CASE 4: Mountain Village Area by Muhammad Najmuddin bin Shakri (ME0107523)

Potential of renewable energy sources

1.Wind:

Given that:

Maximum Capacity = 2MW, Average wind speed = 7 m/s, Capacity factor 0.2

Actual Energy Generated ( MWh )

Capacity Factor=
Capacity ( MW ) xTime ( h )
Actual Energy generated (MWh) per day

= 0.2 x 2 x 24

= 9.6 MWh per day (Assuming the wind turbine work up to 24 hour)

Actual Power
Capacity Factor=
Rated Power
Actual Power = 400 kW

The value of density of air is assumed to be 1.225kg/m3 .

We van find out the mass flow rate after knowing the actual power.

Ẇ =1/2ṁ 8^2

400 kW = 1/2ṁ 7^2

ṁ = 16.33 kg/s

ṁ = ρAV

16.33= (1.225) (A) (7)

A=1.904m^2

πD2/4=1.904m^2

D = 1.557m
It is estimated to be 7 to 10 blade diameters between the turbines in a row and 10 to 15 blade
diameters between rows.

Row: Using 5 blade diameter

(1000)/(10)(1.557 )

= 64.226 ≈ 64 Turbines

Between Rows: Using 9 blade diameter

(1000)/(15)(1.557 )

= 42.817 ≈ 43 Turbines

Total turbines = (64)(43) = 2752 turbines

Wtotal = 2752 × 400kW × 24 hours

= 26.42GWh/day

The number of turbines must be limited because the villagers only need a small amount of electricity
production in order to accommodate the villagers' financial needs and land requirements.

Total Energy Usage per person = 1.922 kWh/day per person

=(𝟏.𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐖𝐡)/(𝟎.𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐖𝐡)

= 3 wind turbines are needed to reach the power usage

Wind power used by each person per day

=(𝟗.𝟔 𝐌𝐖𝐡 ×𝟒)/(𝟓 × 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎)

= 3.84 kWh/day per person (4 wind turbine)

In order to power the entire community, 4 wind turbines need be constructed. The excess electricity
produced can be used to advance the settlement's development or mask the intermittent nature of
the wind source if we are solely relying on wind energy.
2. Hydro:

Since there is a lot of streams available, with precipitation up to 2.5 meter/year. Some assumption is
made so that calculation can be done.

These assumptions included:

At least 30 streams available

• Stream Velocity at around 3m/s all day

• 70kw Micro hydropower turbine is used

• 70kw Micro hydropower turbine have max output when stream velocity is at

4m/s

Total Hydropower produced by 70kw micro-hydro turbine per day

= [(𝟑 𝒎/𝒔)/(𝟒 𝒎/𝒔)] × 𝟕𝟎𝒌𝒘 × 𝟐𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

= 1260 kWh per day

Total Micro Hydropower Turbine needed

=(𝟐𝟖.𝟕𝟔𝟕 𝐌𝐖𝐡)/(𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐖𝐡) = 22.83

Total Hydropower used by each person per day

=(𝟐𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎𝐤𝐰𝐡)/(𝟓 𝐱 2𝟎𝟎𝟎)

= 3.15 kWh/day per person (5 of 70kW Micro-hydro turbine)

Hydropower is reliable since it is always available, but if we truly wanted to use it here, the winter
weather would be a concern because it may harm the turbine if all the water turned to ice.
3.Solar:

Given n = 2000 households,

Solar Irradiance per year = 800kWh/m^2

Some assumption is made so that calculation can be done.

These assumptions included:

• The area of the solar plates be A = 10000m^2

(1 Hektar)

• Efficiency of solar panel is 20%

• 5 Hour of Operating Hour that solar panel will be on the Max Output

• Each household on an average of 5 members

Solar power used by each person per day

=(𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟐×𝟓)/(𝟓 𝐱 2𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟑𝟔5)

= 2.191 kWh/day per person

In order to achieve 2.191 kWh/day per person by solar panel and assuming a solar

panel area is about 1.5𝑚2.

Total amount of solar panel needed

=𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎/𝟏.𝟓

= 6666.67 solar panels

For each villager's daily energy use of 1.922kwh, it took up to 6667 solar panels simply to supply
1.461kwh. Therefore, more solar panels are needed to keep up with the villages' current energy use.
The solar panel needs to be tilted upward by around 15 degrees more because of the winter's heavy
snowfall in order to prevent the solar panel from becoming covered.
Energy use
Households 2000

Average electricity usage per household per year 3000 kWh per year

Total average electricity usage for 2000 household 60𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑾𝒉 per year

Total average electricity usage per day for 2000 household 16.44 MWh per day

60𝟎𝟎 𝐌𝐖𝐡
= 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬

*Assuming there are 5 people per household, there will be 15000 villagers.

Total average electricity usage per day per head 1.644kWh/day per head
16.44𝐌𝐖𝐡
= 2𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟓 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞

Energy produced by wood per year, P 21420 kWh/year

= (𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟓) × 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈 × 𝟒. 𝟐 𝒌𝑾𝒉/𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟎

Energy used from wood per day per head 5.87 x 10-3 kWh/day per
𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎𝐤𝐰𝐡 head
= 𝟓×2𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟑𝟔𝟓

 Electricity (coal) = 1.644kWh/day per person

 Fuel(wood) = 5.87 x 10-3 kWh/day per person

 Total Energy Usage per person = 1.922 kWh/day per person

 What do you expect the fluctuations in generation and use to be?
According to me, the main focus of any energy policy that takes into account the unique
features of the environment in the mountain village must be renewable energy sources. The
use of renewable energy sources should be increased as much as is practical before turning
to non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels and natural gas. And I think that the
colder weather will increase energy demand since homes will need to keep their heaters on
and their daily energy needs would increase. It means that in order for them to continue
about their daily lives, energy is required.
Design

Four 2MW wind turbines are the most appropriate design for the mountain community
since, according to the calculations above, only three 2MW wind turbines would be required
to supply electricity to all 2000 homes if the wind energy proved to be reliable. When
compared to other renewable energy sources like hydropower, wind energy is known to be
unstable in many areas. As a result, in this instance, the combination of a wind turbine and a
micro-hydro turbine should be designed to provide the most stable system that would
supply reliable, environmentally friendly energy to 2000 households nearby. Three wind
turbines and five micro-hydro turbines will work together to produce 35.1 MWh of energy
each day. Per person, this translates to 3.84 kWh of energy. The energy needs of one fifth of
the villagers' population can be met by the five micro-hydro turbines on their own. If the
wind energy is promising, the three wind turbines will be sufficient to meet the energy
needs of the entire

The main advantages of wind and hydropower are that they are completely renewable, that
they can generate electricity at any time of the day or night, and that they are reasonably
safe to use. With regard to the low cost of electricity generation and the positive
environmental impact, installing and operating both wind turbines and micro-hydroelectric
power plants will be excellent investments for the locals, who will be able to provide all
10,000 residents with ample energy. Despite the difficulties of the climate, this will enable
them to live in good quality.
Pros and Cons

Pros Cons

Hydro  Available all day long  Freezing of water might damage

the turbine
 Easy for installation
 High initial cost
 Do little harm to environment

Wind  Does not pollute the  Windy days are not consistent
environment
 Expensive to build
 Energy can be generated even
with a little movement of the
turbine

Solar  Green and renewable energy  High initial and maintenance cost

 The source of energy will not  Irradiance is not always

deplete consistent

 Short Shelf life limited to 25 to

30 years

 Snowy winter condition lower

the efficiency