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1 Importance And Role Of Unconventional Resources 6

2 Definition Of Unconventional Reservoir 7
3 Unconventional Reservoir Types 9
Unconventional Oil 10
Oil Shale 10
Heavy Oil and Tar Sands 15
Ultra Deep Water Oil Reservoirs 19
Fractured Basement Reservoirs 20
Unconventional Gas 27
Shale Gas 27
Tight gas 31
Coal Bed Methane 34
Methane Hydrates 36
Ultra Deep Natural Gas 40
4 Geology And Reserves Of Unconventional Reservoirs In Any Selected Geographic Area 41
42
56
59
61
63
5 Extraction Of Unconventional Resources 65
Fracking 66
Pumping Water Out 68
In-Situ Underground Heating 68
Electrofracing 69
Type of Production in each unconventional type 70
6. Geochemistry Of Unconventional Resources 71
Total Organic Carbon 72
Kerogen types 72
Classification of Kerogen 73
Kerogen Maceral types and classification 75
Alginite 75
Liptinite (Exinite) 75
Vitrinite 76
Inertinite 76
7. Unconventional Resources Geochemical Parameters 77
TOC Determination 78
Chemical Method 78
TOC from Well Logs 79
Pyrolysis 81

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 Vitrinite reflectance (VR) 83
8. Assessment Of Geochemical Parameters 84
Thermal Alteration Index 87
Kerogen Maturity 87
Tmax 90
9. Determination Of Petrophysical Parameters Using Core Analysis 91
Objectives of Core Analysis 92
Handling Cores in Unconventional Reservoirs 92
Especial Sampling Techniques 94
Pressure-Retained Core Method 94
Sponge Core Barrel Method 95
Performed Tests 96
Core Gamma and Spectral Gamma 96
Core Photography 97
Fluid Saturation 98
Proximate Analysis 102
Porosity 103
Boyle’s Law Double-Cell (Matrix Cup) Method for Grain
103
Volume
Summation of Fluids Method 104
Liquid Saturation Method 104
Bulk Volume Measurements 105
Mercury Displacement 105
Caliper Method 106
Coal Porosity 106
Matrix porosity 106
Cleat Porosity 107
Permeability 109
Pulse Decay Technique 110
Oil Yield (grade) of Oil Shale and Tar Sand 112
Capillary Pressure 113
Drainage Process 113
Mercury injection method 114
10. Gas Ratio Analysis (Haworth Ratios) 115
11. Electric Logs And Their Application In Unconventional Reservoirs 120
12. Petrophysical Parameters And Their Calculations Using E Logs 123
Total Organic Content (TOC) 124
Density Log Method 124
Passey's "∆logR" Method 125
Tristan Euzen's Multiple Regression Method 127

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 Issler's Method 127
Oil Yield 128
Kerogen Volume 130
Shale Volume 130
Porosity 131
Water saturation 132
Gas-in-place and Reserve Calculation 132
Gas content 132
Adsorbed Gas Quantification 133
Free Gas Quantification 134
Coal Analysis 135
13. Flow Potential Estimation 137
14. Geomechanics 140
Young's modulus(E) 142
Bulk Modulus(Kb) 142
Shear Modulus (N) 142
Poisson's Ratio(ѵ) 143
Bulk Compressibility (Cb) 143
Biot’s Constant 144
Brittleness Coefficient 144
Modulus of compressibility 144
15 Elastic Constants From E Logs 145
16 Fracturing 150
Fracture toughness 152
Closure stress 152
Breakdown pressure 153
Determining Fracture Orientation 154
17 Fractured Basement Reservoirs 155
18 Thermal Modeling In Unconventional Resources 162
Definitions 163
Thermochronology 163
Closure temperature 163
Uplift vs. exhumation 163
(U-Th)/He Dating 164
Fission Track Dating 165
Argon–argon and Potassium–argon dating 166
Fault gouge dating 167
Thermoluminescence 168
Application of Thermal modeling in Unconventional resources 169
Limitations of Thermal Modeling 169

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1 Gas Ratio Analysis (Haworth Ratios) 6 Coal Assay Model for Coal Composition
2 Total Organic Carbon calculation 7 Calculation of Elastic constants
3 Adsorbed and Free Gas Volumes - Shale Gas 8 Oil Yield
Capillary Pressure Analysis, includes crossplot to find
4 9 RockEval
SWir
5 CBM Gas Content Models