‫‪English Language‬‬

‫قسٌ ٍيناّيل اىقىي‬ ‫اىنييح اىتقْيح اىهْذسيح‬ ‫اىجاٍؼح اىتقْيح اىشَاىيح‬

‫ٍذسط ٍساػذ‪ /‬سْذط فالح دمحم‬ ‫اىَشحيح اىثاّيح‬

‫‪Unit One‬‬
‫أدواخ اىسؤاه‬
‫)‪1-(Wh-question‬‬

‫أد‪ٚ‬اد اٌغؤاي اٌزً رغّى ة )‪:ً٘ )wh-question‬‬

‫‪)who, whom, what, which, whose, why, where, when, how, how many, how‬‬
‫)‪much, etc.‬‬

‫*وينىُ ٍىقغ أدواخ اىسؤاه دائَا في تذايح اىجَيح‪ .‬و تنىُ اىقاػذج اىؼاٍح هي‪:‬‬

‫أداح‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫فؼً ِغبػذ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫رىٍّخ اٌجٍّخ ‪ +‬اٌفؼً اٌشئٍغً ‪ +‬فبػً‬
‫اٌغؤاي‬
‫? ‪Wh-question + auxiliary verb + subject + base + complement +‬‬

‫?‪-(What , whose) do you see in this building‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 .ُ‫) ٌّىٓ أْ ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب إع‬what, which, whose( *
e.x:- What size do you take?
.‫ْ ٕ٘بن إخزٍبس ِذذد‬ٛ‫) اٌؼب رغزخذَ ػٕذِب ٌى‬which( *
e.x:- Which is your bag? The black one or the dark one?
.‫ طفخ‬ٚ‫) ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب إِب إعُ أ‬how( *
e.x:- How fast does it go?
.)much( ٚ‫) أ‬many( ‫) ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب إِب‬how( *
e.x:- How many brothers and sisters do you have?

ً‫ب رذً ِذ‬ٙٔ‫ال ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب فبػً ال‬ٚ ‫) ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب فؼً ِجبششح‬who( ‫* أداح اٌغؤاي‬
.‫اٌفبػً فً اٌغؤاي‬
e.x:- who opened the window?
- The boy opened the window.

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 2-(Yes-no Questions)

‫ دائّب رجذأ ثأدذ االفؼبي‬ٚ ، )No( ٚ‫) أ‬Yes(‫ب ة‬ٕٙ‫ً٘ األعئٍخ اٌزً ٌّىٓ اإلجبثخ ػ‬
:‫ػٕذ اإلجبثخ اٌّخزظشح ػٍى ٘زا اٌغؤاي ٔزجغ اٌمبػذح اَرٍخ‬ٚ .‫اٌّغبػذح‬

Question:

Auxiliary verb + subject + C. + ?

Answer:

Yes , + subject pronoun + auxiliary verb.

No , + subject pronoun + auxiliary verb + not.

e.x:- Are the pupils intelligent ?

- Yes, they are.

e.x:- Do you sell your car?

- No, I do not.

Q/ Has the young man seen them? (Answer the question)

- Yes, he has.

3
 - Does the match start?

- Yes, it does.

- Can you swim?

- Yes, I can.

- No, I canʼt.

*Contractions List:
is not isnʼt are not arenʼt was not wasnʼt
were not werenʼt do not donʼt does not doesnʼt
I am Iʼm did not didnʼt have not havenʼt
has not hasn’t had not hadnʼt what is whatʼs
name is name’s will not wonʼt shall not shanʼt
would not wouldn’t should not shouldnʼt must not mustnʼt
he will heʼll he would heʼd he had heʼd
they have they ʼve he has heʼs can not canʼt

4
 Unit Two

‫صٍِ اىَضاسع اىثسيظ‬

1 – (Present Simple Tense)

habits ( ‫اٌزمبٌٍذ‬ٚ ‫*ٔغزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ػٕذِب ٔزىٍُ ػٓ ٔشبؽبد ٔىشس٘ب ثشىً ِٕزظُ ِضً اٌؼبداد‬
.)and traditions
.)facts( ‫*ٔغزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ػٕذِب ٔزىٍُ ػٓ دمبئك ػٍٍّخ صبثزخ‬

:‫) اىَستخذٍح في هزا اىضٍِ هي‬adverbs( ‫*اىظشوف‬

.ً‫رغزخذَ ثؼذ اٌفبػ‬ٚ )usually, often, always, sometimes, never( -
.‫بٌخ اٌجٍّخ‬ٙٔ ً‫رغزخذَ دائّب ف‬ٚ ) today, every day, every week,…( -

1-Affirmative

)Subject( S + (Verb) V(-es) (-s) + (Complement) C

‫ اىفاػو‬+ ‫اىفؼو‬ + ‫تنَيح اىجَيح‬

ً‫) ف‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫) ٔؼغ‬singular noun( ‫ اعُ ِفشد‬ٚ‫ ) أ‬he, she, it) ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬
‫) ال ٔؼغ‬plural noun( ‫ اعُ جّغ‬ٚ‫) أ‬I, you, we, they( ً‫بٌخ اٌفؼً أِب إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬ٙٔ
‫ْ ِظذس ِجشد خبًٌ ِٓ أي إػبفخ أي‬ٛ‫٘زا ٌؼًٕ أْ اٌفؼً ٌى‬ٚ ً‫بٌخ اٌفؼ‬ٙٔ ً‫) ف‬es) ٚ‫) أ‬s(
.)ed, es, ing( ‫ي ػٍى‬ٛ‫دائّب ال ٌذز‬

e.x:- He plays football.

- The boys play football.

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 Q/ -Someone (knock) at the door every day. (correct the verb)
- Someone knocks at the door every day.

2- Negative

ً‫) لجً اٌفؼ‬does not( َ‫ٔغزخذ‬ٚ )es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫) ٔذزف‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫*إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‬
.ً‫اٌّجشد ػٕذ إٌف‬
‫) لجً اٌفؼً اٌّجشد ػٕذ‬do not( َ‫ف ٔغزخذ‬ٛ‫) فغ‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫*إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ال ٌٕز‬
.ً‫إٌف‬

e.x:- He does not play football.

- The boys do not play football.

Q/- Decide whether the sentence is (True) or (False)

-He does not goes to school. (False) ً‫(فً إٌف‬es( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫ألْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‬

3- Question

ً‫) لجً اٌفبػ‬does ( َ‫ف ٔغزخذ‬ٛ‫) فغ‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫) ٔذزف‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫* إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‬
.‫بٌخ اٌجٍّخ‬ٙٔ ً‫بَ ف‬ٙ‫ػغ ػالِخ االعزف‬ٚ ‫ِغ‬
‫ػغ ػالِخ‬ٚ ‫) لجً اٌفبػً ِغ‬do( َ‫ف ٔغزخذ‬ٛ‫) فغ‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫*إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ال ٌٕز‬
.‫بٌخ اٌجٍّخ‬ٙٔ ً‫بَ ف‬ٙ‫االعزف‬

e.x:- Does he play football?

- Do the boys play football?
Q/ Choose the correct word:
- Do you want to be there? (Does / Do)
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 :‫) ىيفؼو‬es( ‫) أو‬s( ‫*حاالخ إضافح‬
.ً‫) ٌٍفؼ‬es( ‫ ٔؼٍف‬ٚ )i( ‫) إٌى‬y( ‫لجٍٗ دشف طذٍخ ٌمٍت اي‬ٚ )y( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‬-1

study studies

.ً‫) فمؾ ٌٍفؼ‬s( ‫ٔؼٍف‬ٚ )y( ‫لجٍٗ دشف ػٍخ الرمٍت اي‬ٚ )y( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‬-2

stay stays

.ً‫) ٌٍفؼ‬es( ‫) ٔؼٍف‬s, ss, sh, ch, x, z( ‫ً ثأدذ االدشف اَرٍخ‬ٙ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‬-3

watch watches
wash washes

ً‫) فً صِٓ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغٍؾ وفؼً سئٍغ‬has( ٚ‫) أ‬have( ً‫ ٌأرً اٌفؼ‬-: )Note(
.ُ‫ٌٍظ وفؼً ِغبػذ إرا جبء ثؼذٖ إع‬ٚ

I, They, You, We, ‫) إعُ جّغ‬plural noun( + have + noun

He, She, It, ‫( إعُ ِفشد‬singular noun) + has + noun

e.x:- I have a car.

)noun) ُ‫إع‬
- She has a car.
)noun) ُ‫إع‬

7
 :ً‫ْ وبٌشىً اَر‬ٛ‫فً دبٌخ إٌفً ٌى‬ٚ -
e.x:- I do not have a car.

- She does not have a car.

:ً‫ْ وبٌشىً اَر‬ٛ‫بَ ٌى‬ٙ‫فً دبٌخ اإلعزف‬ٚ -

e.x:- Do you have a car?
- Does she have a car?

ًٕ‫٘زا ٌؼ‬ٚ ً‫) فؼً فٕؼزجشُ٘ وفؼً سئٍغ‬am, is, are( ‫ إرا ٌُ ٌأرً ثؼذ‬-:)Note(
ٓ‫ػ‬ٚ ُ٘‫) ثؼذ‬not( ‫ ػٕذ إٌفً ٔؼغ‬.‫أْ اٌجٍّخ ً٘ فً صِٓ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغٍؾ‬
:‫ػخ فً األِضٍخ اَرٍخ‬ِٛ ٛ٘ ‫ُ فً ثذاٌخ اٌجٍّخ وّب‬ٌٙٛ‫بَ ٔذ‬ٙ‫االعزف‬
1- Affirmative:

- She is clever.

2- Negative:

- She is not clever.

3- Question:

- Is she clever?

8
 ‫اىَضاسع اىَستَش‬
2-(Present Continuous)

1-Affirmative
:ٓ‫*ٔذٓ ٔغزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش ٌٕزىٍُ ػ‬
. ٍُ‫لذ اٌزى‬ٚ ‫ خالي‬ٚ‫ ٔشبؽبد رذذس اَْ أ‬-1
e.x:- I am playing football now.
. ِٓ‫دح ِٓ اٌض‬ٚ‫ ٔشبؽبد رذذس ٌفزشح ِذذ‬-2

e.x:- They are showing some good films at the moment.

. ً‫ ٍٔخ ِخططخ فً اٌّغزمج‬ٚ‫ خطخ ِغزمجٍٍخ أ‬-3

e.x:- Iʼm meeting Miss Boyd at ten oʼclock tomorrow.

:‫*اىظشوف اىضٍْيح اىتي تذه ػيً اىَضاسع اىَستَش هي‬

)just, now, at the moment, at present, right now)-1
.‫) ٌذي ػٍى اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش‬look!( ً‫ اٌفؼ‬-2
am
S + is + v. (ing) + C.
are
)am( ْٛ‫) فبٌفؼً اٌّغبػذ ثؼذٖ ٌى‬I( ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬
)is( ْٛ‫) فبٌفؼً اٌّغبػذ ثؼذٖ ٌى‬singular noun( ‫ إعُ ِفشد‬ٚ‫) أ‬he, she, it( ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬
)are( ْٛ‫) فبٌفؼً اٌّغبػذ ثؼذٖ ٌى‬plural noun( ‫ إعُ جّغ‬ٚ‫) أ‬they, you, we( ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬

9
e.x:- I am reading a book now.
- The child is crying at the moment.
- They are speaking English very well.
Q/Choose the correct word in the sentence:
-My sister (is / are) reading the story at the present.

2- Negative
.)am, is, are) ‫) ثؼذ‬not( ‫*ػٕذ إٌفً جٍّخ اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش ٔؼٍف‬
e.x:- I am not reading a book now.
- The child is not crying at the moment.
- They are not speaking English very well.

3-Question (Interrogative)
ًٌٛ‫ ٌىٓ دائّب ػٕذ رذ‬،ً‫) فً ثذاٌخ اٌجٍّخ أي لجً اٌفبػ‬am, is, are( ‫ي‬ٛ‫بَ ٔذ‬ٙ‫*ػٕذ االعزف‬
‫ػغ ػالِخ‬ٚ ‫ ) ِغ‬you ( ‫ي إٌى‬ٛ‫ ) رذ‬I ( ‫وزٌه‬ٚ )are( ‫ب رمٍت إٌى‬ٙٔ‫) فً اٌجذاٌخ فئ‬am(
.‫بٌخ اٌغؤاي‬ٙٔ ً‫بَ ف‬ٙ‫االعزف‬
e.x:- Are you reading a book now?
- Is the child crying at the moment?
- Are they speaking English very well?
Q/ Choose the correct answer:
- Are the cats eating their food?

(a) Is (b) Am (c) Do (d) Are

10
‫(‪ٕ٘ -:)Note‬بن أفؼبي فً اٌٍغخ اإلٔىٍٍضٌخ ال ٌّىٓ إعزخذاِ‪ٙ‬ب فً صِٓ اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش أ‪ ٚ‬اٌّبػً‬
‫اٌّغزّش وأفؼبي اٌذ‪ٛ‬اط ‪ ٚ‬اٌزٍّه ‪ٚ‬اٌشؼ‪ٛ‬سِضً (‪٘ . (think, agree, understand, love‬زٖ‬
‫األفؼبي رغزخذَ فً صِٓ اٌّؼبسع أ‪ ٚ‬اٌّبػً اٌجغٍؾ‪.‬‬

‫)‪e.x:- I like apples. (True‬‬

‫)‪- Iʼm liking apples. (False‬‬

‫*حاالخ إضافح (‪ )ing‬ىيفؼو ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اٌفؼً إٌّز‪ ًٙ‬ثذشف (‪ )e‬طبِذ ٌذزف اٌذشف (‪ٔ ٚ )e‬ؼٍف (‪)ing‬‬
‫‪give‬‬ ‫‪giving‬‬
‫‪-2‬اٌفؼً إٌّز‪ ًٙ‬ثذشف طذٍخ ‪ٚ‬ادذ ‪ٚ‬لجٍٗ دشف ػٍخ ‪ٚ‬ادذ ٔؼبػف اٌذشف األخٍش ‪ٔ ٚ‬ؼٍف‬
‫(‪)ing‬‬
‫‪sit‬‬ ‫‪sitting‬‬
‫‪-3‬إرا إٔز‪ٙ‬ى اٌفؼً ثذشف (‪ )y‬ال رمٍت )‪ ) y‬ػٕذ إػبفخ (‪)ing‬‬
‫‪study‬‬ ‫‪studying‬‬
‫‪play‬‬ ‫‪playing‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘-4‬بن أفؼبي شبرح ٌجت أْ رذفع‪-:‬‬
‫‪die‬‬ ‫‪dying‬‬
‫‪lie‬‬ ‫‪lying‬‬
‫‪tie‬‬ ‫‪tying‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 3-(Have/ Have got)

1- Affirmative

I, They, You, We, ‫) إعُ جّغ‬plural noun( + have (got) +

noun
He, She, It, ‫( إعُ ِفشد‬singular noun) + has (got) +
noun

e.x:- I have money. (present simple)

- I have got one money. (present perfect)

2- Negative

e.x:- I do not have money.

- I have not got money.

3- Question

e.x:- Do you have one sister?

- Have you got one sister?

12
َ‫) ٔؼزجش صِٓ اٌجٍّخ ِؼبسع رب‬got( ‫) رظشٌف صبٌش‬have( ٚ‫) أ‬has( ‫ إرا جبء ثؼذ اي‬-:)Note(
.‫ إرا جبء ثؼذُ٘ إعُ ٔؼزجش صِٓ اٌجٍّخ ِؼبسع ثغٍؾ‬ٚ

e.x:- I have got a car. (Present perfect)

- Iʼve got a car. (True)

e.x: - I have a car. (Present simple)

- I ʼve a car. (False)
‫) ً٘ غٍش سعٍّخ‬have got( ٓ‫ُ ٔفظ اٌّؼٕى ٌى‬ٌٙ‫ٌذ‬ٚ ُ‫) ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب إع‬have got( ٚ )have( *
‫اٌضبٍٔخ‬ٚ ‫ٌى فً صِٓ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغٍؾ‬ٚ‫ ٔؼزجش األ‬ٚ .‫ٌٍظ ػٕذ اٌىزبثخ‬ٚ َ‫ب ػٕذِب اٌىال‬ِٙ‫ٔغزخذ‬
.َ‫ِؼبسع رب‬

e.x:- Have you got a light?

- The prime minister has a meeting with the President today.
.‫) رؼجش ػٓ اٌزٍّه‬have got( ٚ )have( *
e.x:- He has three children.
- Heʼs got three children.
‫ أي ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب‬، َ‫ٌٍظ اٌزب‬ٚ ‫) فً اٌّؼبسع اٌجغٍؾ‬have( َ‫ فؼبٌٍخ ٔغزخذ‬ٚ‫* ػٕذ اٌزؼجٍش ػٓ ٔشبؽ أ‬
.)got( ‫ٌٍظ‬ٚ ُ‫إع‬
e.x:- He has never got milk in his coffee.
- He never has milk in his coffee.

)had( َ‫ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬ٚ ً‫) ٌٍزؼجٍش ػٓ اٌزٍّه فً صِٓ اٌّبػ‬had got( َ‫* ال ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬
.‫ثؼذ٘ب إعُ ٌٍزؼجٍش ػٓ اٌزٍّه‬ٚ
e.x:- My parents had a lot of books in the house.

13
 Unit Three

‫صٍِ اىَاضي اىثسيظ‬

1- (Past Simple Tense(

1- Affirmative

.ً‫ اٌفؼً ال ٌزأصش ثبٌفبػ‬. ‫ى‬ٙ‫ إٔز‬ٚ ً‫ٌغزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ػٕذ اٌزذذس ػٍى شً دذس فً اٌّبػ‬
)ed( ‫ً ثبي‬ٙ‫ اٌفؼً اٌزي ٌٕز‬ٛ٘ٚ )regular( ً‫ٌىٓ اٌفؼً اٌّبػً ٌٕمغُ إٌى لغٍّٓ لٍبع‬
:ً‫ػخ وبَر‬ِٛ ‫) وّب‬irregular( ‫ شبر‬ٚ‫غٍش لٍبعً أ‬ٚ,

Regular verb Irregular verb

work worked go went

:ً٘ٚ ‫بٌخ اٌجٍّخ‬ٙٔ ً‫رمغ دائّب ف‬ٚ ِٓ‫ف رغزخذَ ِغ ٘زا اٌض‬ٚ‫* ٕ٘بن ظش‬
)yesterday, ago, last day, in 2000…, last week,...(
S + V (ed.) + C.

e.x:- She cooked well yesterday.

- They stayed at home last week.
- The man wrote a letter two days ago.
Q/ -Many people (see) this place last night. (correct the verb)
-Many people saw this place last night.

14
 2- Negative

ْ‫ٌشجغ إٌى ِظذسٖ اٌشئٍغً إرا وب‬ٚ ً‫) ِٓ اٌفؼً إرا وبْ لٍبع‬ed( ‫*ػٕذ إٌفً ٔذزف‬
.ً‫) لجً اٌفؼ‬did not( َ‫غٍش لٍبعً ِغ اعزخذا‬
e.x:- She did not cook yesterday.
- They did not stay at home last week.
- The man did not write a letter two days ago.
Q/ Decide whether the sentence is (True) or (False)
- I do not get up at yesterday. (False)

3-Question (Interrogative)

ٖ‫ ٌشجغ إٌى ِظذس‬ٚ ً‫) ِٓ اٌفؼً إرا وبْ لٍبع‬ed( ‫ اٌغؤاي ٔذزف‬ٚ‫بَ أ‬ٙ‫* ػٕذ اإلعزف‬
ً‫بَ ف‬ٙ‫ ٔؼغ ػالِخ اإلعزف‬ٚ ً‫) لجً اٌفبػ‬did( َ‫اٌشئٍغً إرا وبْ غٍش لٍبعً ِغ اعزخذا‬
.‫بٌخ اٌجٍّخ‬ٙٔ

e.x:- Did she cook yesterday?

- Did they stay at home last week?
- Did the man write a letter two days ago?
Q/Choose the correct word:
- (Does / Did) they wash the plates yesterday?

15
 ‫*حاالخ إضافح (‪ )ed‬ىيفؼو اىقياسي ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‪ ًٙ‬ة (‪ٚ )y‬لجٍٗ دشف طذٍخ رمٍت اي (‪ )y‬إٌى (‪ٔٚ )i‬ؼٍف (‪.)ed‬‬
‫‪carry‬‬ ‫‪carried‬‬
‫‪ -2‬إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‪ ًٙ‬ة (‪ٚ )y‬لجٍٗ دشف ػٍخ ال رمٍت ٌىٓ فمؾ ٔؼٍف (‪.)ed‬‬
‫‪delay‬‬ ‫‪delayed‬‬
‫‪ -3‬إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ٌٕز‪ ًٙ‬ثذشف طذٍخ ‪ٚ‬لجٍٗ دشف ػٍخ ‪ٚ‬ادذ ٔؼبػف اٌذشف االخٍش ‪ٔٚ‬ؼٍف (‪.)ed‬‬
‫‪stop‬‬ ‫‪stopped‬‬

‫(‪ٌ -: )Note‬أرً اٌفؼً (‪ )had‬فً صِٓ اٌّبػً اٌجغٍؾ وفؼً سئٍغً ‪ٌٍٚ‬ظ وفؼً‬
‫ِغبػذ إرا جبء ثؼذٖ إعُ‪.‬‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬ ‫‪+ noun‬‬

‫‪e.x:- I had a car.‬‬

‫إعُ )‪)noun‬‬
‫‪- She had a car.‬‬
‫إعُ )‪)noun‬‬
‫‪ٚ -‬فً دبٌخ إٌفً ٌى‪ ْٛ‬وبٌشىً اَرً‪:‬‬
‫‪e.x:- I did not have a car.‬‬

‫‪- She did not have a car.‬‬

‫‪ٚ -‬فً دبٌخ اٌغؤاي ٌى‪ ْٛ‬وبٌشىً اَرً‪:‬‬
‫?‪e.x:- Did you have a car‬‬
‫?‪- Did she have a car‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ًٕ‫٘زا ٌؼ‬ٚ ً‫) فؼً فٕؼزجشُ٘ وفؼً سئٍغ‬was, were( ‫ إرا ٌُ ٌأرً ثؼذ‬-:)Note(
ٓ‫ػ‬ٚ ُ٘‫) ثؼذ‬not( ‫ ػٕذ إٌفً ٔؼغ‬.‫أْ اٌجٍّخ ً٘ فً صِٓ اٌّبػً اٌجغٍؾ‬
:‫ػخ فً األِضٍخ اَرٍخ‬ِٛ ٛ٘ ‫ُ فً ثذاٌخ اٌجٍّخ وّب‬ٌٙٛ‫بَ ٔذ‬ٙ‫االعزف‬

1- Affirmative:

- She was clever.

2- Negative:

- She was not clever.

3- Question:

- Was she clever?

17
 ‫اىَاضي اىَستَش‬
2-(Past Continuous)

ً‫أعزّش ش‬ٚ ً‫لذ ِذذد فً اٌّبػ‬ٚ ً‫* ٔغزخذَ اٌّبػً اٌّغزّش ٌٍزؼجٍش ػٓ شً دظً ف‬
.ِٓ‫ِٓ اٌض‬

1-Affirmative

was
S + were + v.(ing) + C

ْٛ‫) فبٌفؼً اٌّغبػذ ثؼذٖ ٌى‬singular noun( ‫ إعُ ِفشد‬ٚ‫) أ‬I, he, she, it ( ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬
)was(
ْٛ‫) فبٌفؼً اٌّغبػذ ثؼذٖ ٌى‬plural noun( ‫ إعُ جّغ‬ٚ‫) أ‬they, you, we( ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬
)were(
e.x:- I was reading a book.
- The child was crying.
- They were speaking English very well.
Q/ The geese (swim) in the river. (use the past continuous)
-The geese were swimming in the river.

2- Negative
.)was, were) ‫) ثؼذ‬not( ‫ػٕذ إٌفً جٍّخ اٌّبػً اٌّغزّش ٔؼٍف‬
e.x:- I was not reading a book.
- The child was not crying.
18
 - They were not speaking English very well.
Q/Decide whether the sentence is (Right) or (Wrong)
- They were not watch the film. (Wrong)

3-Question (Interrogative)

َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ػغ ػالِخ االعزف‬ٚ ‫ ِغ‬،ً‫) فً ثذاٌخ اٌجٍّخ أي لجً اٌفبػ‬was, were( ‫ي‬ٛ‫بَ ٔذ‬ٙ‫*ػٕذ االعزف‬
.‫بٌخ اٌغؤاي‬ٙٔ ً‫ف‬

e.x:- Were you reading a book?

- Was the child crying?
- Were they speaking English very well?

Q/ Choose the best word:

-(Were, Did) the men walking yesterday?

‫) ىيفؼو في اىَاضي اىَستَش هي ّفسها في اىَضاسع اىَستَش اىَزمىسج‬ing( ‫*حاالخ إضافح‬

.‫ساتقا‬

ً‫ ِغزّش لج‬ٚ ً‫) ٌذي ػٍى دذس فً اٌّبػ‬present continuous(‫ اٌّبػً اٌّغزّش‬-:)Note(
‫ أي اٌّبػً اٌّغزّش ٌذي ػٍى اٌذذس اٌزي‬.)past simple( ‫دذس ٌمطؼٗ فً اٌّبػً اٌجغٍؾ‬
.‫ْ ثؼذ‬ٛ‫اٌّبػً اٌجغٍؾ ٌذي ػٍى اٌذذس اٌزي ٌى‬ٚ ً‫ْ لج‬ٛ‫ٌى‬

e.x:- She was making coffee when he arrived.

19
 3-(Prepositions in Time Expressions)

At In no preposition
at six oʼclock in the morning/afternoon/evening Today
at midnight in December yesterday
at Christmas in summer tomorrow
at the weekend in 1995 the day after tomorrow
On in two weeks ʼ time the day before yesterday
last night
on Saturday
last week
on Monday morning
two weeks ago
on Christmas Day
next month
on January 18
yesterday evening
tomorrow evening
this evening
tonight

20
 Unit Four

1-( Countable and Uncountable nouns)

countable ( ‫دح‬ٚ‫ األعّبء اٌّؼذ‬.‫دح‬ٚ‫ غٍش ِؼذ‬ٚ ‫دح‬ٚ‫فً اٌٍغخ اإلٔىٍٍضٌخ رظٕف األعّبء إٌى ِؼذ‬
‫ أِب األعّبء‬.)pen, book, car, etc. ( ً‫ب ِض‬ٙ‫ جّؼ‬ٚ‫) ً٘ االعّبء اٌزً ٌّىٓ ػذ٘ب أ‬nouns
milk, ( ً‫ب ِض‬ٙ‫ جّؼ‬ٚ‫) ً٘ األعّبء اٌزً ال ٌّىٓ ػذ٘ب أ‬uncountable nouns( ‫دح‬ٚ‫اٌغٍش ِؼذ‬
.)water, money, etc.

‫أعُ جّغ‬ٚ )singular noun( ‫) إٌى أعُ ِفشد‬countable nouns( ‫دح‬ٚ‫رمغُ األعّبء اٌّؼذ‬ٚ
.(irregular) ً‫ غٍش لٍبع‬ٚ‫) أ‬regular( ً‫ب إِب لٍبع‬ٙ‫ْ جّؼ‬ٛ‫ٌى‬ٚ ،)plural noun(

‫) ِغ‬es( ٚ‫) أ‬s( ‫) ً٘ األعّبء اٌزً ٔؼٍف ٌّفشد٘ب‬regular plural( ‫ اٌمٍبعٍخ‬ٚ‫ أعّبء اٌجّغ إٌّزظّخ أ‬-1
:‫إجشاء ثؼغ اٌزغٍشاد وّب فً األِضٍخ اَرٍخ‬

‫ِفشد‬ ‫جّغ‬
(singular) (plural)
- book books
- box boxes
- wolf wolves
- city cities

21
‫ب لبػذح ِذذدح‬ٌٙ ‫) ً٘ األعّبء اٌزً ٌٍظ‬irregular plural( ‫ غٍش لٍبعٍخ‬ٚ‫ أِب أعّبء اٌجّغ اٌغٍش ِٕزظّخ أ‬-2
:ً‫ب ِض‬ٙ‫ٌجّؼ‬
‫ِفشد‬ ‫جّغ‬
(singular) (plural)
- foot feet
- tooth teeth
- child children
- mouse mice
- man men
- woman women

e.x: Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that
refers to irregular noun:

- The child is playing football in the garden now. (A)

A B C D

22
 2-( Expressions of Quantity)

‫إٌّفٍخ‬ٚ ‫ُ فً اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ِٙ‫( ٔغزخذ‬many, much, a few, a little, a lot, lots of) -1
.‫بٍِخ‬ٙ‫اإلعزف‬ٚ

Key Words for Countable and Uncountable Nouns

For Countable Nouns many a few fewer

a lot

For Uncountable Nouns much a little less lots of

e.x: Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is
not correct:

- There are much houses in the city. (B)

A B C D

e.x: Choose the best answer in the brackets:

- He did not have many (money / pens) in his bag.

23
 (some and any) -2

‫دح‬ٚ‫ رأرً ِغ األعّبء اٌّؼذ‬ٚ ‫ِؼٕب٘ب (ثؼغ) ِغ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٚ )some( َ‫ ٔغزخذ‬-1
.)uncountable nouns( ‫دح‬ٚ‫األعّبء اٌغٍش اٌّؼذ‬ٚ )countable nouns(

e.x:- There are some books.

- I ʼd some suger.

‫بٍِخ ػٕذِب ٔؼشع أشٍبء‬ٙ‫) فً اٌجًّ اإلعزف‬some( َ‫ لذ رغزخذ‬-:)Note(

.)request( ‫ ٔطٍت أشٍبء‬ٚ‫) أ‬offer(

e.x:- Would you like some fruits?

e.x:- Can I have some cheese?

.‫بٍِخ‬ٙ‫ اٌجًّ اإلعزف‬ٚ ‫ِؼٕب٘ب (أي) ِغ اٌجًّ إٌّفٍخ‬ٚ )any( َ‫ ٔغزخذ‬-2

e.x:- There arenʼt any lamps.

e.x:- Does he have any photographs?

someone, anything, ( ً‫) ِشوجخ ِض‬some, any( ‫أٍٓ رزىشس إرا وبٔذ‬ٛ‫*ٔفظ ٘زٖ اٌم‬
.)anybody, somewhere

24
 3-(Indefinite and Definite Articles)

.‫ي ِشح‬ٚ‫) ٌإلشبسح إٌى اٌشًء أل‬a, an( indefinite articles َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬

.‫د طذٍخ‬ٛ‫االغٍت ط‬ٚ ‫د اٌزي ٌجذأ ثذشف‬ٚ‫) لجً اإلعُ اٌّفشد اٌّؼذ‬a( َ‫ٔغزخذ‬ -1

a book
a desk
a one apple
e.x:- We have a cat and a dog.

‫إرا عجك‬ٚ .‫د ػٍخ‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٚ‫د اٌّفشد اٌزي ٌجذأ ثذشف أ‬ٚ‫) لجً االعُ اٌّؼذ‬an( َ‫ٔغزخذ‬ -2
)a, e, i, o, u( ً٘ ‫ف اٌؼٍخ‬ٚ‫ دش‬.‫االعُ ثظفخ فبٌظفخ رؤخز ثٕظش األػزجبس‬
e.x:- an apple
an orange
an Iraqi poet

:ً‫) ِض‬professions( ‫ظبئف‬ٌٛ‫) لجً ا‬indefinite article( َ‫ رغزخذ‬-:)Note(

e.x:- Iʼm a teacher.
-:ً‫) ِض‬quantity( ‫ِغ رؼبثٍش رذي ػٍى اٌىٍّخ‬ٚ
- A little, a few , a pair , a couple of

-:ً‫د ِض‬ٚ‫ِغ اٌجًّ اٌزؼججٍخ لجً االعُ اٌّؼذ‬ٚ

- What a pity!

25
‫* ٔغزخذَ (‪ )definite article‬لجً األعُ ِفشد أ‪ ٚ‬اٌجّغ اٌّؼذ‪ٚ‬د أ‪ ٚ‬اٌغٍش ِؼذ‪ٚ‬د ػٕذِب ٌى‪ ْٛ‬اٌشًء ِؼٍ‪َٛ‬‬
‫ِٓ لجً اٌغبِغ أ‪ ٚ‬اٌّزىٍُ‪.‬‬
‫‪e.x:- We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old but the dog is a puppy.‬‬
‫‪ٔ -1‬غزخذَ (‪ )the‬لجً اعّبء اٌجذبس ‪ٚ‬االٔ‪ٙ‬بس ‪ ٚ‬اٌّغبسح ‪ٚ‬اٌفٕبدق ‪ٚ‬اٌّزبدف ‪ٚ‬اٌجشائذ‪.‬‬
‫‪- the Atlantic , The Times‬‬
‫‪ٔ ٚ -2‬غزخذِ‪ٙ‬ب إرا وبْ ٕ٘بن شًء ‪ٚ‬ادذ ٍِّض ِٓ االشٍبء ِضً‪.‬‬
‫‪- The sun , the Queen‬‬
‫‪ٔ ٚ -3‬غزخذِ‪ٙ‬ب ِغ طفبد اٌزفؼًٍ (‪ِ )superlative adjectives‬ضً‪.‬‬

‫‪e.x:- He is the oldest in the class.‬‬

‫(‪ٕ٘ -:)Note‬بن دبالد ال ٌّىٓ إعزخذاَ اي (‪-:ً٘ٚ )articles‬‬

‫‪ -1‬لجً إعُ اٌجّغ اٌّؼذ‪ٚ‬د أ‪ ٚ‬اٌغٍش ِؼذ‪ٚ‬د ػٕذِب ٔزذذس ػٓ االشٍبء ثظ‪ٛ‬سح ػبِخ‪.‬‬
‫‪e.x:- I like potatoes.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬لجً اعّبء اٌجٍذاْ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌذ‪ٚ‬ي ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّذْ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌش‪ٛ‬اسع ا‪ ٚ‬اٌٍغبد ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّجالد ا‪ ٚ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬ججبد ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّطبسد ا‪ٚ‬‬
‫اٌّذطبد ا‪ ٚ‬اٌججبي‪.‬‬
‫‪e.x:- I had lunch with my brother.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬لجً ثؼغ اعّبء االِبوٓ ا‪ٚ ٚ‬عبئً إٌمً ‪.‬‬
‫‪- at home, in/to bed, at/to work, at/to school/university, by bus, by plane, by‬‬
‫‪car, by train, on food‬‬
‫‪ -4‬فً اٌجًّ اٌزؼججٍخ ِغ االعّبء اٌغٍش ِؼذ‪ٚ‬دح ِضً‪:‬‬
‫!‪e.x:-What loud music‬‬

‫‪ِ -5‬غ اٌفؼً (‪ )go home‬ال ٌ‪ٛ‬جذ اد‪ٚ‬اد إٌىشح ‪ٚ‬اٌّؼشفخ ‪ٚ‬ال ٌ‪ٛ‬جذ دشف جش ثٍٕ‪.ُٙ‬‬
‫‪e.x:- I went home early.‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
 Unit Five

1-(Verb Patterns 1)

:)verb patterns( ‫هْاك اّىاع ػذيذج ٍِ اَّاط او اسيىب تشتية اىفؼو‬

1- Verb + to + infinitive
e.x:- I would like to go abroad
e.x:- They want to buy a new car.

2- Verb + v. ing
e.x:- Everyone loves going to parties.
e.x:- He finished reading his book.

3- Verb + v. ing or + to infinitive with no change in meaning.

e.x:- It began to rain /raining.
e.x:- I continued to work/ working in the library.

4- Verb + preposition + v. ing

e.x:- We are thinking of moving house.
e.x:- Iʼm looking forward to having more free time.
27
 2-(Like doing and Would like to do)

.‫) رؼجش ػٓ سغجخ ػبِخ‬love doing( ‫) و‬like doing( -1

e.x:- I like working as a teacher.
e.x:- I love dancing.

.‫لذ ِذذد‬ٚ ً‫ ف‬ٚ‫) رؼجش ػٓ اٌزفؼًٍ اَْ أ‬would love to do( ‫) و‬would like to do( -2

e.x:- Iʼd like to be a teacher.

e.x:- Thank you . Iʼd love to dance.

*Question
e.x:- Would you like to come for a walk?
)Answer(:- Yes, I would./ No, thank you.

. ‫) ً٘ ٌٍغذ شبئؼخ‬No, I wouldnʼt( -:)Note(

28
 3-(The form and the Use of Will)
The Form:
1-Affirmative
.ً‫اع اٌفبػ‬ٛٔ‫ٌغزخذَ ِغ وً أ‬ٚ .‫) ِظذس ِجشد خبي ِٓ أي إػبفخ‬will( ‫* ٌأرً ثؼذ‬
e.x:- He /I… will (ʼll) come.

2-Negative
e.x:- He /I…wonʼt come.

3-Question
e.x:- When will (he / you / they) help me?
e.x:- Will you help me?
Answer:- Iʼm afraid I canʼt.

‫رؼزجش‬ٚ ‫ب غٍش شبئؼخ‬ٙٔ‫) ال‬No, I wonʼt( َ‫زا اٌغؤاي ال ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬ٌٙ ً‫اة ثٕف‬ٛ‫*ػٕذ اٌج‬
.‫ب‬ِٕٙ ‫( ثذال‬Iʼm afraid I canʼt( َ‫ فٍجت إعزخذا‬،)impolite(

The Use:
.ٍُ‫ خطخ ِغزمجٍٍخ ػٕذ ٌذظخ اٌزى‬ٚ‫) لشاس أ‬will( َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬
e.x:- “It is Janeʼs birthday”. “Is it?” Iʼll buy her some flowers.

.)offer( ‫) ٌٍؼشع‬will( َ‫اٌؼب رغزخذ‬ٚ*

e.x:- Iʼll carry your suitcase.

29
 4-(The Form and the Use of going to)

The Form

1-Affirmative

S + am /is/are + going to + infinitive

e.x:- She is going to work.

2-Negative
.)am/is/are( ‫) ثؼذ‬not( ‫*ػٕذ إٌفً ٔؼغ‬

e.x:- She is not going to work.

3-Question

e.x:- When is he going to arrive?

e.x:- Are they going to get married?
Anser:- Yes, they are. / No, they arenʼt.

30
The Use:

.ٍُ‫لذ اٌزى‬ٚ ً‫ خطخ لج‬ٚ‫ ٍٔخ أ‬ٚ‫) ٌٍزؼجٍش ػٓ لشاس ِغزمجًٍ أ‬going to( َ‫*رغزخذ‬

e.x:- She is not going to have a birthday party.

.ً‫ ٔؼزمذ أْ شًء ِب ٌذذس فً اٌّغزمج‬ٚ‫* ػٕذِب ٔفىش أ‬

e.x:- Look at these clouds! Itʼs going to rain.

Q/Correct the verb in these sentences:

1-Watch out! That box (fall)

-Watch out! That box is going to fall.

2-What shall I cook for a dinner? …I ( make) chicken casserole.

- What shall I cook for a dinner? …I ʼll make chicken casserole.

31
 Unit Six

1-(What….like?)

Form:

What + to be + subject + like?

e.x:- What was your holiday like?

(Answer): - Wonderful. We swam a lot.

e.x:- What is your teacher like?

-(Answer)-: She is very patient.

.)She is like patient( :‫ي‬ٛ‫اة أي ال ٌّىٓ أْ ٔم‬ٛ‫) فً اٌج‬like( َ‫ص إعزخذا‬ٛ‫*ال ٌج‬

Use:

.)ُٕٙ‫ُ أٔب ال أػشف أي شًء ػ‬ٕٙ‫ شًء ِب (أخجشًٔ ػ‬ٚ‫ط ف شخض ِب أ‬ٌٛ )What …like?( َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬
)like( ‫ فً اٌجٍّخ اٌزبٌٍخ‬.(verb( ً‫ٌٍظ فؼ‬ٚ )preposition( ‫) فً ٘زا اٌغؤاي ً٘ دشف جش‬like( ‫وٍّخ‬
:)verb( ً‫ً٘ فؼ‬
e.x:- What does Jim Like?
(Answer):- He likes motorbikes and playing tennis.

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 2-(Comparative and Superlative Adjectives)
Form:
:ِ‫*اىصفاخ اىتي تتنىُ دائَا ٍِ ٍقطغ واحذ أو إثْي‬

:ً‫) ِض‬superlative( ًٍ‫) ػٕذ اٌزفؼ‬est( ٚ )comparative( ‫) ػٕذ اٌّمبسٔخ‬er( ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ ٔؼٍف‬-1

- small - smaller - smallest

- cheap - cheaper - cheapest

)er( ‫ٔؼٍف‬ٚ ‫ادذ ٔؼبػف اٌذشف اٌظذٍخ‬ٚ ‫ب دشف ػٍخ‬ٍٙ‫ لج‬ٚ ‫ت ثذشف طذٍخ‬ٙ‫ إرا وبٔذ اٌظفخ رٕز‬-2
.ًٍ‫) ػٕذ اٌزفؼ‬est( ٚ ‫ػٕذ اٌّمبسٔخ‬
- big - bigger - biggest

.)est( ٚ‫) أ‬er( ‫ٔؼٍف‬ٚ )i( ‫) إٌى‬y( ‫ب دشف طذٍخ رمٍت اي‬ٍٙ‫ لج‬ٚ )y( ‫ً ة‬ٙ‫اٌظفبد اٌزً رٕز‬-3

- heavy - heavier - heaviest

‫) ػْذ اىَقاسّح‬more( ‫* اىصفاخ اىتي أمثش ٍِ ٍقطغ أو أمثش ٍِ ٍقطؼيِ ّضيف قثيها‬
.‫) ػْذ اىتفضيو‬most(‫و‬
- careful - more careful - most careful

.‫* هْاك صفاخ شارج ػْذ اىَقاسّح واىتفضيو‬

- good - better - best

.)the( ‫ب‬ٍٙ‫طفبد اٌزفؼًٍ ٌأرً لج‬ٚ )than( ‫ طفبد اٌّمبسٔخ ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب‬-:)Note(
e.x:- Iʼm younger than George.
e.x:- George is the youngest.
.‫وٍذ‬ٛ‫) لجً طفبد اٌّمبسٔخ ٌٍز‬much( َ‫* ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬

e.x:- Is Tokyo much more modern than London?

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Use:

.ٍٓ‫ شٍئ‬ٚ‫) ٌٍّمبسٔخ ثٍٓ شخظٍٓ أ‬comparative adjectives( َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬

.‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ شًء ِؼٍٓ ػٍى وً اٌّج‬ٚ‫) ٌزفؼًٍ شخض أ‬superlative adjectives( َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬

.‫ االشٍبء‬ٚ‫اح ثٍٓ االشخبص أ‬ٚ‫) ٌؼشع اٌّغب‬as….as( َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬

e.x:- Jimʼs as tall as Peter.

.‫ االشٍبء‬ٚ‫اح ثٍٓ االشخبص أ‬ٚ‫) ٌؼشع ػذَ اٌّغب‬not as / so….as( َ‫*ٔغزخذ‬

e.x:- She is not as tall as her mother.

- She wasnʼt so expensive as yours.

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 Unit Seven

ً‫اىَضاسع اىتا‬
1-(Present Perfect)

Form:

1-Affirmative
has
S + have + p.p. )past participle) + C.

)has( ‫ف ٔغزخذَ ثؼذ٘ب اٌفؼً اٌّغبػذ‬ٛ‫( فغ‬singular noun) ‫ إعُ ِفشد‬ٚ‫) أ‬he, she, it( ً‫*إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬
.)have( ‫ف ٔغزخذَ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٛ‫) فغ‬plural noun( ‫ إعُ جّغ‬ٚ‫) أ‬I, you, we, they( ً‫ إرا وبْ اٌفبػ‬ٚ

e.x:- My friend has bought a new house.

-All of them have stayed at home.

‫) ثؼذ‬already, just( ْٛ‫ رى‬، )already, just, yet, ….( ً٘ َ‫ف اٌّغزخذِخ فً اٌّؼبسع اٌزب‬ٚ‫*اٌظش‬
.‫بٍِخ‬ٙ‫االإعزف‬ٚ ‫بٌخ اٌجٍّخ إٌّفٍخ‬ٙٔ ً‫) ف‬yet( َ‫ ٌىٓ ٔغزخذ‬،‫ ) دائّب‬has, have(
e.x:-You have not finished yet.

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 short ( ‫) فً االجبثبد األعئٍخ اٌمظٍشح‬Iʼve , theyʼve , heʼve , etc.( َ‫ ال ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬-:)Note(
:)answer
-Yes, I have. (True)
-Yes, Iʼve.

Q/ Determine the best answer:

- She (has / have) put the apples in the basket.

2-Negative
.)has, have( ‫) ثؼذ‬not( ‫*فً دبٌخ إٌفً ٔؼغ‬

e.x:- My friend has not bought a new house.

-All of them have not stayed at home.

Q/ - I (not come) to the station yet. (correct the verb)

- I have not come to the station yet.

3-Question
.‫ػغ ػالِخ اٌغؤاي‬ٚ ‫) لجً اٌفبػً ِغ‬has, have( ‫ي‬ٛ‫بَ ٔذ‬ٙ‫ اإلعزف‬ٚ‫*فً دبٌخ اٌغؤاي أ‬

e.x:- Has my friend bought a new house?

- Have all of them stayed at home?

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 Q/ The trees have already grown quickly. (Change the sentence to question)
- Have the trees already grown quickly?

Use:

ٚ‫ اٌذذس أ‬.َْ‫ ٌؼجش ػٓ ِب اٌزي دذس لجً ا‬ٚ ً‫ اٌّؼبسع اٌزبَ ٌشجغ ِٓ اٌذبػش إٌٍى اٌّبػ‬-1
.ً‫لذ غٍش ِذذد فً اٌّبػ‬ٚ ً‫إٌشبؽ اٌزي دذس ف‬
e.x:- I ʼve met a lot of famous people. (before now)

‫) ٌٍزؼجٍش‬for( ٚ )since( َ‫ ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬ٚ ‫ٔزٍجزٗ ِغزّشح فً اٌذبػش‬ٚ ً‫ ٌذي ػٍى شً دذس فً اٌّبػ‬-2
.‫) ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب فزشح غٍش ِذذدح‬for( ٚ ‫) ٌأرً ثؼذ٘ب فزشح ِذذدح‬since( .‫ػٓ ٘زٖ اٌذبٌخ‬
e.x:- Iʼve lost my wallet. (I havenʼt got it now)
e.x:- Iʼve known Alice for six years. (a period of time)
e.x:- Iʼve had a beard since I left the army. (a point in time)

.ً‫ سثّب ٌغزّش اٌّؼبسع اٌزبَ فً اٌّغزمج‬ٚ

e.x:- She ʼs lived here for twenty years. (she still lives here)

‫) ٌٍزؼجٍش‬ever( ٚ )never( َ‫ ٌّىٓ إعزخذا‬،‫ اٌّؼبسع اٌزبَ ٌؼجش ػٓ رجشثخ وجضء ِٓ دٍبح شخض ِب‬-3
.‫ػٓ ٘زٖ اٌذبٌخ‬
e.x:- I have travelled a lot in Africa.
e.x:- Have you ever been in a car crash?

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 ‫ٌىٓ فً اٌٍغخ‬ٚ ‫ فً وضٍش ِٓ اٌٍغبد ٌّىٓ اٌزؼجٍش ػٓ اٌّضبي اٌزبًٌ ثئعزخذاَ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغٍؾ‬-:)Note(
.َ‫االٔىٍٍضٌخ ٔغزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌزب‬
e.x:- Peter has been a teacher for ten years. (True)
e.x:- Peter is a teacher for ten years. (False)

.)present simple, past simple and present perfect( ٍٓ‫ػخ اإلخزالف ث‬ٌٛ ٖ‫ي أدٔب‬ٚ‫اٌجذ‬ -:)Note(

Iʼve broken my leg last year.

I broke my leg last year.
He works as a musician all his life.
He has worked as a musician all his life.
When have you been to Greece?
When did you go to Greece?
How long do you have your car?
How long have you had your car?

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