scientific methods

1. Observation: Scientists make observations and gather data related to a specific

phenomenon.
2. Question: Researchers formulate a research question based on the observations.
3. Hypothesis: A testable hypothesis is proposed as a potential explanation for the observed
phenomenon.
4. Experiment: Scientists design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis.
5. Data Collection: During the experiment, data is collected.
6. Analysis: Researchers analyze the collected data to identify patterns, trends, and
relationships. This is where inference occurs.
7. Conclusion: Based on the data analysis, scientists draw conclusions regarding whether
the hypothesis is supported or refuted. They make inferences about the phenomenon
under investigation.
8. Communication: Scientists communicate their findings with the scientific community and
the public.

Research Variable:
1. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the thing we change on purpose to
see what happens. It's like the "cause" or the "thing we do." Imagine you want to know
how the amount of sunlight affects how tall a plant grows. So, the amount of sunlight is
the independent variable because you can change it by putting the plant in different
amounts of sunlight. It's the thing you're testing.
2. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is what we measure or observe to see what
happened. It's like the "effect" or the "thing we look at." In our plant example, the height
of the plant is the dependent variable because it depends on how much sunlight it gets.
You measure or observe it to see if it changed.
3. Control Variable: The control variable is what we keep the same in our experiment so that
we can be sure any changes are because of the independent variable. It's like the
"things we don't change." In our plant example, you would keep things like the type of
soil, the size of the pot, and the type of plant the same for all the plants you're testing.
This way, you can be sure that any differences in plant height are because of the
amount of sunlight (the independent variable) and not because of other things.

Matter:
Matter is everything around us that takes up space. It's everything we can see, touch, or feel.

We have 3 states of Matter and i will describe them here for you using the force
between them & their shape

Solids:
 ● Force Between Particles: In solids, the particles are like friends who are holding hands
and standing very close together. They are very strong and don't want to let go of each
other. That's why they stay in one place and don't move around much.
● Shape of Solids: Solids have a fixed shape. They keep the same shape all the time.
Imagine your toy blocks – they always look the same because they're like solid friends
who don't like to move around too much.
Liquids:
● Force Between Particles: In liquids, the particles are like friends who are not holding
hands, but they are still close to each other. They are not as strong as the solid friends,
so they can move a little bit. They like to stay close but can slide past each other.
● Shape of Liquids: Liquids don't have a fixed shape. They can take the shape of the
container they are in. So, if you pour water into a glass, it takes the shape of the glass.
It's like water can change its shape to fit the container.
Gases:
● Force Between Particles: In gases, the particles are like friends who don't even stand
close to each other. They are very independent and like to move around a lot. They are
not very strong and don't hold hands. They can spread out everywhere.
● Shape of Gases: Gases also don't have a fixed shape. They can fill up any space they
are in. It's like the air you breathe; it can be in any shape because it can spread out.

Characteristics of Metals

1. Shiny: Metallic elements are shiny, like a new coin or a mirror. They reflect light and look
bright and sparkly.
2. Good Conductors: Metals are good at letting heat and electricity go through them. It's like
they can share heat and electricity with other things easily.
3. Bendy and Stretchy: Metals can be bent and stretched without breaking. They are like
playdough you can shape into different forms.
4. Heavy: Metals are usually heavy when you hold them. They feel substantial, like a big
rock.
5. Durable: Metals are strong and don't break easily. They can be used to make strong things
like cars and buildings.
6. Sound: When you tap or hit metal, it makes a ringing sound, like a bell.

3. What are the differences between Atoms and Elements

Atoms:
● Atoms are the tiniest parts of matter, like the building blocks of everything.
● Imagine atoms as the smallest, invisible pieces of stuff, just like the tiny dots you see in
a piece of fine sand.
Elements:
a. Elements are groups of the same kind of atoms stuck together.
b. Think of elements like a special collection of LEGO bricks. In each collection, you have
only one type of LEGO brick which will represent an atom.