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proportionalto the bond dissociation

energy,
Since, bond
order of bond
orderisdirectly
strengthwill be H,)H,=H, thereiore,
i)M.O. of 0,is o,
o,a, o, O =p,
B.O.of 0, -0 2

M.O. of 0," is a; o, oi, o,

p
402p,
BO. of 0, = 2 10-43 2

MO. of Ois o; o o; o o
10-8
B.O. of 0 =1
2
The order of bond strength will be O,)0,)0,
semiconductor a
b) Draw and explain the energy level diagrams for conductor, WBUT 2019(00)
insulator.
Answer:
Conductors
Conducting materials are those in which plenty of free electrons are available for elsdi
conduction.
In terms of energy bonds, clectrical conductors are those which have overlapping Va
these two bond
and conduction bands. In fact there is no physical distinction between
hence plenty number of conduction electrons are available. Here the total current
ppresentfir
is not
simply aflow of electrons. It should be noted that the forbidden gap
good conductors.

Conduction b£nd

’Overlap

Valence band

coduct
Semiconductors
A gOod
Semiconducan

andsemiconductor
is a material whose lie in between
insulators. For example -germaniumelectrical properties
(Ge) and silicon (Si). Thus the
CH-22
 CHEMISTRY-I

are
neither good conductors nor good insulators, but their electrical properties lie in
between.
In terms of energy bonds, semiconductors are the materials which have almost an empty
conductionband and almost filled valence band with a very narrow energy gap separating
the two. The energy gap is of the order of I ev.

Conduction band
E
Small energy gap

Valence band

Insulators
Insulators are those materials in which valence electrons are bound very tightly to their
parent atoms and thus require a very high electrical field to remove them from the
attraction of the nuclei.
In terms of energy bands, it means that insulators are those materials which have a filled
valence band, have an empty conduction band and have very large energy gap between
these two bands.

Conduction band

Large or forbidden energy gap

Valence band

2.13. Write short note on

MOT. [WBUT 2019(EVEN)]
Answer: Refer to Chapter at aGlance, topic Molecular orbital theory.
Why does
between n- type germanium
act
as n-type semiconductor? What is the difference
and p-type semiconductor? [WBUT 2022(ODD)]
Answer:
1" Part:
Inpure state germanium is very poor conductor of
impurity Ge exhibit semi conductivity. Doping ofelectricity. However, due to doping of
small amounts of group III or V
elementsimproves their electron conductivity appreciably. In tetravalent Ge all four outer
vCrons are utilised for the formation of covalent bond. If a
pentavalent element like P,
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incorporated in the tetravalent Ge crystal, then the four

As, Sb or Bi is
pentavalent element will
remaining one will be free to
be utilized
move
in
and
the formation of
thus
dopant,
induces an
covalent
enhanced bond with Ge
each atom forms three covalent
el ect
If the
ro
of
andns
conductivitbondy. Borwih
as a
is incorporated intoremains incomplete as the site is occupied by missing electron AlGe
Ge crystal
atom and one bond localized around the B or Al atom. At normal
ie. by
a positive hole which is
Ge atom may have sufficient
valence electron fom neighbouring will be formed on the Ge atom. energy
new hole Thus
totemperature
migrate
current is into
one
the hole, consequently a positive centres.
Semiconductors
out such
by the transferinofwhich electrical conductivity is developed due to excess electrons:are carried
called n-type on the other hand semiconductors in which electrical conductivity is due to
of positive holes are called p-type semiconductor.
presence
2nd Part:
Refer to Question No. 2.1.

215. Prove that-=

Ey WBUT 2022(0DD)]
Answer:
follouinr
The wave motion of a wave of a vibrating string can be described by the
equation
2ax
y=Asin ... (1)
[where, A= amplitude, A = wave length, y= wave function]
Considering propagation of wave along X axis.
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.tx
dy
dx =-Aco ... (2)
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t x
dy

d'y-=-Asin 2x2'
d
d'y 4? 27X
- .(3)=Asin
motion of any
This equation is called classical wave equation which describes wave

particle showing wave character and vibrating along Xaxis.

The equation describes the behavior of a small particle interms of wave motro

CH-24
 CHEMISTRY-I

de
From,
Broglie equation
h
mC

valueinequation (3), we get

Puttingthis 4r'm'c'
d'y
dy
ssmme2
1
(:E=E,+V,E,=E-V,
: E=total energy, E, = Kinetic energy =me, V= Potential
2

energy]

3rm(E-V)u|
for
. .(4)
1-D motion. If it in written for a particle whose motion
The above equation isco-ordinates x, y, z thin above equation becomes,
described by the space
8z'm
'=-8-vny
.vy=-8r'm"E-)u + -Laplacian operator

8r'm
-Vy =(E-V)w
87m
-V'y =Ey-Vy
h'
8r'm
Proved.

2.16. An electron is confined in 1-d box of length 1010 mwith potential energy
equal to.0 inside (V =0) and V= outside the box. Calculate the ground state
energy and separation between the levels with quantum number 2and 3. [Mass of
electron =9.11 X1031 kg, Plank's constant 6.627 X10-4 Js].
The energy of electron inside one-dimensional box is given by, E=8me2 where m
IS mass of
electron, 'a' is box length, h is Plank's constant and n is quantum
number (n= 1,2,3,4....). WBUT 2022(0DD)]
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POPULARPUBLICATIONS

Answer:
Box length (a) =10"m
(m)=9.lIx10'kg
Mass of electron
10"J-s
Plank's constant (h) =6.627x
Ground state energy
Ix(6627x10°") -=6.025 x10-l8
8x9.11x10" x(10-) Joule (Ans.)
(E)m &ma
44
Now, &ma' 8ma
3h 9h
8ma' 8ma'
number 2 and 3.
Separation between the levels with quantum
9h 4h SH2 Sx(6.627×10°%
AE =E, - E, = &mg' 8ma' &ma'
8x9.1lx10° x(109y =3.012x\0"
semiconductor andns
2.17. Write the differences between p-type
semiconductor. WBUT 2023(EVEN)
Answer:
Refer to Question No. 2.1.
2.18. a) Show the splitting of d-orbitals in a tetrahedral field. WBUT 2023(EVENI|
Answer:

4 Dq
A
dorbital
. . C.G. line
(5-fold degenerate)
-6 Dq

Free ion
d'-y', de?
T
Crystal Field Spliting in Tetrahedral Complex
b) Lowspin complexes are not obtained in tetrahedral field - Give reason.
crystal [WBUT 2023(EVEN))
Answer: sstabilisation
Low spin tetrahedral complexes are not formed because the crystal fieldonlyfourligands
energy for tetrahedral complexes is less than pairing energy. Because, so the
ligand
formation,
insteaa of six (octahedral) in involved in tetrahedral complex
CH-26
 CHEMISTRY-!

onlytwo-third the size of octahedral splitting. The direction of the orbitals aiso
doesis
fieldnot coincide with the direction of the ligands in tetrahedral. As a result tetrahedral
splitingAtis always much smaller than the octahedral splitting A.. Also in tetrahedral,
itisnever energetically favourable to pair electrons. Hence, electrons do not pair up to
formlowspin complexes and gives only high spin complex.
c)Onthe basis of band theory differentiate between conductors, semiconductors
andinsulators.
WBUT 2023(EVEN)]
Answer:
Conductor: A conductor is a type of material that allows the electric current to flow
through it.i.e. it possesses least resistance in the
pathof free electrons. In case of conductor, the Energy
bnd

valanceandlconduction bands overlap. Due to this

overlapping, asmall potential difference across a
the free electrons to constitute
conductor causes No forbidden gap
electriccurrent. Conduction band

Allthe metals
are conductors. The resistance of Valance band
the
the conductors increases with the increase in
temperature. Hence, the conductor has positive
temperature co-efficient of resistance. Conductors
The conductors are used for making conductor
wires and cables for carrying electric current.
Taeulator: An insulator is type of material that does not allow the electric current to pass
through it, due to its high electrical resistance. In the insulators, the energy gap between
valance and conduction bands is very large (about IS eV). Therefore, avery high electric
field is required to push the valance electrons to the conduction band. Due to this, there
are no free electrons in the conduction band. For this reason, the electrical conductivity
of insulators is very low and may considered nil under ordinary conditions.
Energy
band
Conducticon band

Forbidden
15eV
energy gap

Valance band

Insulators

CroOnovertemperature,
cross the valance
to the forbidden electrons
energy of theif the
gap. But, insulator do not have
temperature enoughsome
is raised, energy to
of the
electrons may acquire
the enough energy to cross over to the forbidden energy gap. Hence,
resistance of the insulator decreases with the rise in temperature. Therefore, the
insulators have negative temperature co-efficient of resistance.
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are used for protection
Due to high
electrical
resistance, the
insulators
materials having conductivity
against electrig
the
Semiconductor: The
semiconductors are
conductors andinsulators. In a semiconductor, the forbidden energy gap between valance
shocks.
conductionbands is verysmall(about l el) as compared to insulators. Therefore., a
than
conductors) is
but greater band.
in-betwe n
and
smaller electric field
(smaller
free electrons
from
thaninsulators
valance band to the
conduction to required
push the
Energy
band

Conduction band

Forbidden gap
leV

Valance band

Semconductors

valance band of semiconductor is completely full anda

At low temperature, the empty. Thus, a semiconductor behaves as an insulator
conduction band is completely forbid
However, at room temperature, some electrons can cross the
low temperature. conductivity to the semiconductor. As temperature is
energy gap, imparting a little
valance electrons cross over to the energy gap to reach to the conduction
increased, more that electrical conductivity of
the conductivity increases. This shows
band and temperature. Hence, a semiconductor
semiconductor increases with the rise in
resistance.
has negative temperature coefficient of
WBUT 2023(EVEN)]
d) What are anti-aromatic compounds? Give examples.
Answer:
Anti-aromatic substances satisfy following conditions
n=1,2,3
(a) Planar, (b) Cyclic, (c) conjugated, (d) obey 4nn electron system,
Ex: Cyclobutadiene, Cyclopentadienyl cation
[MODEL QUESTION
2.19. What is black body and black body radiation?
Answer:
it and
Ablack body is an idealized radiator. It absorbs all the radiation incident upon
heated black
by this radiation to a higher temperature than any other body. Conversely, whena
body is
heated it radiates more intensely than other bodies at the same temperature.
Ablack body is defined to be a perfect emitter as well as a perfect absorber.
The radiation emitted from black body, called black body radiation.
[MODELQUESTION)
2.20. Is electron really a particle or wave?
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 CHEMISTRY-I

Answer:
1924, electron was considered as a particle. But after 1924, de Broglies states that
Before has dual nature i.e. wave as well as particle nature.
electron
Davisson and Germer gave the experimental evidence about the wave nature of
Later
electron.

Why moving cricket ball does not make a wave?

a m [MODEL QUESTION]
2.21.
Answer:
mass of a
substance is inversely proportional to the wave length, cricket ball has
larger mass. So. wavelength emitted is
The negligible. That is why, cricket ball does not make
a wave.

2.22. Why is the

energy of 2p, and 2p, lower than Cip, orbitals in case of molecular
orbitals upto N, molecule but reverse in the case for elements after nitrogen?
[MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:
In case of Li. Be, B,3, N, the energies of 2s and 2p orbitals are very close to each other and
there is arepulsion between 2s and 2p orbitals, that is why, the energy of molecular

orbital is increased and order of the relative energy:

Ozp.
<o9,
But, in case of 0, F, the energies of 2s and 2p orbitals are not close to each other and
there is no repulsion between 2s and 2p orbitals.
<N2p, =2p,
223. Which homonuclear diatomic molecule (s) of the 2nd period element besides
0, should be paramagnetic? [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer: B, molecule.
224, B2 is paramagnetic, but C2 is not why? [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:
O contiguration. of B2 is o,'oo,;o,; = Two un-paired electrons are
present in n bonding molecular orbital and is
parmagnetic.
contiguration of C, is oo;o,;o x =xNo un-paired electron and it is
diamagnetic.
225. With the help of molecular orbital diagrams, explain why N2 has greater
dissociat on energy than N? [MODEL QUESTION)

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