Software

O carte care explica despre software engeneering

C++, pronounced “C plus plus” and sometimes abbreviated as CPP) is a high-level,
general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne
Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, it
has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997 C++ has object-oriented, ge-
neric, and functional features, in addition to facilities for low-level memory manip-
ulation. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors
provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft,
Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM.[13]

C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained

software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of
use as its design highlights.[14] C++ has also been found useful in many other con-
texts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained
applications,[14] including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g. e-com-
merce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g. tele-
phone switches or space probes).[15]

C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),

with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020
as ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (informally known as C++20).[16] The C++ programming
language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then
amended by the C++03, C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards. The current C++20
standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before
the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at Bell Labs
since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible lan-
guage similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization.

2
Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed
to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose program-
ming language intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA),[16]
meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the
need to recompile.[17] Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run
on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture.
The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer low-level facilities than either
of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime
code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages.

Java gained popularity shortly after its release, and has been a very popular programming
language since then.[18] Java was the third most popular programming language in 2022
according to GitHub[19] and it is ranked fourth on TIOBE index as of October 2023.[20]
Although still widely popular, there has been a gradual decline in use of Java in recent
years with other languages using JVM gaining popularity.[21]

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It was released in
May 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform. The original and
reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were origi-
nally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the
specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technol-
ogies under the GPL-2.0-only license. Oracle offers its own HotSpot Java Virtual Machine,
however the official reference implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-
source software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux
distributions.

As of September 2023, Java 21 is the latest version, which is also a long-term support
(LTS) version. Java 8, 11, and 17 are previous LTS versions still officially supported.

3
Python is a high-level, general-purpose pro-
gramming language. Its design philosophy
emphasizes code readability with the use of
significant indentation.[32]

Python is dynamically typed and garbage-col-

lected. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including structured (particularly
procedural), object-oriented and functional
programming. It is often described as a “batter-
ies included” language due to its comprehensive
standard library.[33][34]

Guido van Rossum began working on Python

in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC pro-
gramming language and first released it in 1991
as Python 0.9.0.[35] Python 2.0 was released in
2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major
revision not completely backward-compatible
with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in
2020, was the last release of Python 2.[36]

Python consistently ranks as one of the most

popular programming languages.

4
Bootstrap is an HTML, CSS and JS library that focuses on simplifying the develop-
ment of informative web pages (as opposed to web applications). The primary pur-
pose of adding it to a web project is to apply Bootstrap’s choices of color, size, font
and layout to that project. As such, the primary factor is whether the developers in
charge find those choices to their liking. Once added to a project, Bootstrap provides
basic style definitions for all HTML elements. The result is a uniform appearance for
prose, tables and form elements across web browsers. In addition, developers can take
advantage of CSS classes defined in Bootstrap to further customize the appearance
of their contents. For example, Bootstrap has provisioned for light- and dark-colored
tables, page headings, more prominent pull quotes, and text with a highlight.

Bootstrap also comes with several JavaScript components which do not require other
libraries like jQuery. They provide additional user interface elements such as dialog
boxes, tooltips, progress bars, navigation drop-downs, and carousels. Each Bootstrap
component consists of an HTML structure, CSS declarations, and in some cases
accompanying JavaScript code. They also extend the functionality of some existing
interface elements, including for example an auto-complete function for input fields.

Example of a webpage using Bootstrap framework

Example of a webpage using Bootstrap framework rendered in Firefox
The most prominent components of Bootstrap are its layout components, as they
affect an entire web page. The basic layout component is called “Container”, as every
other element in the page is placed in it. Developers can choose between a fixed-
width container and a fluid-width container. While the latter always fills the width
with the web page, the former uses one of the five predefined fixed widths, depending
on the size of the screen showing the page:[c

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The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for
documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the meaning and
structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript.

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and
render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a
web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance.

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs,
images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the ren-
dered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting
structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes, and
other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets.
Tags such as <img> and <input> directly introduce content into the page. Other tags
such as <p> and </p> surround and provide information about document text and
may include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display the HTML tags but use them
to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, which
affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines the look
and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer
of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use
of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.[2] A form of HTML, known
as HTML5, is used to display video and audio, primarily using the <canvas> element,
together with JavaScript.

6
JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of
the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As
of 2023, 98.7% of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behav-
ior,[10] often incorporating third-party libraries. All major web browsers have a
dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on users’ devices.

JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time compiled language that conforms

to the ECMAScript standard.[11] It has dynamic typing, prototype-based ob-
ject-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting
event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application
programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions,
standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).

The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as
networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the web browser or other
runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.

JavaScript engines were originally used only in web browsers, but are now core
components of some servers and a variety of applications. The most popular run-
time system for this usage is Node.js.

Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name, syntax, and respective stan-
dard libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.

7
 Disclamer
1+1 is a mathematical expression that evaluates to 2. It is one of the
simplest examples of addition, which is one of the four basic opera-
tions of arithmetic. Addition is the process of combining two or more
numbers to get a larger number. The numbers that are added together
are called addends, and the result of the addition is called the sum.
For example, in 1+1, the addends are 1 and 1, and the sum is 2.
You can also write 1+1 using words, symbols, or other representa-
tions. For example, you can write:

One plus one equals two

1+1=2

1+1=2

uno más uno es igual a dos

There are many ways to explore the concept of 1+1 and learn more
about addition. You can use objects, pictures, diagrams, or models to
show how adding two things together makes a bigger group. You can
also use games, puzzles, songs, or stories to practice adding and have
fun with math. Here are some examples of resources that you can use
to learn more about 1+1 and addition:

[A video that explains 1+1 using apples]

[A song that teaches 1+1 and other addition facts]
[A game that lets you practice 1+1 and other sums]
[A story that shows 1+1 using animals]
[A worksheet that helps you practice 1+1 and other equations]

I hope this answer was helpful and informative. If you have any other