Electrical Quantiies

1. charae (a)
Electric charae is he
phy sical popev D
matterRat Causes enperience a torca
+o
when pplied in an electromagnete ield.
Sn any objeck, electrons, protons and
neutrons aYe oVailable under noTmal Condition.
9 any entevnalorce is applied, atoms
moves om 0ne place
to anoheY place
number o electrons ave moreRan
e S
number o protons, Ren i is kmun M
Posiive chare. moTe

S6 number o eleehrons ave e s tRan

number o pmtons, Ren i is Known
neaive eRarge.
. Electie Curenl CI)
The low o ree electrons in a Conductor
is Called elecrric Curent,
Se defined as Re Tate o change
cRrge I da Unit Ampeve
3. lectie Potemial/ VoHage Cx)
The abilit oRe chrged body to do
he work.
Vo ltage :
workdone Unit Volt
Charge
4. Poterhol DiRevenca
9e is deined as Re di evence in
Re e leetric potential o Re +w chaaed
lbodies.

s. Electhc Power CP)

The Tate at
done in an electrie
wRicRe work u
Civeui is called
bein
an d
electie poweT.

Eloctie Power: Vo ltage x Curvenle

Unit wats

6.Ene0 i de ined
asRe of Re Capacity
charged body to do Re wovk al a iven
iven
me.
Vo tage Curventx Time
Ene x

UnitJouel

4 Cowlomb of ehargee
bo2x Ie-19 6 24 x lo
Electrns
A Singla electron has a chage -I.6o2 lo x c

A
Single poton Ras a Chavge + I6o2 x lo'c
uait Symbol Unit Fovmula

chare Coulomb, c I xt

Curren Ampere, A

Vol4s,v Wla

Ene33 W Joule, T Px

Power watt,w WlE

Resistanee R Dhm, v/T

Cepaahnte fored,F
Inductance L
Hen,H I

requne Hertz, Hz

Lmpedante ohm, - VII

Admitonce ohm, v/I

Ohm's Low
ohm's Lowtates Rak Re Currentlowing
+RTough Re electic Circut is directly Propo poional

to Re potential di Rtevence crossRe Civcuit ano

invesly popotiona +o Re re sistance o Re Circuit,
Proide +Re tem perature TemainS Cons tom

T V PoweY V* 2 Powe = V *T
R
b V 2R bu T=.
V IR Power = T.R.T
Power : T2R Power V. V

Powe V
R

Limitatns oOhms Law

) O hm's Yaw does no appy to all non-metlic

ConductYS.

2) St alko does hol apply to non- Linear devices

SucR as Zener diode etc.

3) Ohm's ow itrue or metal Cmdue tors al

Constan +emperatuie. +Re enpeatve changes
Re Qom is ho appYicable.
Resis-tance R
The resistane oa etellilic Conductor depends
uponRe kollowing
(i) JE u dieHy popo-ional to enaB o Re Canduetn

(") JE u invesly po potiona to Re Co SS Lecion

area oRe Conductor

(ii) SE depends upon R nature o +Re materiad

oRe ConductoT

CiN) StE dopends upon Re tempe-Tature of+Re Conductor

R
A

R P e- Resistit
A

The Value o depend vpon Re nature o Re

materal o Re Coluctor.

Conduetance (G)
Conductance is 4Re Unducemen to Re o
CuenE Hence Conductance uRe Teci prvca o
TLis tance.
R
Poo bfem OD
The esistance oa Conductor|mm in
Cmossecion area and 20 m long u o.346 .
De temine peciic Tesistance ef 4Re Conducting
Mateia.

So lutim :
Given data
-b
A rea A mm xlom m2

Leng+R 2o m
Resistonu R : o 346

R P RA P RA e P RA
A
-6
PRA o.346 x I*1o_ Oo73 Xlo
M
2d
-8
P 13 X1 .m
Probem
An olecic Reater draws 8 ampsrom 2sov

Suppry.whek u Re powe Tati ? gind Re

Supp Alo
recisteane o 4Re Reater elomenk.
Solution
Given data
Curen drnun by koater T 8amps
Supp VoRtage -
2 So V
walls
Power vating =
V *T 2 s o x8 2o00
Resistonce R 25 31.25-
Probem3
what will be
+Re Cuenk drawn by a amp hed
akt 2 So V, 40 wats Connected to a
a 230 V Auppy ?
SoluHion :

Given data
Rated powe P 4o wott
Rated Vltage V 2 So Vol
230 VotE
Supp Vltage
Resistan ce R 2 - (2 so) 1562 S
P 40

Curen
2 30 O 1412 amps
R (Sb2.S

Pro bfen
A bate ho an EMF o
12.8 Vot and
CuYYenl o 3.24 amps. ka +Re
Buppies a
Cbulombs
Te sistanu or 4RL Circuit2 How many
in Sminutes ?
eave +Re batery
Solutim
Given dat Time Sminutes
v&t
Bate EME V =12.8 Time = S xbo
Curent T = 3 . 24 amps Se tonds

Resistance R 28 4
32+
Curent ime in Semd
charge eaves
+R batteg 3.24 X SxbO

2 Coulomb.
Combination o Re sistors
I. Seies Combinahion
S Re resistors are Connected end to
end, +Re Combinaion u Baid to be 8e rres.

RI R2 R3 RT
A
Ar>wM Wwm B B
- Vi V2 -k-V3

Since Reve is only one closed loop, only one

Currentows.
Tn oker wOrds, Re Current is Same
+Rrough all Re re siators, tRe Combination u
Called Beies Combination.

e v -

Apphied VPtage
-Seies Curren
VI, V2, v3 ave +Re Votage across RI, R2,R3

By ohm's aw, VIE IR V2 2R2 V3 2Rz

Also V = VI+V2 +V3
V RI +2R2 + TRz
V : 2 (R1+ R2 +R3)
V T .RT RT R+ R2+R3

The total resistance is equal to +Re Sum

o +Re
indiv icluak Te cistoYs.
T. Parallel Combinaion
3 one end o all Re Tesistors is joineel
to a Common point and Re oker ends ave
Joined to anotRer Common point, +Re Combination
& said to be pora llel Combi nation betwean
wo Common points.
ww-
A
R
B A RT B
ww
T R2
www
R3 .
I

y- Applied Voltage
, and T3 ore +Re Curren +Rrough R1,R2, Rs

BOhm'sDaw, I, YR
R2 R3
Also T T, + T tT3
V
R R2 R3

+
Ra

V
RT
 RT R
+
R2 R3
Ri R3 RiR2
R2R3 + +

RT Ri R2 R3

RT R, R2 R3
RIR2 R2 R3 +R3R

In Case o wo TesistorTS,
+
RT RI R2
R2+ Ri
RT RI R2

RI R2
RT
RI+R2
P2oblem
Calculate Re equivalent e sishan o +Re
tollowing Combinaion o Tesistors and olso +Re
Re
Soure Current.
w M
a 12- 4
ww.-
T abn
40

SoV

FromRe above odiagram,

CRI) , (R)
AM- 2 and 6nare
4 -
4 w w 16- 4- Connected in Pallel.
40- RT R XxR 126
R+R2 12+6

Sov RT 72=4
M-
Now, 4 and l6
20 4- CRI) CR2)
wm- TesistoTS ave Connected
40
in Seies.
+16 : 20-
RT R +R2 = 4

SoV
low 2 0 and 4 0
wh- CRI) CR2)
3.33 4 re sistors ave Co nneeted in
Pam1le
RT RR2 20 x 40
Sov
R+R2 2o+4-O 40
RT &oo 3 33
60
 M- Now 1337 and 4 are
I7.33 | CRI) CR2)
Connected in Serie.

Sov RT R, +R2 = 13.33 + 4

RT 7 .33n

Tota resistpn te 7. 33

Tot& CTrent Souve Cuenk

2
I7.33

2 2.88 amp
Com bintion of Resistoos
I. Seies Com bination
RT R, R2 +R3 +
. Paralle CombineHon
RT RI R2 R3 RT=R1.R2
RIR2 4 R2 R3 + R3R\ RI +R2
Problem O
Find +Re equivalent meAis tance and Currenl
owingRgh a Source o 12V or Re
Circuil Shoun below.

2s loo
From Re (R)
3
l2v oliagrom S
So S lon and lo are

Conneeted in
Parn llel
RT R Ra SXIo
R tRa S+lo
RTS
1S
= 3.33-2

wm-
loo
From +Ri diaan
2s L
3-33
loo n and 3.33
2V (R1) CR2)
So
ave Connected in
Senes.

RT R,+R2
RT oo t3.33
RT lo3.33.
 2s lo3.33
W
From diaam
12 So and 1o3.33
So (RI) (R2)
ave Conneced in pevalMe2,

RT KRa So x lo3 33
R+Rz So+ ID3-33

RT S66:S = 33.61
2s IS3.333
M
rom +R diam
2V
3369 2 s and 33.61
(Ri) CR2
ave Connectedl in Serie8.
RT
RT R , +R2 = 2S + 33-61
RT =S8.69

12V
s8.69

Tot Resistanee RTES8.69n

T 2 = 0:204
SourCe Curvene
S869 ampS
RT

2 4 arps
Proben
The totpower dlissipated in Civeuit Shown
is 8waH, Find Re Value op resistance R and
Current in Re Cir euit.

8- 4
-
M
R

12V

2
To+ Power = alHage)
TotResistanu
2
I8 RT : 22 : I44
RT 18
RT 8n
To CuTvent 12 S aP

From R diagam,
8 and R ave Connected in pevallel
4 and 1b aYe Connece in parallel
Theseo Combinations ave Cormeute in
Seies
Theotl 4istanee a +Re Civet iu
RT 8 xR 4 Xl
8+R 4+16
bu RT 8

8 8R +64
8+R 20

8R +3:2
8+R
8 3.2 &R
8+R

4 8 &R
8+R
4 8(8+R) = &R
4 8 x 8 4 8 x R =&R
38 4 + 4.8R = 8R
38 4 8R 4 8R
38 4 3.2R
32 R =
38.4
R 38-4
3.2
R 12
Problen
Three Tesisances 3oa, 25A and 4S
are Connectedl in Seies acwis 200V as Shoun
in
diagyam. Calculate ti) Total Tetstanu Gi) Curvent
(ii) Potential di hevenu acro s each element.
30 (R) 25n (Ra) 45n(R3)
NM
VI V2 V3
2ooY

ci Tot Resistanc
RT R+R2+R3
30 + 25 + 4S
RT oo

i) Current
I Y=200 2 amps
R
(ii) Potential ditevence acnis e ach elemenl
, = TRI = 2 x 3o =6o Volt

V2 R 2 2 x 2S So Vlt

V3 = TR3 2 x 4S
Source Tans formaion
The Voltage and Cur1enk SouYces m be
intev changed wikou alfeeting Re eminde
o+Re Civeuit, Ris +echniqne Called Soure
Transormation.

An
Any practical voltage Souv Consitts ot an
tdeal Vo Itage Souree in Seies wik Jk intevnal
Te sistna.

Simi ler ly, any practical Curvent SouYCe

Consists o an ideal Curvent Source in perallel
wi i intevna etishanu.

Theregore, for any prachicd Vo taje

Souree idel Vo H+age Bouree V and intevnal2
Te sistonuR in Series i ) Re VolHtaje
Source Con be e placedby an equivalent
Pactical Curvent Surce ( idel Curven Souru
2wiRe inteme resistane i n paralle
totRe Cuene SoUrCe) and Vice Versa.
I. Votage Souve to Cuvrent Souvce

wM-

R
Exam e
32

T
30A
30 A
T.Cuve Souvce to Yo lhage Source
R
I R V=1- R

Exam ple

3
I 3 V IR
SA ISY Ve SxX3

ISV
Prob len O
-o A o A
6ov O 8-n 2.3
0.S

Sov
-oB -oB
+T
looV

Tota Vo Itage E = looSo -bo : o v

To t reSis tance RT : |+ os+0 S

RT 2.3
Pro blem 0
- A
-o A

2
6A R
IA O.67
2A SA
-B -o B

To t Curen : 6+ -2 SA

To thresistane = Rix R2
RI+R2
RT 2 067a
I+2
Pro blem lov

T -o A ConsideY only two

2
3 Cuvwent Soure
1 S+7 =
12 A
SA 7A

B
R 3xb =& 22
3t =

loV

M-o A Conve Current Sour

2 SourL
into Votage
12A
2 V I R
V = 12x 2
-oB
V 24 V

loV
M- -o A
2 Combine Voltage Sourus
2
E 2410 : l4V
24V
- B R 2 +2 4

o A

4
IL4
B
 Vo Hage and Cumenl Division
(a) Volage Division Rule
RI R2

-Va-Va2

The Seies Civcuit acts as a Voltage divider.

Since +Re &ome Cuwent lows +Rrough eah retisto7,
Re Vo Hage drops are pmpotional to tRe Vares
Teistors.
USing+Ris Princi ple, ditereal Noltages ave
obtained rom Aingk Soure, Colled
a a vo l4ge
RI
lo
R divider.
I V
M-
RI+R2 VI V2

V R, =Y . R1 looV

R +R2

VI R I y V = V x Ri
RI+R RI +R2 4
Va -IR2 V .Ra V = Ioo x O = Ipo x lo
2 y
lo+IS
R+R2
V2 K2 x V V2 V x R2
R+R2 R+R2
V2 lo0 x S =Ipo x S = 6oV
loHS 25
Vo ltage drop aeros 1. Branek Kesishan
he Inteves teel bmnkA
x appfied VolHae
Tot ReRi stance
(b) Curren division Rule

RR R2

In a pavelle Civaut +Re Currenk divides in all

branes. Thus, a parallel Civeuil acts as a
CuYYen divider.

The totl Canren- entering Into Re Parallel

braneRes ave divided into +Re bnc Currenbs
actording t tRe resistana Vawe.
T T,+2
2,R 2R
22 T,R
R

2, +3, R T2 I x R
R2 R tR2

Current lowing +ProwsR

R 2nteves tred braneh
I -
TR2 +R7
Rr Oev baneR To +
Texistu x Curvent
R R +Ra Tot recisthne
, . R
R+R2
Pro blem O
Determine Re Valus
I, T,, T,, Vab and
Vbe inRe network shouy belo.

I, 2
wwM
I 2
a wm- Sns netwodk,
6
wm- 2-n ond 6 ave
CRI) CR2)
Connected in pamlel
12Y . Res R, Rz
R,+R2
2 4-
ww m 2 xb
b 12 b

Reg 7 2

12V Res4
+om above diagam,
Tot Cumenl T
24
2+
:
2 amp
VolHage Vab I. Rab = 2x 2 4 Volts
VolHae Vbe 2. Rie = 2x4 - & Vts
M
2 n 12-
.
I Ix 6 2x
2amps 6+12

amps
T2 D x 12
12V
6t12

2 amps
Pro bfem
Use CuYren division Tule to Pind
Re Cume
in lo n Tesistor Kor +Re Ciruit shoun below.

IS and S
aYe
CRi) CR2)
1o
Connected in panlaL
SA
.Rea R xR
R, +R2
Rea
Ren 1SxS
S+S

Res S =3-75
20

Currenl +Rrogh loavex iBo

I2 T x 3.75
lon
3-75 3.75 +lo
SA
Sx 3.7S
I3.7S

36 Amps
Star- D el ta Teans tormation
In a eleeical network, Re impe dances Can be
Connected in Various ConBiguraons
The mo s Common o Rexe Confiaumtions are

eiRer Star or Delta Connecteo netweTk

To Solve Compfen electical networks or impli b k,

we use Sta- clelta T2ans omatin teniqneg,
network wR
JEeplaceg anany Star Connected
eaivalen delta Connected network and Vice Versa
I.Del Connected Networ k
Sn delta Connected netwok t
fomed by Connecting impedancas
R
w end o end.

ww
A RI

L. Sta ConnecBed Network

C

Sn a Star Conected, Re Rree

Rc phme uwires a r e Comnected to
a Common point or Str poin
Ra
Rb and heuhal a taken m
www
- M -

Ris Common pint.

A

C- Common poin
Delta to StaY msovmarliom
C

R3
Rc

Mw.-
Ra
wn
w-
A RI 3 A B

The above dolta

diaqran Shos a nehwork ainq
A,8,C terminals witR R 1mpedances Ri, R2, R3.

The eguivalen Star Conmected network uit Ra ,Re, Re

where Rey ave Connected to Reir
Corvesponding
temina alko a shon in R diagvam

T h e exminels A, B, C remains Re Lame, a

e as
R impedlane befeonRen, must remain R Lome

The to ta impedance
The between A ond B in dolta
hetwok is

R2 RAB R i |R2+R3)
R:R3

ww- RAB RI (R2 +R3)

A RI
R1+R2 +R3
The totel impedance betwreon erminals Bandc in
lel ta network i
C Rec R3 ||R1+R2)

R2 R3
RBe R3 CRI+R2.)
ww- RI+ R2 + R3
RI

The totak impedance betwten ermjnals C and A in

dolta nehwork u
C
RAC R|IR1+Rs)
R 2R3
RAC R2( RI +R3)
w- RI+R2+R3
A RI

According to Ster Network

C

RAB Ra+ Kb
Re
-

Rec = Rb +Re .
RaNm-
ww.s
RcA Ra
Re +Ra .
A B
Add equatiom 1, 2 and 3

RAB+Rec+ Rch RI(R2+R3) +R3(R1+R2) R2 (RI+R3

RI +R2 +R3 RI+R2-+R3 R1+R2+R3
Subsitute tRe Vale oPAB, Rsc and Rea rom en 4,5,6
Ra+ Rb+ (Rbt Re) +(Re +Ra) Ri (R24 R3) +R(RI+R2)+R2(R4R3
R1+R2 +R3

+ 2 Rb + 2Re RI R3 + R3RI+ R3R2 +R2R1+ R2 R3

2 Ra RIR2

RIR2 + R3

2( Ra+ Rb+Re) 2 RI R2 +2 R2 R3 4 2 R3 RI

RI + R +R3

RIR
2(Ra +Rb +Re) etdH + R2R3 + R3 R)
RI+R2 R3

Ra+ Rb + Re RI R2 +R2 R3 + R3 KL
RI+R2 + R3

Ra =RiR2 RaR3 +RERI ( Rb Re)

RI +R2 + R3

Ra
Ra Ri R2+R2 R3 +R3R) Ro
RI+R2 +R3
Subcwte Re VaDue of Rec rvo eu
Ra RIR2 + R2 R3 + R3RI R3 (RI+Ra)
Ri +R2 + R3 R+R2 R3
Ra RIR2 + R2 R3 + R3R R3RI + R3R2
RI +R +R3
RI+R2 +R3

Ra
Ra RIR2 + RR3 + RgRI- R3R) RDR2
RI+R2 R3

RIR2
RI +R2 +R3

Simila

Rb RR3
RI +R2 +R3

R2R3
RC
RI +R2+ R3

Ra RI R2
RI +R+R3
R3

R RIR3
Rb
RI +Ra +R3

R2 R3
www- Rc
A RI RI +R2 t R3
Star to Delta Tvans
onahion
gn order to ind+Re eRuivelanl delta
mesistanct, malHply eauaions 7 and 8. on bot ides

Ra Rb :
R Rz2 RIR3
RI+R24R3/ RI+R2 +R3
RR2 Ri R3
(R+R2+Rs) 2
Ra Rb R R2Rs
(RI+R2+R3) .

Similer multiply esnetions 8 and 9 m bo Aides

Rb Re (RIR3 R RR3
RI +R2+ R3 Ri+R2 +R3
RIRZR2 R3
(R1 +R2 +R3)2

2
R,R R
(R +R2 +R3)2 -
Simi arly mul tiply egusthons 7 and 9 on botk Aidos

Ra Re / Ri R2
R2 R3
(R1 +RL+ R3) Ri+R2+R3

RI R2 R2 R3
(R1 +R2 +Rs)
Ra Re R,RR
(Ri +R2 +R3)2 -
A dd euatio lo, and 12

RaRb+ RLRe +Re Ra RRaR3 RIR2R Ri RRs

(Ri+R1+RE)R1+RL+Rs) (R
(R, +R2+
+R2 +R2

RRR3 RRR3 + R R2 Rz
(RI + R + R 3 ) 2

RI R2R3 ( R1+RatR3)
(RI+Rz +Ra)
Ra Rb + RRe +ReRa R , R R3
RIR2 + R3

Ra Rb + R»Re + Re Ra = R R2 R3
RI+RL+Rz

RaR+ RbRe+Re Ra = Ra. R3 RR

Ro
Ra Rb R4RL+
+ RRe + Re Ra R3
R3
Ra
Ra Rb + RbRe + ReRa
Similony Ra

R2 Ra Rb+ RRe + RRa

Rb

Ra Rb + RRe R Ra
RI
Re
 Deta SHar
C

R R3
Ka
www-

ww
w-
A R B A

RI RaRb Ra Ri R2
+ RLRe +Re Ra
Rc R +R2+ Rz

R2 RaRb + RRtRe Ra Rb RiR3

Rb RI+R + R3

R3 RaRb+ RbRe + Re Ra Re R2 R3
R RI+R2+K3

SP Ra Rb - Re : Rstar
SRi R2 Rs Rdelh

RdeRt =3 Rsta Rstar = K delt

3
Kivcho ft's Law
kirch t's Curent Las kCL)
kircho'sCuren ow tates
+Ral ina noola, Sum oentering Curenk is
euel +o um o eaving Curren

The ummaion +otad Cunven

a a dunc-Hon u eqm o Zero.

Sum o Curen EnBering Sum s Cuwen Leavie

Ti,T3 - Incoming Curvene

4
T,L4 Otgoing Currenk
T4 Node
w- ,+Ts = I 2 +I4
13 R3
+Tz -12-L4=o

R2
kinchot's Vo ltage Las CkvL

kircho f's Vottage Low Sttes +Rel R

algebmic Sum ofRL Vege avouned any losed
patR u zeo

In a cVo sed patR,R to tal EmF u egu

equd
to Ze0

Sn a lo seed Circuit, Potetiak ise is

esual to Potentil dop.

R R2 R3

VI V2 V3 E V+V2 + V3
I E VI -V2- V3 #o
E TR1 -TR2-IR3 =o

V
Mech Analysis
Mec aalysis is one of +Re oie techniaue used or
Rinding
inding Curent RPowingoughRe loop ina network.

Eqaton Me tRod

R3 A pply
KVL a Loop1
M- V
V TRI +-T) R2
V 2R+T,R2 TR2
V ,(R, +Ra) -2 R2 O
R2
Loop 1 Loop2
Apply KVL al Loop 2

R2CT-,)+RsT2 + R4T, =o
R2 T2 -

RaT1 + R3 T2 + R4T2 s o
-

DR2 +Ta(Rs+ R2 +a)o-

By Solvi equations (O and ue con able to
ind T and T2.
L
HH
F
N
+
M.
N
N oJ aQ Ar,°'' ~i .s
node Vo l~de.. me.H:w~ 1 orie
I f') oC ~ p'Y)nt.-i p)e
no~e L-\ .Se lec.-l-e_q ~ '?re ¾e.'Y'enc.Q. nock. .
A I:: e..o-c.h ot -¾?L otl;-e-,,- p.-inci p)e noo\e.& o.. Ve 1~t:
u t:\~.S:,~e.d . th.is Vo 1kde it w, ~ o"eee'Y'e.ncg_ -+o ~ ~ . Y)~e .
A<._,- eo,.~ pnncip)e. hoda.. , \<C.L Ul °'-j!)plied an~

~e.. ~L\.~...\-;onS O...Ye.. obmi1>ed .

Ecyt.,\_o\-Ho11 Me_ ~ocl ok1-.,
Appl~ }< C L --\-o Y)

Rl v, Rz.. v2. R>"" \J, -V4. -;- \J, -\/2.. -t v,

=o
v'b R1 R2. R.3 -0
t-

- VOL
R3 1<-4 1 Vb
A-rf'd
V2- -V,
R. 2-
+ V2-
g_4
kC L --}-o Y) ok_ 2

-t- V2,-Vb
Rs
/

-=o

-0
So)Vind V.,LA.4+;l5Y>5 (D Jl ® 1
w-e_ c.o,,,,
°' bl e. --h, .,g.,•,,ot_ \/ 1 oino\ V2 .
 Rt v, \/2 R.S:-
1
-R,2.. v, :I,
?I
R11
+
N ode\
+
I V2
::
.,
-z.
R'2.., R.22...

- Vet..
1
--t--+-
R, R.2... t3
I I -1
R.2..
"' "::
-,j-,
-'R2- -'- -t .L +-J_ V2. 1
R '2.. £.44 f?.s

_, 'T
-I -=- v"'-
R,
'i'
-2... -
-
-VbR~
R.. 2.

A2. :=.
_,_ -+ _) -t I
v""
Ri R2.. y3 R,
_, Vb
R2- R.~
I
1 -t _I_ t-- RS
R1- R.4 v, = 6. 1 V2 = .6 2...
~
.6
 F N
N
: N
do do
X
N
N
(
+ sz
N
N
M N O
H N N
N
+
ww
do N
H
A
Prblem Mesh Analysis- Mahin Metkood
ind Re loop Cuwen for +Re Civauil aiven belou.
lo IS
M

RI -Ri2 V

loy
2SV
-R2 R2213V
25
Loop 1 Loo p 2
lo+2s +S -2 ||
m 2S
IS+2S42o|F
2o
40 -2 io

-2S
60 2
A 40 -2S
40 xbo -

(-25) x (-2s)=24o0 -b2s

-2s 6 A = I77S

A= -2
2 bo
l o x bo -(-2s) x(-2s) = 600 62s
A1:-2S
N
N
E
Po blem Nodal Analysis -

Equation Me had
n d R e node Vol4age and Cuvent Roug Verious
Tesistors orRe Ciroui Shoun belo.

Va S VI lo V2 8 n Apply kCL to node 1

wm m-
Vb
w

Node1 Noda2 lo

2Sv
CVA) 4- 2 looy V-25Y-Ve lo
=o
CVe)
Apply kcL to node2
Rekpente
node

EquO
V-2 + VY + =o V-V+ 2 - /Do

lo
-
-
- Y2 -S o

4V +2V +S Y - s =o
20
o.JV2 = S
O sSYi
-

O.I V2 S =o
20
 N
M
M
S
A
N N
SIN
+ N
1
N
sloo
+
se sle
 M
M
N
do
u
 -NodaN Analysis Matain Metkoo
Problemn
n d Re node Vo Hae and Curren- Roongh
Varousresistorsfor Re Cvcuie Shoun below.

Va Sn lo 8n
m- Apply KeL Mat in Method
Node4 Node 2
RI Ri 2
2s loov

(va) 4- 2 (V) R2

Rehenente
Node | loo
81

- 0°|
l
40

o SS -o s

o-72s a|2
 M
M
11 I
o M MM
Ss
Currenl fuing+RugR7
Va-V 2-/2Se 2.492 ampS
S resistor

Cunrent lowing
4
R
eistu J
=12S = 3.13S ampS

Curent btouins gh V-Va 12 S4 -18.17 =~O 643

lo esis tor lo amps

Current PRowing +Rom7= Y-Va R4- 8:17 - lo.12amps

8 resistor J

Curen Guing rengh V = 8.17

2
=
9.485 omps
2 rezis tor
Problem O Star De lta "Thans fovmaion
Calculae +Re eauivalenl- resistance betwecen
tevminals A and Dor +Re Ciruil Shown belo.

2 MM-- 12
4
A 3 12
www 4n
ww
D 2 A
2 ww- 4
A
ww
2 w. 4

C C

R stArKdelHe
3
=
=4

RAD 4 + 12x
ww-
4N 12+8

4-
ww. 2
wwm-
4- 20
ww-
D www-
w. A
4
wm 4N
ww-
8-
D =4+4&

RAD8.8

C
Probem
Calckaz Re eguivalenl reautance betmeen
B and c or Circuil given belo.
A
A

1
3 3 3
ww
M-

Mm-
ww. ww.-

B 3 C 3
K data = 3x Rstay=3XI = 3

Res 3xX3
3+3

3
www
3 3

wm
3- ww-

wW- -
3 C Rar S
S+3
*3 = 4:5 =
1
 ww.
ww ww-
NA
ww

www

www
w
W X
X
Pro blem Mech analysis - Equatin Metoed- 3 Loups
ind Re loop Currents end alio ind R
Power absorbed b 8n Teaistor.

lo 4 Apply VL to Loop 1,
Am. M lo0 81,+ 4(1,-.)-o
Apply kvL +o Loop 2,
40VT
o o + 1o(7,-,)+MI1-.)
loov
4 lon APpy kvL + Loop 3 -
Loop1Loop 2 Loop3| 40+s + lo(-2)
egO
loo 82,+4(T, -7a) o 1ol2+1o{T2-2s)++(,-2,)
loo 83,+4, -42
loo 22, -422 o -4T, + 24T2 -10 Ts
122, 4 22 loo
-
= -4 t 2422 Io Ts =O
3 E , -2 : 2S. +2-23,+12-sT#o
-
3ittN

NW

N
e 31, -T2 =25
Subs+ute T2 = O 304
2S
3T, -

o.304 E

31, = 2 s + O-3o

3T =25 304
2S.304

844 amps|
Power abiorbed by 8 n Tesistor
VxT,
l o o x 8.4-4
844 wats
'P,obl.,,, - Ms~n c-o,A 1rs - M4~li')\ Me .l'n,c4 - 3 Loop,
-Hr,c4 ~e .~oop u..tYTen~~ o.-,eJ c:Ju.a f,"c:l ~
powe-r Ql,toT ~c,I b~ 8 -I\. Teti,+o,-.

I'\
[ R] C !J : £.. vJ
8 .n.. 4 ~11 R,2- te,3
lo .I\. ...n. I' "•
R2, R2i.. ~2.3 !~ :' ...,.,,
-, ... 1
Rg, R3, izs -~ "'3

lo-"-
- 100\I 40 - -lt- 0

LHp1 Loop3 4-+ ro+ro -to

0 -,o 4-+10

12 -t,- 0 I, loo

-c.,. 2.lf. -10 -r

-L -• 0

0 -10 '""
-6 ': f2 -4 0

-Lt .2.C,. -10 :: 12.k 2.C,. l( llf.) - (-10) ,<(-•~] ... tt-[-i,. X 11,. +ii}
0 -10 14- -roo} ++C-s~
= ll.(33"
= ll. X 23~ - 224
-- 2.8.:fL - 22-t+

[~ = 260~ 1
loo -Lt 0

~•= 0 .2.C,.. -lo

: loo[ 2.~>t It,. - l-•o)l((••o)] +tt-(o .. (-,o)(-4,y+o
-ct-o -10 1 1f- : loo ( 3?b -too) + 4 ( - 4-oo)
= loo ><. .23~ - l&oo
= 2 31,oo - 1600

r0. I : 1_2.000 '

6z.: 12.
_.,.
t oo
0
o : 12..[0 - (-•oJ(-lf.OJ] - loo (-'1- >t It,. - o/ + o
-•o : 12.(_-400) - loo f~~)
o - t,.,o 'Cf- .: -1.t&oo + ~600
= 8'001
63 : 11 -C,.. too : r2.[ 2.c,.. x-c..o - o] + C+ (.-t,. JC-T+,o -o]
-c,. 2C,. O + roo[-c.,. x • 10 + oJ
o -10 -4-o = 12. (- ~6~ + ct,.(lbo} + loo ( 4,o}
: - I / >2 0 + 6 t,.o -,. t,. O o D
:: - 1:. uo 1

-6.2
6.
-- Boo
2.boi

'1 3 = ~ : - 6 8, o = _ 2. . & '+ o,.,.p~

0 2608
Powe -, "' b .toy bt!c:,f b'd 8 ..IL. "'J'U i.s.f.o i- : V x 1,
: I 00 X. & ·'+',-
': !~'-,.&f.
,., ...
C,J c,Jf-'
P-ro b lam - "' o e:AJ.
C)l"t°' I~,· s - G'e,"'-A-4ior> Me flirocl - 3 ~.la&

-H,.,Dt ~e nocle \Jo l--1-1'\~d& ~T ~ t1&fwor1, Shoc.4r, b~o'-'>.

➔ ➔
:SA
A ppld KcL At_.. noe!t. i~

1 v,-"a.
I
+ ~
2. · S
= i,..-3 - a>
.
Appll k,1- ~ nok:J.~
-..Jl.-"' + ~-+ -.J6: 3- 't
I ~ 2. -a)
App~ J<,L ak nod.a. 3~
V3-V2. + ~ : t,.-4- _@
7- S'

~C,\(D
"1: -"J. -t ~ = 4 -.3
' .z . s
\/"+ -"J. +o • lf.\/1 = I
l• C+ \1 1 - 'I": I -(!)
 Vz.-'J, +o •.l.S 'IL+ O• S'l1.,- O• SV3 = -J
-\/1 + I • 7S \/2- - O · 'S"V3 : -I - @

~~@ => V~-V~ + ~ : C,.- 'f-

2- s
() • S '\/3 - O• S '12. + O • 2 \/3 = 0
-o - sv 2 +0 •7'13 =o - @

elf~ 4 9 I. 4- "' - V~ : I
_\J. -t f•-,:S\/2.. -o • SV3 ::-J
~" ~ => ~ '

'bl~ 6 => - O· S'1z. +0 -,\/3 =0

el,'-\ {r) X 0•7 :s>

~Lo\® X O •S" 9
~"'{j) ~ l.,t,.;6, -V1,. : I
e9a1A.@) ~ 2. =) - tfo \I I + I •1S'1a. : - I · 'f-

0 . ~s \/1. : - o ·t.,-
v,_ : - O •l+,
D• .,S

eJj'-'CD =;>
1·4\/r -V2,., =I
Subs.f;~fe Va, : - o ·~21 -o • S\/~ -t-0 °7V3: o
I• f+ \/ I - l- O • ,.,.~,) = I Sub$+i-h.tf~ V2 : - o •lf-2.J
•J • -r •
L._ "•, J.
I t 2, f
C) • lL, I -
-
I
' - 0 · S'la, + O •1'/3 =o
I • 4- \/ 1 : I - 0 · t,.J. I - 0 . s (- 0 -~~•) + C) •7 \/3 =0
I · e+, \/, : o · ~ i't D . 21 o > + o·7 V 3 :-o
\/1 :. O • l-97") o ·1 V3 : - O, UoS'
I . t.,.
V3 =- O •210\1·
[v, : 0 ·',-13:s Voll:- I 0 •1 .
Proble mn Nodl anelysis -
Matin metkod- 3 Nodes
ind Re hode VoHges for +Re nehork Shoun blov.
3A A
VI
MM.
vs R VR
2
Ne Node
Node
1

S 4-
-4

NA

aA -1
-0 S
o -0-S 07
l
M