Science Talks 4 (2022) 100084

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Science Talks
journal homepage: www.elsevier.es/sctalk

Anisotropic Oldroyd-type models for non-colloidal suspensions

of viscoelastic particles in Newtonian and yield-stress fluids
via homogenization
Pedro Ponte Castañeda
⁎
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Graduate Group of Applied Math and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This talk presents new rheological models, derived by means of homogenization techniques, for non-colloidal suspen-
Suspensions sions of particles undergoing finite deformations and rotations under Stokes flow conditions. The particles can be
Rheology nonlinear viscoelastic, or elasto-viscoplastic, while the suspending fluid can be Newtonian or viscoplastic. The micro-
Particle/fluid flow structure is described by two microstructural ellipsoids, which are allowed to evolve with the flow, characterizing the
Multiphase and particle-laden flows
shape and orientation of the inclusions and the angular dependence of their distribution in space. The models account
Non-Newtonian flows
Yield-stress fluids
for particle interactions through the two-point correlation function for the particle centers, in a way that reproduces
exactly classical and more recent estimates for dilute suspensions. While special cases of the models have been consid-
ered in earlier publications, novel features of this work include the possibility of multiple inclusion families, physically
motivated evolutions laws for the particle distributions and more general rheological behaviors for the matrix and
inclusions. The resulting models can be viewed as anisotropic generalizations of Oldroyd's invariant models accounting
for statistical measures of the microstructure and their evolution.

Videos to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.sctalk.2022.100084.

⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ponte@upenn.edu.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sctalk.2022.100084
Received 11 October 2022Accepted 13 October 2022
2772-5693/© 2022 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
P. Ponte Castañeda Science Talks 4 (2022) 100084

Figures and tables

Fig. 1. Representative volume element V of a suspension of randomly distributed and oriented ellipsoidal inclusions. There are N inclusion families, shown in different colors,
consisting of ellipsoids Ω(r) (r = 1, …,N) of identical shape and orientation. They are distributed in a matrix phase V(0) with ellipsoidal symmetry described by identical
distributional ellipsoids Ωd, shown in dashed lines. Figure taken from [1].

Fig. 2. (a) Graphical illustration of one inclusion Ω(r) in family r (r = 1, …, N) of the suspension at a given time t. The figure shows a ‘representative ellipsoid’ with current
values of the aspect ratios w(r)1 and w(r)2, and with principal axes {nðr Þ i }, i = 1, 2, 3, which rotate relative to the fixed laboratory axes {Ei}. (b) Graphical illustration of the
distributional ellipsoid Ωd characterizing the angular dependence of the inclusion center two-point probability functions p(rs)(x′′) = p(rs)(|(Zd)−1x′′|). The figure shows a
‘distributional ellipsoid’ with current values of the aspect ratios wd1 and wd2, and with principal axes {nd i }, i = 1, 2, 3, which also rotate relative to the fixed laboratory
axes {Ei}. Figure taken from [1].

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Fig. 3. The time-dependent response of suspensions of initially spherical neoHookean and Gent particles with Weissenberg number G = 0.3 in extensional flow. (a,b) Average
aspect ratio of the particles. (e, f) Intrinsic viscosity of the suspension. Figure taken from [2].

Fig. 4. The steady-state relative viscosities of suspensions of initially spherical, neoHookean and Gent particles in extensional flow as functions of the Weissenberg number G.
Figure taken from [2].

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Fig. 5. The time-dependent response of suspensions of initially spherical Kelvin-Voigt particles (with neoHookean elastic part) with Weissenberg number G = 0.2 and various
values of the viscosity ratio K in a shear flow. (a) In-plane (w1) and out-of-plane (w2) average aspect ratios of the particles. (b) Average inclination angle of the particles.
(d) Relative viscosity of the suspension. Figure taken from [2].

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Fig. 6. (a) The relative viscosity of suspensions of initially spherical neoHookean particles for various values of particle volume fraction c in a shear flow, as functions of the
Weissenberg number G. (b) The relative viscosity of suspensions of initially spherical Kelvin-Voigt particles for various values of the viscosity ratio K in a shear flow, as func-
tions of the Weissenberg number G. Figure taken from [2].

Fig. 7. Comparisons of the predictions of the homogenization model [2] with numerical simulation results for suspensions of initially spherical capsules, as well as with
experimental data for suspensions of RBCs under shear-flow conditions. Comparisons of the time-dependent (a) Taylor deformation parameter, (b) average inclination
angle, (f) Comparisons of the steady-state response of suspensions of Kelvin-Voigt particles with the experimental data of Brooks, Goodwin & Seaman (1970) for the effective
viscosity of suspensions of normal human RBCs, as a function of the shear rate, for different values of the RBC volume fraction. Figure taken from [2].

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Fig. 8. Amplitude sweep for the storage and loss moduli for suspensions with 20 vol% of purely elastic particles under oscillatory simple shear at (suitably normalized)
frequency F = 1. (a) Storage modulus G' for suspensions of NH and Gent particles. (b) Loss modulus G" for suspensions of NH and Gent particles. Figure taken from [3].

Fig. 9. Comparison of homogenization model and Oldroyd B model predictions for the shear stress for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles under LAOS.
(a) Normalized shear stress as a function of dimensionless time. (b) Normalized shear stress cycles in the stress–strain-rate space.

Fig. 10. Comparison of homogenization model and Oldroyd B model predictions for the normal stress differences for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles under
LAOS. (a) Stress cycles for the first normal stress difference. (b) Stress cycles for the second normal stress difference (No second normal stress difference for Oldroyd B model).

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Fig. 11. Microstructural evolution for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles in LAOS. In their unstressed state the particles are spheres. (a,b) Evolution of the in-
plane and out-of-plane particle aspect ratios for suspensions of NH and Gent particles, as functions of the dimensionless time. (c) Evolution of the average particle orientation
angle for suspensions of NH and Gent particles, as a function of the dimensionless time. (d) Snapshot of the microstructure as the strain excitation reaches its maximum pro-
jection of the average particle shape and orientation onto the plane of shearing. Figure taken from [3].

Fig. 12. Shear stress waveforms for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles, as a function of their position in Pipkin space. The shear stress is shown as a function of
time t throughout a loading cycle in the dynamic steady state. Figure taken from [3].

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Fig. 13. Elastic projection of the Lissajous–Bowditch curve for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles, as a function of their position in the Pipkin space. The shear
stress is shown as a function of shear strain in the dynamic steady state. Figure taken from [3].

Fig. 14. Viscous projection of the Lissajous–Bowditch curve for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles, as a function of their position in the Pipkin space. The shear
stress is shown as a function of the shear strain in the dynamic steady state. Figure taken from [3].

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Fig. 15. Elastic projection of the Lissajous–Bowditch curve for the first normal stress difference for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles in LAOS. Characteristic
stress–strain curves, as a function of the strain amplitude and dimensionless frequency. Figure taken from [3].

Fig. 16. Elastic projection of the Lissajous–Bowditch curve for the second normal stress difference for suspensions with 20 vol% purely elastic particles in LAOS. Characteristic
stress–strain curves, as a function of the strain amplitude and dimensionless frequency. Figure taken from [3].

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Fig. 17. Suspensions of rigid particles in yield stress fluid (Carbopol). (a) Effective yield and (b) flow stress of the supension, as functions of the particle volume fraction, for
different values of the parameter λ. (Value of λ = 0.72 was obtained by similar comparisons for the effective viscosity of Newtonian suspension.) Experimentally measured
marker points for suspensions of PMMA spheres (∼65 μm) in a neutralized aqueous 1.0% (w/w) CP matrix. Effective yield and flow stress for the yield-stress phase were
obtained by fitting Herschel-Bulkley model to the flow curves obtained using a parallel-plate (⌀40 mm) rheometer with 1 mm gap size. Data from the literature [5,6] for
various emulsions and suspensions with monodisperse spherical beads. Figure taken from [4].

Fig. 18. Phase averages of the stress over the yield-stress fluid (1) and particle (2) phases, as functions of the volume fraction, for different values of parameter λ. Experimental
results not available. Figure taken from [4].

Fig. 19. Normalized standard deviations for the equivalent measures of the stress and strain-rate tensors over the yield-stress fluid (1) and particle (2) phases, as functions of
the volume fraction, for different values of parameter λ. Experimental results not available. Figure taken from [4].

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Acknowledgments
Former Students:
• Mahesh Kailasam (Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence)
• Tony Gao (Michigan State)
• Reza Avazmohammadi (Texas A & M)
• Christoph Kammer (ABB)
Senior Colleagues:
• Paulo E. Arratia & Howard H. Hu (Penn)
• John R. Willis (Cambridge)
Funding: This work was supported by NSF [CMMI-13-32965]; ONR
[N00014-17-1-2076 and N00014-21-1-2772]; and NSF MRSEC [DMR-
1720530].
Declaration of interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial inter-
ests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the
work reported in this paper.
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Pedro Ponte Castañeda is currently Raymond S. Markowitz
Faculty Fellow and Professor in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Applied Mechanics, as well as Professor (sec-
ondary) in the Department of Mathematics, at the University
of Pennsylvania. He earned a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering
and a B.A. in Mathematics from Lehigh University in 1982,
and an S.M. in Engineering Sciences and a Ph.D. in Applied
Mathematics from Harvard University in 1983 and 1986, re-
spectively. His postdoctoral work was in the School of Mathe-
matical Sciences at the University of Bath. Prior to joining
Penn, he was Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at
the Johns Hopkins University (1987–90). He was also Professor
of Mechanics at the École Polytechnique (2004–08; part time
2006–08). He has held visiting positions at the C.N.R.S. in Mar-
seilles, the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and Corpus Christi
College at Cambridge University, IMDEA Materials (Madrid) and the University of Stuttgart.
He is currently Associate Editor of the Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids and of the Jour-
nal of Elasticity. He is an ASME Fellow and his honors include the Humboldt Senior Research
Award (2013) and the ASME Warner T. Koiter Medal (2016). His expertise is in continuum me-
chanics and multiscale modeling (homogenization) and his recent research interests include
the rheology of soft-particle and yield-stress suspensions, as well as polar and sea ice, instabil-
ities in fiber-reinforced elastomers, semi-crystalline polymers and porous materials, and actu-
ation in magnetorheological elastomers and other smart materials.