a h a n , h a surga
•There i s no s o r r o w , i n h e a v e n '
173
T h i s j u n c t u r e i s s i g n i f i c a n t i n Tausug s i n c e a d i f f e r e n c e i n
examples. Thus:
1 . ' / k l t a ? a h i n dun s i n k a p p a l | n a g h i h i b a l /
•See t h e f r o n t o f t h e b o a t , i t i s moving*/
vs.
/ k i t a ? a h i n dun s i n k a p p a l n a g h i h i b a l /
vs.
i n t o s i l e n c e , t h e d o u b l e b a r j u n c t t f r e , /|| /, i s f o u n d . It is
1/ / k i t a ? a h i n dun s i n k a p p a l | n a g h i h i b a l / ) ! /
or
/ k i t a ? a h i n dun s i n k a p p a l n a g h l h i b a l / l l /
or
A l t h o u g h t h e suprasegmental f e a t u r e s do n o t change t h e
m a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i r c o n v e n t i o n a l a c c e p t a n c e by Tausug s p e a k i n g
p e o p l e - i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d by t h e i r emotive, a t t i t u d i n a l ,
and d i r e c t i v e u s e s .
7, Morphophonemics
brother or sister*
big*
of molasses'
mountain'
the i n f l u e n c e as i n the d i a l e c t a l p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f / b i k i n / f o r
alternation,
/p/ *~Vm/
/b/ ^ /m/
/p/~/m/
/Ciy/ ~ /Cy/
/Cuw/ /Cw/
particular.
units. 1
As a necessary complementary addition to the phonolo-
patterns are added: CSV, CVS, CSVC, CVSC, CSVS. and CSVSC.
180
length.
group w i t h i n an utterance, a n d t h e d o u b l e b a r / |j / , w h i c h i s
of phenomena s u c h a s a s s i m i l a t i o n , s y n c o p e , a n a p t y x i s , e t c .
/p/Vm/ , / b / ~ / m / , / c i y A y C y / , a n d /Giw/^/Cw/. T h e f a c t
:
Phonetic t r a n s c r i p t i o n
55
The Tausug version of the above text i s based on the
IPA manual, page 21.
"The northwind and the sun were arguing one day about
which of them was stronger, when a t r a v e l l e r came along wrapped
up i n his overcoat. They agreed that the one who could make the
t r a v e l l e r take his coat off would be considered stronger than
the other one. Then the northwind blew as hard as he could, but
the harder he blew, the t i g h t e r the t r a v e l l e r wrapped his coat
around him, and at l a s t the northwind gave up t r y i n g . Then the
sun began to shine hot, and right away the t r a v e l l e r took his
coat o f f , and so the northwind had to admit that the sun was
stronger than he was."
182.
3 1 ...2
•niyah+ll k'yapagmawpakkatan nilah nah hlsiyUh ?Im
his i t was agreed upon them that whoever the
3, 2->
makapa?Ig sin k'ctmmUt sin »t'a?Uh ?amllh nah ?Im
one who can the overcoat the man that (ligature) the
take off
3 1 2
makusUg hah k'ccnilah 111 t'ImiyUp nah ?In honln t'imUl
strong of them blow then the wind north
3 2_» 2
hah k'akUsuyan 'niyah I sagawa? gam k'Usuyan niyah ?in
in strength his but the more w i l l stronger he the
3 2 2
•t*iyU$ j gam ?lsab k'Upkupan sin t*a?Uh ?in k'ammUt
blowing the more also hold tightly the man the overcoat
3 1 . „ 2 3 2__ i 3 1
, II
niyah i l l hah hU lihan I hlmundUq ?In honln
>
1
't'imUl'ill
his at end" stopped the wind north
2 3, 1 , „ 2 3 2_ >
3 1
?Iniyon nah sin t*a?Uh ?In k'ammUt •niyah I 11 ?inlh
remove then the man the overcoat his this
suyah I |
3 1
. 3 1
k a'niyah I
him
183
Phonemic transcription
2 3 2 3 1
?in hanin timul iban sugah
2 3 2 ,2
hambu?uk ?adlaw I hinabuh nagsagga? ? i n hanin
3 2 3 2 2
timul iban sugan j hambu?uk ta?uh limabay
3/1 ill 2
?'2_> i 2 D 3,1 ii
ta?uh 1 amuhh nah ?im makusug hah kanilah|||
2
timiyup nah ? i n hanin timul hah kakusugan
3'2_* I 2 3/2 .
niyah 1 sagwa? gam kusugan niyah i n tiyup |
2
gam ?isab kupkupan s i n ta?Uh ? i n kammut
3/ 1
, II 2
timul 3 '1
n a h i l ? li n
2
like those of the educated speakers may also account for dia-
nation.
56 S I L , op. c i t . p. I V .
1863
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS
Company, 1933*
B r o o k s , Nelson;' Language and Language L e a r n i n g . New York:
hijhoff, 1952.
Francis, Nelson w
. The Structure of American English. New
Winston, 1955-
Macmillan, 1962.
Inc., 1963.
Martinet, AndrS . Phonology as F u n c t i o n a l Phonetics. London:
1921.
York: P h i l o s o p h i c a l L i b r a r y , 1959.
and S o n s L t d . , 1952.
"On t h e R o l e o f S i m p l i c i t y i n L i n g u i s t i c D e s c r i p t i o n , "
pp. 84-94.
pp. 197-209.
Haugen, E i n a r . "The S y l l a b l e i n P h o n o l o g i c a l Description,"
1956.'
Hjelmslev, L. "The S y l l a b l e as a S t r u c t u r a l U n i t " Proceedings
Gant, 1938.
H o u s e h o l d e r , F.W. "The D i s t r i b u t i o n a l D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f E n g l i s h
pp.' 1-10.
pp. 117-129.
1964.
M o n o g r a p h N o . 16,1935.
c. " "PAMPHLETS