Nature of Matter Study Notes

Matter
Matter and Its Classification

● Matter: anything that has weight, and takes up space.

Classification of pure substances and mixtures

● Pure substances: a single kind of matter that can not be separated into other kinds of
matter by any physical means.
● Mixture: a physical combination of two or more pure substances.

Differences and examples of true solution, colloids and suspensions

● True solution: transparent, particles are not visible, filtration is not possible
○ Ex: water
● Colloid: translucent, particles do not settle, filtration is not possible
○ Ex: soda
● Suspension: opaque, particles settle upon standing, filtration is possible
○ Ex: milk

Properties of matter- Physical and chemical

● Physical properties: color, density, hardness, melting point, boiling point

● Chemical properties: corrosion, reactivity, flammability, toxicity, combustibility
Changes – Physical and chemical

● Physical changes: matter that changes form but not chemical identity
 ○ Ex: melting, shredding, boiling, chopping
● Chemical changes: a chemical reaction that forms a new product
○ Ex: combustion, rotting, rusting, digestion

Definition and examples of extrinsic and intrinsic properties

Components of physical properties

● Extrinsic: mass, volume, length, weight
○ Does depend on the amount of substance
● Intrinsic: density, color, hardness, conductivity, magnetism, luster
○ Does not depend on the amount of substance

Periodic Table
Periodic Table- identification and significance of groups and periods

● Groups: vertical columns, 18 groups, valence electrons number

● Periods: horizontal rows, 7 periods, shell number

Atomic number, mass number and calculation of electrons, protons and neutrons

● Atomic number: number of protons = number of electrons

○ Bottom left number
○ Carbon’s atomic number is 6
● Mass number: number of protons + number of neutrons
○ Top left number
○ Carbon’s mass number is 12

Representation of elements using their symbol, atomic number and mass number

● Carbon’s symbol: C
● Atomic number: 6
● Mass number: 12

● Magnesium’s symbol: Mg
● Atomic number: 12
● Mass number: 24

Trend of atomic size and reactivity of metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table

● Atomic size
○ Decrease as you move from left to right (number of shells remains the same
but protons are increased due to force of attraction)
○ Increases as you move down a group (number of shells increases)
 Across the period Across the group

Reactivity of metals Decrease (tendency to lose Increase (tendency to lose

electrons decreases) electrons increases)

Reactivity of non-metals Increase (tendency to gain Decrease (tendency to gain

electrons increases) electrons decreases)

● Metals: group 1, 2, 3
● Non-metals: group 5, 6, 7
● Noble gasses: group 8

Atomic Theory Timeline

Main postulates of Dalton’s, Thomson’s, Rutherford and Bohr’s theory

● Dalton:
○ Matter consists of small particles
○ Atoms can not be divided further
○ Elements have some type of atoms
○ Atoms can not be created / destroyed in a chemical reaction
○ Atoms combine in fixed ratio of whole numbers to form compounds

● Thomson:
○ Atoms are neutral
○ Compared structure of an atoms with a watermelon and pudding
○ Negative charge is surrounded by positive charge

● Rutherford:
○ Atoms have positively charged nucleus
○ Negatively charged electron revolves it
○ Compared to solar system
○ Alpha particle scattering experiment

● Bohr:
○ Atom consists of a positively charged nucleus
○ Electron revolves around it
○ Energy of the electron remains fixed
○ Fixed and discrete orbit

Bohr’s diagram of the elements from atomic number 1-20

 ● First shell: maximum 2 electrons / protons
● Shells after: maximum 8 electrons / protons

Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Ionic and Covalent bonding

A. Naming of the compounds

Ionic
1. Metal = cation
Non-metal = anion

2. No change in writing the name of the metal but there is a suffix “ide” for non-metals.
● sodium chlorine → sodium chloride
● potassium oxygen → potassium oxide

Polyatomic Anions
● CO₃²- → carbonate
● NO₃- → nitrate
● CH₃COO- → acetate

Monoatomic Anions
● N³+ → nitride
● O²- → oxide
● F- → fluoride
● Cl- → chloride
● Br- → bromide
● P³- → phosphide
● S²- → sulphide
Covalent
1. Mono
2. Di
3. Tri
4. Tetro
5. Penta
6. Hexa
7. Hepta
8. Octa
9. Nona
10. Deca

The suffix “ide” is still used at the end of the chemical.

B. Writing formula of the compounds

Ionic
Aluminum Chlorine

1 Al Cl

2 +3 -1

3 AlCl₃ Al,cl₃

Checking:
● 1 x 3 + 3 (-1) = 0

Covalent
● Nitrogen monoxide → NO
● Dinitrogen monoxide → N₂O
● Disulfur dichloride → S₂Cl₂
● Dichlorine heptoxide → Cl₂O₇

C. Formation of the compounds

Ionic
Covalent

D. Properties of ionic and covalent compounds

Ionic
● High melting and boiling points
● Crystalline structure
● Solubility in water
● Conductivity

Covalent
● Low melting and boiling points
● Molecular structure
● Varied state of matter
● Poor conductivity