O@CMKCFRNH RNHFWK_

K^[FCNQN\[_

@hkd 5
Njfcnd Oftrnsnrf >627?><>;1
Cnbfhh
Cnbfhhn
n Arfjn
Arfjnbfn
bfnd
d Aft
Aftrf
rf <727?
<727?><7
><74=
4=

Wrkskpt`r 5
br. Dkrjncsynd, _p@R

LNMFNC FHJ[ LKBND \_[W B\. J. BENJFH

ANI[HRN_ IKB@IRK\NC [CFQK\_FRN_ NCBNHN_
WNBNCM
<7<7
 INRN WKCMNCRN\

Lfsjfh
Lfsjfhhnd
hndfrr
frrndj
ndjncf
ncfrrnd
rrndfj.
fj. Wue
Wueff bnc syu
syuiur
iur ikp
ikpnbn
nbn Nhh
Nhhnd
nd _uldncn
_uldncndu
du wnt
wntn‖nh
n‖nhnn
inrkcn lkrint rndjnt bnc dfbnynd-Cyn pkcuhfs bnpnt jkcykhksnfinc jninhnd ffcf bkcmnc
eubuh ‘ORKQ‚. Rni hupn puhn snhnj skj`mn bfsnjpnfinc ikpnbn \nsuhuhhnd _dnhhnhhndu

—nhnfdf wnsnhhnj, lkskrtn ikhunrmn, sndnlnt bnc ujnt lkhfnu.

Jninhnd fcf jkrupninc snhnd sntu synrnt jkcmfiutf ikpncftkrnnc ihfcfi bf Lnmfnc
Fhju Lkbnd Aniuhtns Ikb`itkrnc [cfvkrsftns Ncbnhns. Wkcuhfs jkcmuonpinc tkrfjninsfd
ikpnbn br. Dkrjncsynd, _p.@R skhniu pkjlfjlfcm yncm tkhnd jkjlkrfinc jnsuinc bnc
lfjlfcmnc bnhnj pkjluntnc jninhnd fcf. Wkcuhfs jkcmuonpinc tkrfjninsfd eumn ikpnbn
skjun pfdni yncm tkhnd jkjlnctu jkcykhksnfinc jninhnd fcf.
Wkcuhfs jkcynbnrf skpkcudcyn lndwn jninhnd fcf jnsfd enud bnrf ikskjpurcnnc,
`hkd inrkcn ftu pkcuhfs jkcmdnrnpinc snrnc bnc irftfi uctui jkcykjpurcninc snrnc bnc
irftfi uctui jkcykjpurcninc jninhnd fcf. _kj`mn jninhnd fcf bnpnt lkrjncannt lnmf iftn
skjun.
>= C`vkjlkr <7<7

Wkcuhfs

>
 LNL >

WKCBND[H[NC

>.> Hntnr Lkhnincm

Rnhfpks kqufc`vnrus (ohula``t) lkrnsnh bnrf intn Hntfc ynftu tnhus lkrnrtf pkrmkhncmnc inif
(ncihk), pks lkrnrtf inif, kqufcus lkrnrtf ahkisf phnctnrfs (d`rsk-hfik), bnc vnrus lkrnrtf tkrlnhfi
bnc nbbuisf.
nbbuisf. O`cm
O`cmkcft
kcftnh
nh tnhfpk
tnhfpkss kqu
kqufc`
fc`vnru
vnruss (OR
(ORKQ)
KQ),, bfikcn
bfikcnhh eumn
eumn bkc
bkcmnc
mnc truk ohu
ohula``
la``t,
t,
jkrupninc bka`rjftns pnbn inif yncm bftncbnf `hkd nbncyn lkctui vnrus inif lkhnincm, nbbuisf
jktntnrsus, bnc nbncyn lkctui hkcmiucmnc inif yncm hklnr (onvus) skrtn kqufcus. >
O`cm
O`cmkc
kcft
ftnh
nh tnhf
tnhfpk
pkss kq
kquf
ufc`
c`vn
vnsr
srus
us (O
(ORK
RKQ)
Q) uj
ujuj
ujcy
cynn lk
lkru
rupn
pn fb
fbf`
f`pn
pntf
tfii cnju
cnjucc bnpn
bnpntt
bfdulucminc bkcmnc i`cbfsf hnfc pnbn skiftnr <7% insus. I`cbfsf-i`cbfsf yncm pnhfcm skrfcm
bfdulucminc bkcmnc ORKQ fnhnd spfcn lfafbn (2,2% pnbn ncni bkcmnc ORKQ), pnhsf skrklrnh
(>,6%), bnc nrtr`mrfp`sfs (7,6%). Lkrbnsnrinc ekcfs ikhnjfc ORKQ hklfd skrfcm bfnhnjf `hkd
hnif-h
hnif-hnif
nif bfl
bflncb
ncbfcm
fcminc
inc pkr
pkrkjp
kjpunc
unc bnc pnb
pnbnn ;7%
;7%.. ike
ikenbf
nbfnc
nc jkru
jkrupni
pninc
nc insu
insuss yncm
yncm tkr
tkrenb
enbff
lfhntkrnh.< Fcs
Fcsfb
fbkc
kcsf
sf OR
ORKQ
KQ fn
fnhn
hndd >,<
>,<%
% pk
pkrr >777
>777 ikhn
ikhndf
dfrnc
rnc df
dfbup
bup pkr
pkr tnduc
tnduccy
cyn.
n. Rk
Rkrb
rbnpn
npntt

iktkrhflntnc mkcktfi pnbn pkcbkrftn ORKQ, ynftu efin snhnd sntu `rncm tun jkjfhfif ORKQ jnin
rfsfi` uctui jkjfhfif ikturucnc yncm jkjfhfif ORKQ fnhnd ?-2%, bnc efin ikbun `rncm tun
jkjfhfif ORKQ jnin rfsfi` pnbn ikturucnc skhnceutcyn jkcfcmint sklksnr ?7%. Efin sntu ncni
jkjfhfif ORKQ, jnin rfsfi` tkrenbfcyn ORKQ pnbn ikturucnc skhnceutcyn jkcfcmint snjpnf <7
inhf.<,?
Bfnmc`sfs ORKQ bfusndninc skbfcf jucmifc nmnr bnpnt skmkrn bfrkconcninc tkrnpf yncm
sksunf. Rntnhnisncn
Rntnhnisncn pnsfkc ORKQ lkrvnrfnsf juhnf bnrf c`c-`pkrntfa
c`c-`pkrntfa jnupuc `pkrntf
`pkrntfa.
a. Jkcmfc
Jkcmfcmnt
mnt
lndwn bkaki fcf jkjfhfif iktkrhflntnc mkcktfi bnc jkjkrhuinc pkcncmncnc skbfcf jucmifc
jnin pkcuhfs tkrtnrfi jkjlndns t`pfi fcf

>.< Lntnsnc Jnsnhnd

Ruhfsncc fcf jkjlnd

Ruhfsn jkjlndns
ns bkafcf
bkafcfsf,
sf, kpfbkj
kpfbkjf`h`m
f`h`mf,
f, ktf`h
ktf`h`mf,mk
`mf,mkenhn
enhn ihfcfs bfnmc`sfs bnc tntnhnisncn
tntnhnisncn
skrtn tkhnnd insus bnrf ORKQ

>.? Rueunc Wkcuhfsnc

<

Rueunc pkcuhfsnc fcf nbnhnd uctui jkcmktnduf bnc jkjndnjf tkctncm ORKQ bnc tntnhnisncn.

>.2.Jncannt WkcuhfsncZ
WkcuhfsncZ
 Jncannt
Jncannt pkc
pkcuhf
uhfsnc
snc fcf nbn
nbnhnd
hnd uct
uctui
ui jkc
jkcnjln
njlndd pkcmkt
pkcmktndu
ndunc
nc bnc pkjndn
pkjndnjnc
jnc jkc
jkcmkc
mkcnf
nf
ORKQ

>.;.Jkt`bk Wkcuhfsnc
Wkcuhfsnc

Jkt`bk pkcuhfsnc fcf nbnhnd tfcenunc ikpustninnc yncm jkrueui bnrf lkrlnmnf hftkrntur.

LNL <
RFCEN[NC W[_RNIN

<.> Kpfbkjf`h`mf
Kpfbkjf`h`mf
Fcsfbkcsf ORKQ fnhnd >,<% pkr >777 ikhndfrnc dfbup pkr tnduccyn. Rkrbnpnt iktkrhflntnc
mkcktfi pnbn pkcbkrftn ORKQ, ynftu efin snhnd sntu `rncm tun jkjfhfif ORKQ jnin rfsfi` uctui
jkjfhfif ikturucnc yncm jkjfhfif ORKQ fnhnd ?-2%, bnc efin ikbun `rncm tun jkjfhfif ORKQ
jnin rfsfi` pnbn ikturucnc
ikturucnc skhnceutcy
skhnceutcynn jkcfcm
jkcfcmint
int sklksnr ?7%. Efin sntu ncni jkjfhfif
jkjfhfif ORKQ,
jnin rfsfi` tkrenbfcyn ORKQ pnbn ikturucnc skhnceutcyn jkcfcmint snjpnf <7 inhf. <,?

<.< Ktf`h`mf
Ktf`h`mf bnrf ORKQ lkhuj skpkcudcyn bfjkcmkrtf. ORKQ ujujcyn jkrupninc fs`hntkb
lfrtd
lfr bkakot bn
td bkakot bncc bfp
bfpkri
krifrn
frninc
inc fbf`pnt
fbf`pntfi,
fi, jksi
jksifpu
fpucc inbncm
inbncm jucouh
jucouh lkr
lkrsnjn
snjnnc
nc bkcmnc
bkcmnc
jykh`bysphnsfn, nrtdr`mryp`sfs, ntnu ikhnfcnc i`cmkcftnh juhtfphk;. Nbn lklkrnpn tk`rf yncm
tkhnd bfneuinc uctui jkcekhnsinc ktf`h`mf ORKQ, ynftu>5
>. Anit`r jkincf
jkincfii fc utkr`
Rk`rf fcf jkrupninc yncm pkrtnjn bnc tkrtun, bfutnrninc `hkd Dfpp`orntks. Bfn pkronyn

lndwn inif tkrtndnc pnbn p`sfsf kqufc`vnrus niflnt nbncyn i`jprksf bnrf hunr utkrus.
Cnjuc Wnrikr pnbn >4<2 bnc Lr`wck pnbn >6?6 jkcmntninc lndwn iknbnnc bfjncn
lkriurncmcyn onfrnc njcf`c, skpkrtf `hfm`dfbrnjcf`c, jkcokmnd pkrmkrninc encfc bnc
rkctnc tkrdnbnp i`jprksf bnrf hunr. Njcf`okctksfs bfcf bfpkrifrninc jkjfou bka`rjftns
fcf.
<. Bka
Bkaki
ki ckur
ckur`ju
`jusiuh
siuhkr
kr
Lklkrnpn pkckhftf
pkckhftf jnsfd lkrpkcbn
lkrpkcbnpnt
pnt lndwn kqufc`
kqufc`vnrus
vnrus nbnhnd niflnt bnrf nbncyn bkaki
ckur`ju
ckur`jusiuh
siuhkr,
kr, wnh
wnhnupu
nupucc nbn lklk
lklkrnpn
rnpn stub
stubff yncm
yncm jkc
jkckju
kjuinc
inc mnj
mnjlnr
lnrnc
nc dfs
dfst`h
t`h`mf
`mfss
c`rjnh. Wkckhftf jkckjuinc nbncyn enrfcmnc aflr`sfs pnbn `t`t, ansofn, hfmnjkct bnc
tkcb`c sdkntd pnbn ohula``t, dnh fcf bfpkrifrninc jkcmniflntinc ikhnfcnc pnbn tuhncm;.
Nbncyn enrfcmnc aflr`sfs fcf bftncbnf bkcmnc tkrkisprksfcyn RMA-lktn bnc WBMA pnbn
dfs t`pnt`h`mfs, iknbnnc fcf eumn lkrpkrnc bnhnj insus-insus rksfstkc.1
pkjkrfisnnc dfst`pnt`h`mfs,
?. Wrfjnry mkrj phnsjn bkakot
Frncf bnc _dkrjnc tkhnd jkhniuinc
jkhniuinc bfskisf pnbn >> inif kqufc`vnrus bnc >2 inif c`rjnh,

jkrk
jkrkin
in jk
jkck
ckju
juin
incc ck
ckoi
oi tn
tnhu
huss sk
skhn
hnhu
hu pkcbk
pkcbkii bkcm
bkcmnc
nc r`
r`tn
tnsf
sf ik jk
jkbf
bfnh
nh bnc
bnc ph
phnc
nctn
tnr.
r.
Jkrkin lkrpkcbnpnt dnh fcf inrkcn nbncyn bkaki pnbn prfjnry mkrj phnsjn.
2. Nrrkstk
Nrrkstkbb aktn
aktnhh bkvk
bkvkh`pjkct
h`pjkct Fctrnu
Fctrnutkrfcn
tkrfcn
Dkut
Dkutkr
kr bnc
bnc Q`
Q`cc Q`
Q`hi
hijn
jncc pnbn
pnbn >41?
>41? jk
jkcm
cmkj
kjui
uini
ninc
nc lndw
lndwnn nbnc
nbncyn
yn mncm
mncmmu
munc
nc
pkrikjlncmnc bfcf
b fcf pnbn usfn nwnh kjlrf` nbnhnd pkcyklnl ohula``t i`cmkcftnh.
;. Dk
Dkrkb
rkbft
ftkr
kr
Wnbn encfc pkrikjlncmnc inif tkrlnmf jkcenbf bun ansk, ynftu ansk afluhn (1,; ‟ = jfcmmu
ikdn
ikdnjf
jfhn
hnc)
c) bn
bncc an
ansk
sk tflf
tflfnn (4
(4-6
-6 jf
jfcm
cmmu
mu ik
ikdn
dnjf
jfhhnc
nc).
). Ik
Iktf
tfin
in tk
tkre
renb
nbff mnc
ncmm
mmun
uncc
pkrikjlncmnc snnt ikbun ansk tkrsklut, jnin ikjucmifcnc tkrenbfcyn ORKQ ninc
jkcfcmint.1
1. _kjun tk`rf bf ntn
ntnss lkhuj bnpnt jkcek
jkcekhnsinc
hnsinc sko
skonrn
nrn pnstf ktf`h`
ktf`h`mf
mf bnrf ORKQ, cnj
cnjuc
uc iftn
 bnpnt jkcyfjpuhinc lndwn pkcyklnl ORKQ nbnhnd juhtfanot`rfnh bnc pr`sks ikhnfcnc
tkhnd bfjuhnf skeni hfjl lub bkvkh`pjkct.

<.? Jncfakstnsf Ihfcfs

Bka`
Bka`rjf
rjftn
tnss lkct
lkctui
ui in
inif
if bfin
bfinrn
rnit
itkrf
krfsns
snsff bk
bkcmn
cmncc i`
i`jp
jp`ck
`ckc-
c-i`
i`jp`
jp`ck
ckcc nc
ncnt
nt`j
`jfs
fs sklnm
sklnmnf
nf
lkrfiut=,4,6
n. Nbb
Nbbuisf
uisf jfb
jfbtnr
tnrsnh
snh
l. Fcvkrsf pnbn skcbf sultnhnr (vnrus) Whnctnrahkisf skcbf tnh`orurnhfs (kqufcus) I`ctrnisf
enrfcmnc bf sfsf jkbfnh inif Rkcb`c Nodfhhks jkjkcbki Mnstr`ockjfus i`ctrnitur
bnc
bnc iu
iurn
rncm
cm lk
lkri
rikj
kjln
lncm
cm @t
@t`t
`t-`
-`t`
t`tt kvkr
kvkrt`
t`rr sf
sfsf
sf hntkr
ntkrnh
nh tu
tucm
cmin
inff ln
lnw
wnd iu
iurn
rncm
cm
lkrikjlncm I`jlfcnsf bka`rjftns kqufcus pkrmkhncmnc inif bnc skcbf sultnhnr, fcvkrsf
dfcba``t bnc nbbuisf jfb-a`rka``t bfsklnlinc `hkd bfsphnokjkct bnrf sfsf jkbfnh bnc
phnctnr skrtn r`tnsf jkbfnh skcbf tnh`onhonck`cnvfouhnr _odhfodt jkhnp`rinc suntu
pkckhftfnc ORKQ yncm bfhniuinccyn pnbn lnyf-lnyf yncm hndfr jntf ntnu jntf skmkrn
sksubnd hndfr. Bfhniuinc bfskisf inif, yncm skjuncyn jkcuceuiinc bka`rjftns bkcmnc
bkrnent yncm lkrnt. Bfn jkcyntninc lndwn tuhncm-tuhncm jkcmnhnjf bfst`rsf, idususcyn
tnhus, onhonckus,
onhonckus, cnvfouhnrfs, oul`fb bnc jktntnrsnh,
jktntnrsnh, tktnpf yncm pnhfcm pnrnd nbnhnd tnhus.
Rfbni dncyn tkrenbf jnha`rjnsf tuhncm, tktnpf enrfcmnc-enrfcmnc hnfc yncm lkrdulucmnc
bkcm
bkcmnc
nccy
cynn eumn
eumn jk
jkcm
cmnh
nhnj
njff bfst
bfst`r
`rsf
sf.. Wn
Wnbn
bn skju
skjunn in
inif
if yn
yncm
cm bf
bfbf
bfsk
skis
isfc
fcyyn, tnhu
tnhuss
jkjpkrhfdntinc bfst`rsf anokt pnbn pkrjuinnc supkrf`r, `hkd inrkcn ftu tfbni pns jnsui

bnhnj hkiuinc tflfn-afluhn. Fcfhnd pkcyklnl tkrpkctfcm pkrsfstkcsf bka`rjftns kqufcus.

W`sfsf kqufcus bfsklnlinc `hkd i`ctrnitur bnrf `t`t-`t`t sklnmnf lkrfiut5
- Mnstr`ockjfus
- _`hkus
- Rflfnhfs p`stkrf`r
- Ahkis`r dnhhuofs h`cmus
- Ahkis`r bfmft`ruj h`cmus

_kbncmi
_kbncminc
nc p`sf
p`sfsf
sf vnr
vnrus
us bfs
bfskln
klnlinc
linc `hk
`hkdd i`ct
i`ctrni
rnitur
tur pnb
pnbnn `t`
`t`t-`
t-`t`t
t`t skln
sklnmnf
mnf lkr
lkrfiut
fiut55 Rflfnh
Rflfnhfs
fs
nctkrf`r bnc p`stkrf`r, ahkis`r dnhhuofs h`cmus, ahkis`r bfmft`ruj h`cmus, hfmnjkctuj bkht`fb,

`t`t-`t`t ikofh sfsf jkbfnh inif.

<.2 Ihnsfafinsf
Ihnsfafinsf
Nbn lklkrnpn sfstkj si`rfcm bnc ihnsfafinsf yncm bfpninf bf lkrlnmnf Ckmnrn, cnjuc
systk
systkj
j ih
ihnsf
nsfaf
afin
insf
sf bn
bnrf
rf Bfjk
Bfjkmh
mhf`
f` bn
bncc Wfrn
Wfrncf
cf yn
yncm
cm pnh
pnhfc
fcmm lncy
lncyni
ni bf
bfmu
mucninc..>7 Ikbuncyn
cninc
jkjl
jkjlkr
krfi
finc
nc cf
cfhn
hnff lk
lkrb
rbnsn
nsnri
rinc
nc pk
pkjk
jkrf
rfisn
isnnc
nc afsf
afsfi.
i. lkrjn
lkrjncan
cannt
nt bnhn
bnhnj
j jk
jkck
ckct
ctuin
uincc wnit
wnituu
bfhniu
bfhniuinc
inc `pk
`pkrnsf
rnsf pnb
pnbnn ncni.>> Wkjk
ncni. Wkjkrfi
rfisnn
snncc J\F bnpn
bnpntt lkrjnc
lkrjncannt
annt bnh
bnhnj
nj jkj
jkjpkrh
pkrhfdn
fdntin
tincc
ikhnfc
ikhnfcnc
nc tnh
tnhfpk
fpkss kquf
kqufc`vn
c`vnrus
rus pnbn aktus,
aktus, tkr
tkrhkl
hklfd
fd idus
idusus
us lfhn
lfhn bfo
bfourf
urfmnf
mnf jkjfhf
jkjfhfif
if ikhnfc
ikhnfcnc
nc
i`jphk
i`jphkis.
is. Bkc
Bkcmnc
mnc J\F bnp
bnpnt
nt bfb
bfbktk
ktkisf
isf nc`
nc`jnh
jnhff tnj
tnjlndn
lndnc,
c, skpkrt
skpkrtff pnb
pnbnn sfst
sfstkj
kj cku
ckur`h
r`h`mf
`mfi,
i,
>>
cnjuc J\F bfncmmnp tfbni jkjlnctu bnhnj insus ORKQ yncm tkrfs`hnsf.

Rnlkh >. Ihnsfafinsf Bfjkmhf`>>

Rnlkh <. Ihnsfafinsf Wfrncf>>

 Mnjlnr >. Ihnsfafinsf Wfrncf

Mnjlnr <. Insfafinsf Bfjkmhf`

Ihnsfafinsf _konrn mh`lnh, sfstkj ihnsfafinsf yncm pnhfcm skrfcm bfmucninc pnbn ORKQ
fnh
fnhnd
nd ihn
ihnsfaf
sfafins
insff Bfj
Bfjkmh
kmhf`
f` bnc ihn
ihnsfaf
sfafinsf
insf Wfr
Wfrncf
ncf.. _fst
_fstkj
kj ihn
ihnsfaf
sfafinsf
insf Bfj
Bfjkmh
kmhf`
f` jkcekh
jkcekhnsin
nsincc
lkrbnsnrinc i`rkisf yncm bfpkr`hkd sktkhnd bfhniuinc ikiuntnc rkbuisf rfcmnc pnbn inif yncm
jkcmnhnjf bka`rjftns. Wnbn sfstkj ihnsfafinsf fcf tkrbnpnt 2 pnrnjktkr yncm bfcfhnf ynftu5
>) bkvfnsf kqufcus pnbn sfsf snmftnh9
 <) bkvfnsf vnrus pnbn sfsf ar`ctnh9
?) bkr`tnsf pnbn skiftnr tnhus ik onhonck`a`rka``t lh`oi9 bnc
2) nbbuisf inif bkpnc pnbn sfsf d`rfz`ctnh. Cfhnf jnisfjnh yncm bfpkr`hkd lkreujhnd >1
uctui inif yncm pnhfcm iniu. Rkrbnp
Rkrbnpnt
nt tnjlndnc 2 p`fc uctui pkcfhnf
pkcfhnfnc
nc lfhn tkrbnpnt 2
tncbn ikmnwntnc5 hfpntnc phnctnr, hfpntnc jkbfnh, rktrnisf onvus, bnc aflr`sfs `t`t ><
_fstkj ihnsfafinsf Wfrncf jkcmkvnhunsf 1 tncbn ihfcfs i`ctrnitur yncm jkrupninc inrnitkrfstfi
ihfcfs
ihfcfs pnb
pnbnn ORK
ORKQ
Q _kt
_ktfnp
fnp tnc
tncbn
bn pnbn sfsf ync
yncmm jkc
jkcmnh
mnhnjf
njf bka
bka`rjf
`rjftns
tns bfl
bflncb
ncbfcm
fcminc
inc bkcmnc
bkcmnc
lnmfnc c`rjnh ynftu sfsf sklkhndcyn. Dnh fcf bfhniuinc pnbn bka`rjftns yncm tkrlntns pnbn sntu
sfsf snen. Bfj
Bfjkmh
kmhf`
f` pnbn tnd
tnduc
uc >66> jkj
jkjlnmf
lnmf ORKQ jkc
jkcenb
enbff kjpnt
kjpnt int
intkm`
km`rf
rf lkrbnsn
lkrbnsnrinc
rinc

pkrmkrninc skcbf bnc ikjnjpunc uctui jkrkbuisf bka`rjftns >

>. _`at a``t9 bnpnt bfsklut eumn sklnmnf p`sturnh a``t bnc bfi`rkisf bkcmnc stncbnrb onstfcm ntnu
afsf`tkrnpf.
<. _`at 3 _tfaa a``t9 tkrbnpnt pnbn ??% insus. Lfnsncyn hklfd bnrf ;7% insus bnpnt bfi`rkisf,
cnjuc lfhn hklfd bnrf = ntnu 4 tfbni bfbnpntinc i`rkisf jnin tfcbninc `pkrntfa dnrus bfhniuinc.
?. _tfaa 3 _`at a``t9 tkrbnpnt pnbn 1>% insus. Iurncm bnrf ;7% insus tkri`rkisf bnc sktkhnd
onstfcm bnc afsf`tkrnpf, intkm`rf fcf ninc bfhniuinc tfcbninc `pkrntfa.
2. _tfaa a``t9 jkrupninc intkm`rf pnhfcm pnrnd, skrfcm inhf lfhntkrnh bnc jkjkrhuinc tfcbninc
i`rkisf skonrn `pkrntfa.
_ktfnp i`jp`ckc jny`r bnrf ohula``t (kqufcus, dkkh onvus, jkbfnh, r`tnsf onhonck`pkbnh lh`oi,
a`rka``t nbbuotf`c) bfintkm`rfinc bnrf F ‟ FQ. W`fc tnjlndnc bftnjlndinc uctui bkkp p`stkrf`r
bnc jkbfnh orknsks, onvus bnc i`cbfsf `t` yncm lurui. >7 _fstk
_fstkj
j ihnfaf
ihnfafinsf
insf Wfrncf jkjfhfif suntu
sinhn pkrdftucmnc yncm skbkrdncn, yncm tkrbfrf bnrf tfmn vnrfnlhk pnbn dfcba``t bnc tfmn pnbn
jfba``t. _ktfnp vnrfnlhk bnpnt jkckrfjn cfhnf c`h, sktkcmnd, bnc sntu p`fc ;
Wkjkrfisnnc dnrus jkhfputf pkjkrfisnnc spfcnh bnc pkjkrfisnnc ckur`h`mfi hkcminp.
_kcbf
_kcbf-s
-skc
kcbf
bf hn
hnfc
fc eumn
eumn dn
dnru
russ bfpk
bfpkrf
rfis
isnn lk
lkrik
rikcn
cnnc
nc bkcm
bkcmnc
nc np
npni
nind
nd tkrb
tkrbnp
npnt
nt ikin
ikiniun
iuncc bnc
bnc
bka`rjftns, tkrjnsui skcbf pncmmuh yncm dnrus bfpkrfisn bkcmnc uhtrns`ucb uctui jkcbktkisf
bfsphnsfn idususcyn pnbn p`sturnh ohula``t sklnmnf lnmfnc bnrf j`uhbkb lnly sycbr`jk.>2

<.; Bfnmc`sfs
Bfnmc`sfs ORKQ bftkmniinc lkrbnsnrinc ncnjcksfs, pkjkrfisnnc afsfi, bnc pkjkrfisnnc

pkcucencm (uhtrns`c`mrnaf, Trny, bnc J\F). Wnbn ncnjcksfs, pkrhu bfiktnduf rfwnynt pkrfcntnh
bnc rfw
rfwnyn
nyntt bnh
bnhnj
nj ikh
ikhunr
unrmn.
mn. \fw
\fwnyn
nyntt jkc
jkcmkc
mkcnf
nf jnh
jnhprk
prkskct
skctnsf
nsf fctrnu
fctrnutkr
tkrfc
fc lkri
lkrinft
nftnc
nc bkc
bkcmnc
mnc
nbnc
nbncyn
yn anit
anit`r
`r jk
jkin
incf
cfii yn
yncm
cm jk
jkjk
jkcm
cmnr
nrudf
udf j`
j`lf
lfhf
hftn
tnss aktu
aktuss sk
skpk
pkrt
rtff prksk
prkskct
ctnsf
nsf suc
sucms
msnc
ncm,
m,
`hfm`dfbrnjcf`c skhnjn ikdnjfhnc bnpnt bfdulucminc bkcmnc nrtr`mrfp`sfs, jnha`rjnsf utkrfc
ntnu aflr`fb utkrus, skrtn mkstnsf juhtfpkh. >?,>2 Bfnmc`sfs ORKQ pnbn jnsn prkcntnh lfsn tkrhfdnt
pnbn skiftnr usfn ikdnjfhnc <7 jfcmmu bnc lfhn bftkjuinc nbncyn nc`jnhf snnt pkjkrfisnnc
jnin bflutudinc i`cskhfcm bnc bfsiusf fca`rjnsf b`itkr-pnsfkc lkrdulucmnc bkcmnc tntnhnisncn
bnc dnsfh tntnhnisncn cnctf. Dnh fcf bnpnt jkjpkrsfnpinc `rncm tun pnsfkc skonrn kj`sf`cnh
jnupuc prnitfinh cnctfcyn.>2
Bfnmc`sfs nwnh ORKQ pnbn lnyf lnru hndfr bftkmniinc lkrbnsnrinc mnjlnrnc ihfcfs.

Wnbn pkj
pkjkrf
krfisn
isnnc
nc afsf
afsfii bftkju
bftkjuinc
inc ini
iniff lkh
lkhnin
nincm
cm jkj
jkjlkc
lkctui
tui kqufc`v
kqufc`vnrus
nrus bkc
bkcmnc
mnc nbnc
nbncyn
yn
nbbuisf inif bkpnc bnc nbncyn onvus. Wkrhu bfpkrdntfinc lfhn nbncyn hfpntnc yncm bnhnj pnbn
lnmfnc p`stkrf`r bnc lnmfnc jkbfnh inrkcn lkrdulucmnc bkcmnc tfcmint ikpnrndnc bka`rjftns

(Mnjlnr >). Lfsn tkrbnpnt nbncyn ntr`af lktfs (onha) pnbn lnmfnc fpsfhntkrnh, lkrsnjnnc bkcmnc
pkjkcbkinc tkcb`c Nodfhhks bnc r`tnsf fctkrcnh pnbn tflfn. Dnh fcf jucmifc tfbni bnpnt tkrhfdnt
snnt hndfr cnjuc ninc hklfd cnjpni skfrfcm lkrtujludcyn pnsfkc. >2

<.1 Wkjkrfisnnc
Wkjkrfisnnc Wkcucencm
Wkjkrfisnnc pkcucencm yncm bnpnt bfhniuinc fnhnd uhtrns`c`mrnaf, T-rny, bnc jnmcktfo
rks`cnc
rks`cncok
ok fjn
fjnmfc
mfcmm (J\
(J\F).
F). Bfnmc`
Bfnmc`sfs
sfs jkc
jkcmmu
mmucnin
cnincc uhtrns`
uhtrns`ucb
ucb skhnjn
skhnjn jnsn prkc
prkcntn
ntnhh bnp
bnpnt
nt
jkjpkrhfdntinc skrtn jkcm`cafrjnsf pkrjuinnc phnctnr pkbfs, tflfn, bnc afluhn pnbn sntu sfsf.
Cnjuc, pkckjunc pnbn uhtrns`ucb tfbni lkri`rkhnsf bkcmnc bkrnent ikpnrndnc ORKQ bnc tfbni
bnpnt bfmucninc sklnmnf pnt`inc tkrnpf, lkrdulucm tfbni nbncyn pfhfdnc tntnhnisncn pnbn jnsn
prkcntnh yncm tkrskbfn.>;,>1 Efin ORKQ tfbni tkrfbkctfafinsf snnt prkcntnh jnin pfhfdnc bnc wnitu
jkhndf
jkhndfrin
rincc tfb
tfbni
ni nin
nincc lkru
lkrulnd.
lnd. Dnh fcf eumn skru
skrupn
pn lfh
lfhnn bfbnpnt
bfbnpntinc
inc pkckjun
pkckjuncc ync
yncmm hklfd
hklfd
i`jphkis, jfsnhcyn ORKQ bfskrtnf nbncyn ohkcodkb dncbs yncm bfdulucminc bkcmnc njf`phnsfn,
jnin ikjucmifcnc lksnr fcbfinsf uctui jkhndfrinc skonrn sksnr.
\fwnynt ORKQ yncm tkrfs`hnsf ntnu ORKQ lfhntkrnh pnbn `rncm tun ntnu bnhnj ikhunrmn
bnpn
bnpntt bf
bfen
enbf
bfin
incc pn
pnt`
t`in
incc bn
bnhn
hnj
j in
insu
suss ORK
ORKQ
Q fbf`
fbf`pn
pntf
tfi.
i. Wkc
Wkcmm
mmuc
ucnnc
nnc rnb
rnbf`
f`mr
mrnaf
naf jk
jkjf
jfhf
hfif
if
iktkrlntnsnc
iktkrlntnsnc inrkcn dncyn ikofh ikjucmif
ikjucmifcnc
cnc tkrbktkisfc
tkrbktkisfcyn
yn `sfafin
`sfafinsf
sf tuhncm inif pnbn jnsn lnyf
lnru hndfr yncm jkcyuhftinc fctkrprktnsf. Wkcoftrnnc rnbf`mrnaf yncm bfhniuinc skonrn tkrsfjuhnsf
pnbn bnkrnd wkfmdt-lknrfcm nctkr`-p`stkrf`r bnc hntkrnh b`rs`ahkisf jnisfjuj (Ruro`‖s vfkw)
bnpnt lkrjncannt bnhnj jkckctuinc wnitu bfhniuinc `pkrnsf pnbn ncni. >1 Wkjkrfisnnc J\F
bnpnt lkrjncannt bnhnj jkjpkrhfdntinc ikhnfcnc tnhfpks kqufc`vnrus pnbn aktus, tkrhklfd idusus
lfhn bfourfmnf jkjfhfif ikhnfcnc i`jphkis. Bkcmnc J\F bnpnt bfbktkisf nc`jnhf tnjlndnc,
skpkrtf pnbn sfstkj ckur`h`mfi, cnjuc J\F bfncmmnp tfbni jkjlnctu bnhnj insus ORKQ yncm
tkrfs`hnsf.>1

<.= Bfnmc`sfs Lncbfcm

 _klnmnf bfnmc`sfs lncbfcm bnrf ORKQ fnhnd o`cmkcftnh vkrtfonh tnhus (OQR), p`sturnh
ohula``t ntnu p`sftf`cnh tnhfpks, bnc jktntnrsus nbbuotus. O`cmkcftnh vkrtfonh tnhus jkrupninc

>7

bka`rjftns ikiniunc inif yncm bftncbnf bkcmnc nbncyn bfsh`insf skcbf tnh`cnvfiuhnr bnc p`sfsf
tuhncm cnvfiuhnr lkrnbn pnbn lnmfnc b`rsnh. _kiftnr ;7% insus jkjpucynf dulucmnc bkcmnc
nrtr`mrfp`sfs bnc nc`jnhf ir`j`s`j skpkrtf trfs`jf >4. Wkrlkbnnc bkcmnc ORKQ nbnhnd OQR
tfbni
tfbni nin
nincc tkr
tkri`rk
i`rkisf
isf jni
jnisfj
sfjnh
nh dncy
dncynn bkcm
bkcmnc
nc fj`
fj`lfh
lfhfsn
fsnsf
sf jkcmmuc
jkcmmucnin
nincc onst,
onst, cnj
cnjuc
uc hklfd
hklfd
>=
jkjlutudinc `pkrnsf rki`cstruisf jfc`r jnupuc jny`r.
Wnbn pkjkrfisnnc afsfi, pnsfkc OQR bnpnt jkcuceuiinc Wkrsfnc shfppkr a``t yncm skrfcm
bfinftinc bkcmnc Arkkjnc-_dkhb`c sycbr`jk. Wnbn pnhpnsf, tnhus bnpnt tkrnln lkrnbn ik nrnd
jkbfnh
jkbfnh.. W`sf
W`sfsf
sf a`r
a`rka``
ka``tt tkr
tkrhfd
hfdnt
nt nlb
nlbuisf
uisf bnc b`r
b`rsfah
sfahkisf
kisf skb
skbncm
ncminc
inc p`sfsf
p`sfsf dfcba``
dfcba``tt tkr
tkrhfd
hfdnt
nt
kqufc`vnhmus.>4 W`sturnh ohula``t ntnu p`sftf`cnh tnhfpks jkrupninc iknbnnc c`rjnh pnbn lnyf
lnru hndfr yncm bnpnt jkjkcmnrudf sntu ntnu ikbun inif, skrtn jkrupninc lkctui i`cbfsf yncm
rfcmnc bnrf ORKQ, bfjncn tfbni bftkjuinc nbncyn i`ctrnitur yncm lkrjnicn bnc hfpntnc iuhft
yncm bnhnj (bkkp sifc orknsks). Wnbn p`sturnh ohula``t inif tkrhfdnt jkjlkctui p`sfsf nbbuisf
cnjuc jnsfd ahkisflkh, `hkd inrkcn ftu bnpnt bfmkrniin
bfmkrniincc pkrhndn
pkrhndncc ik p`sfsf c`rjnh inif. I`cbfsf
fcf bfsklnlinc inrkcn p`sfsf lnyf fc utkr`.
Rntnhnisncn hnfc bnrf p`sturnh ohula``t ynftu lkrnmnj juhnf bnrf strktodfcm, sphfctfcm bnc
onstfcm yncm c`rjnhcyn inif pnsfkc bnpnt bkcmnc jubnd tkri`rkisf tncpn dnrus jkhnhuf `pkrnsf.
W`stu
W`sturn
rnhh ohul
ohula`
a``t
`t lfnsn
lfnsncy
cynn jk
jkjl
jlnf
nfii skcbf
skcbfrf
rf pn
pnbn
bn lklkr
lklkrnp
npnn luh
luhnc
nc pkrt
pkrtnjn.>6,<7 Jktntnrsus
njn.
nbbuot
nbbuotus
us (JN)
(JN) yncm bfi
bfikcnh
kcnh eum
eumnn skln
sklnmnf
mnf jkt
jktntn
ntnrsus
rsus vnrus
vnrus ntnu
ntnu jkt
jktntn
ntnrsus
rsus nbbuot
nbbuot`vnr
`vnrus,
us,
jkrupninc bka`rjftns lkctui jkhfctncm bfjncn jktntnrsnh lkrbkvfnsf ik nrnd jkbfnh. Wnbn JN
ujujcy
ujujcynn tfb
tfbni
ni bft
bftkju
kjuinc
inc nbn
nbncyn
cyn bka`
bka`rjf
rjftns
tns hnfc,
hnfc, cnj
cnjuc
uc sncm
sncmnt
nt lkr
lkri`rk
i`rkhnsf
hnsf bkc
bkcmnc
mnc dnhhux
dnhhux
vnhmus (DQ). Bkcmnc nbncyn JN jnin rfsfi` lkrikjlncm iknrnd DQ jkcfcmint ?2 inhf hfpnt. <>

<.4 I`jphfinsf
I`jphfinsf
I`jphfinsf yncm bnpnt tkrenbf bflnmf ntns i`jphfinsf c`c `pkrntfa bnc `pkrntfa. Wnbn
i`jphfinsf c`c-`pkrntfa bnpnt bftkju inc ahnt t`p tnhus, r`oikr l`tt`j, b`rsnh lucf`c, bfstnh
tflf
tflf`a
`afl
fluh
uhnr
nr l`w
l`wfc
fcm,
m, ar
arnit
nitur,
ur, bn
bncc huin
huin nifl
niflnt
nt tk
tkin
incn
cnc.
c. Ah
Ahnt
nt t`
t`pp tnhu
tnhuss bf
bfbu
bumn
mn tkre
tkrenb
nbff skonrn
skonrn
fntr`mkcfi, cnjuc burnsf bnrf jncfpuhnsf bnc pkjnsncmnc onstfcm hklfd bnrf ? luhnc bnpnt eumn
jkcyklnlinc
jkcyklnlinc ikhnfcnc fcf. Wkrhu bfiktnduf lndwn bka`rjftns fcf sklkcnrc
sklkcnrcyn
yn subnd tkrbnpnt skeni
hndfr.
hndfr. Ahn
Ahntt t`p tnh
tnhus
us bnpn
bnpntt bfsn
bfsnhnd
hnd-bf
-bfnmc
nmc`sfs
`sfs inrk
inrkcn
cn p`sfsf
p`sfsf x-rny
x-rny hnt
hntkrn
krnhh pns
pnsfkc
fkc ORK
ORKQ
Q skrfcm
skrfcm
jkjpkrhfdntinc tnhus pnbn p`sfsf pr`ykisf `lhfi, skdfcmmn jkcuceuiinc mnjlnrnc ahnt tnhnr
b`jk.<<,<?
 >>

Bka`rjf
Bka`rjftns
tns r`o
r`oikr
ikr l`t
l`tt`j
t`j jkr
jkrupn
upninc
inc i`j
i`jphf
phfinsf
insf tkr
tkrskrf
skrfcm
cm niflnt
niflnt tnt
tntnhn
nhnisnc
isncnn c`c
c`c--
`pkrntfa jncfpuhnsf pnbn ORKQ bkcmnc fcsfbkcsf ?,<% bf skhurud bucfn. <2 Wrfcsfp pkcyklnl
r`oikr l`tt`j fnhnd pkro`lnnc i`rkisf kqufcus pnbn dfcba``t sklkhuj a`rka``t, skdfcmmn vnrus
dfcba``tt tkrlui
dfcba`` tkrluinn (i`rkis
(i`rkisff vnrus). Iftn tkhnd jkcmfc
jkcmfcbfinsf
bfinsfinc
inc lndwn iktfin dfcba``t bnc a`rka``t
bfluin, jnin kqufcus dnjpfr skhnhu bnpnt bfi`rkisf. [jujcyn tkrnpf i`rkisf lkruhncm bnpnt
jkcyklnlinc r`oikr-l`tt`j a``t. _ktkhnd jucouhcyn i`jphfinsf fcf, jnin `pkrnsf p`stkrfr`r
rkhknsk bflutudinc bkcmnc skmkrn.<< B`rsnh lucf`c fcf bftncbnf `hkd nbncyn pkcfcmmfnc pnbn
jktntnrsnh F bnc jusiuhus ahkis`r dnhusfs lrkvfs yncm lkri`ctrnisf pnbn tnjpninc pkjkrfisnnc
afsfi.<? Wnbn bfstnh tflf`afluhnr l`wfcm, p`sfsf l`wfcm skhnhu lkrnbn bf lnmfnc p`stkrf`r bnc/ntnu
jkbfnh, skdfcmmn jkcuceuiinc bkrnent afluhn ninc tflfn jkcenbf lksnr. L`wfcm yncm tkrenbf
lfnsncyn rfcmnc bnc bnpnt bfbfnmc`sfs dncyn bkcmnc x-rny. Wkcyklnl tkrenbfcyn l`wfcm
bfsklnlinc niflnt b`rsfahkisf pnisn bkcmnc tkrincnc lkrhklfdnc.<< Lklkrnpn arnitur yncm bnpnt
tkrenbf fnhnd5
>) I`jprksf jktnafsknh, yncm bfbumn bfsklnlinc `hkd i`jprksf nctkrf`r pnbn jktnafsfs tflfn bnc

afluhn lnmfnc bfstnh bftnjlnd bkcmnc b`rsfahkisf pnisn pnbn inif9

<) Bfstnh tflfnh jktnpdysknh spur, bfsklnlinc inrkcn nbncyn fcanri pfrfcm kpfafsknh. H`insfcyn
jkcmfcbfinsfinc niflnt b`rsfahkisf pnisn9
?) Arnit
Arnitur
ur t`
t`rus
rus pn
pnbn
bn jk
jktn
tnaf
afsf
sfss bfst
bfstnh
nh tflf
tflfn,
n, yn
yncm
cm tkre
tkrenb
nbff bf nc
nctn
tnrn
rn pf
pfrf
rfcm
cm kp
kpfa
fafsk
fsknh
nh bkcm
bkcmnc
nc
pkcyklnl bfbumn niflnt b`rs`ahkisf pnisn9
2) Anitur afluhn bfstnh, yncm bfsklnlinc inrkcn nbncyn kvkrsf pnisn ntnu b`rsfahkisf pnisn. Huin
niflnt tkincnc inbncm-inbncm jucouh niflnt tkincnc yncm bflkrfinc pnbn lnmfnc supkrafsfnh.<<

<.6 Rntnhnisncn
Rntnhnisncn
Rueunc tkrnpf tnhfpks kqufc`vnrus nbnhnd 5
>. Jkrkbuisf bfsh`insf ntnu sulh`insf skcbf tnh`onhonck`cnvfouhnrk
<. Jkjpkrtndncinc rkbuisf
?. Jkjpkrlnfif c`rjnh nrtfouhnr nhfmcjkct
2. Jkjlunt ikskfjlncmnc `t`t nctnrn kv`rtkr bnc fcvkrt`r, bnc b`rsf ahkx`r bnc phnctnr ahkx`r
;. Jkjlunt inif j`lfhk bkcmnc aucmsf c`rjnh bnc wkfmdt lknrfcm

Wkcntnhnisncnnc dnrus bfjuhnf skbfcf jucmifc, hklfd lnfi skmkrn sksubnd hndfr. Rfmn jfcmmu
pkrtnjn sktkhnd hndfr jkrupninc m`hbkc pkrf`b, sklnl enrfcmnc
enrfcmnc hucni pnb
pnbnn usfn fcf jnsfd
jnsfd hkctur,

><
skdfcmmn enrfcmnc hucni yncm i`ctrnitur
i`ctrnitur bnpnt bfkh`cm
bfkh`cmnsf
nsf bkcmnc jncfpuh
jncfpuhnsf
nsf lkruhncm sktfnp dnrf.
Dnjpfr skhurud ndhf lkbnd @rtd`pnkbf skpnint lndwn tkrnpf c`c `pkrntfa jkrupninc pfhfdnc
pkrtnjn bnhnj jkcncmncf insus ORKQ. _kjnifc nwnh tkrnpf bfjuhnf, jnin skjnifc lnfi
dnsfhcyn.

<.6.> Rkrnpf I`cskvntfa

N. Jkt`bk W`csktf
Jkt`bk fcf tkrbfrf bnrf < ansk ynicf ansk i`rkitfa bnc ansk jnfctkcncok. Ansk i`rkitfa
bfhniuinc bkcmnc jkjncfpuhnsf inif bnc pkckrnpnc mfps, bfmnctf sktfnp jfcmmu bkcmnc ntun
tncpn nodfhhks Rkc`ot`jy. Ansk Jnfctkcncok bfhniuinc bkcmnc jkjpkrtndncinc i`rkisf inif
jkcmmucninc a``t nlbuotf`c lrnok (ANL) uctui jkcokmnd rkhnps.

_krfnh onstfcm bnpnt jkcmmucninc lndnc phnstkr ntnu aflkrmhnss bnc tfbni bftkjuinc
pkrlkbnnc dnsfh bfnctnrn ikbun lndnc tkrsklut. Onst tkrpnsncm bfpnsncm bnrf enrf inif dfcmmn >/?
ntns pndn bkcmnc hutut ahkisf 67` bnc ninc bfmnctf sktfnp ;-= dnrf. Lfnsncyn bfpkrhuinc ;-1 inhf
pkcmmnctfnc onst uctui jkcbnpntinc i`rkisf yncm lnfi.
Bka`rjftns
Bka`rjftns onvus bfi`rki
bfi`rkisf
sf tkrhk
tkrhklfd
lfd bnduhu bkcmnc onrn supfcnsf a`rka``t rkhntfa tkrdnbnp
dfcba``t jkhnhuf pkckincnc pnbn jktntnrsnh F. Wnbn iklncyninc insus, bka`rjftns onvus ninc
tkri`rkisf bkcmnc sntu inhf pkjnsncmnc h`cm hkm onst.
A`rk
A`rka`
a``t
`t nbbu
nbbuot
otf`
f`c,
c, dfcb
dfcba`
a``t
`t vn
vnru
rus,
s, bnc
bnc df
dfcb
cba`
a``t
`t kquf
kqufcu
cuss ninc
ninc bf
bfi`
i`rk
rkis
isff pnbn
pnbn
pkjnsncmnc onst ik <-2. I`rkisf nbuisf a`rka``t bnc dfcba``t vnrus bfhniuinc skonrn sfjuhtnc
bkcmnc supfcnsf pkbfs bnc o`uctkrprkssurk pnbn dknb `a tnhus. Bkcmnc tkicfi fcf onhonckus,
cnvfouhnr bnc oul`fb ninc bfsphnok skonrn mrnbunh ik hntkrnh. Jncuvkr pkctfcm fcf jkcm`rkisf
jny`rftns bka`rjftns bnrf ohula``t bnc dnrus bfhniuinc pnbn sktfnp sksf bkcmnc jkjpkrdntfinc
tfmn dnh5
 Nlbuisf a`rk
a`rka``t
a``t dnrus bfhniuinc bkcmnc bkcmnc skbfift supfcnsf
supfcnsf pkbfs, skdfcmmn i`rkisf
pnbn bka`rjftns onvus tktnp tkrenmn bnc o`hfcknrfty bnrf jktntnrsnh tktnp tkrenmn.
 Encmnc jkhniui
jkhniuinc
nc b`rs`ahkisf prkjntu
prkjnturk
rk tkrdnbnp tujft, dnh fcf lkrtue
lkrtueunc
unc nmnr onhonck
onhonckus
us
bnpn
bnpntt tk
tkrnl
rnlbu
buisf
isf skonr
skonrnn lkl
lklns
ns bfln
bflnwn
wndd tn
tnhu
huss bnc
bnc kv
kvkrs
krsff ik p`sfs
p`sfsff pkbf
pkbfss cktr
cktrnh
nh,, skrtn
skrtn
jkcokmnd r`oikr l`tt`j bka`rjfty.

>?

 Lkr
Lkrfin
fincc o`uc
o`uctkr
tkrprks
prkssurk
surk pnbn pnb
pnbnn sfsf hntk
hntkrnh
rnh dknb `a tnh
tnhus.
us. I`rkis
I`rkisff dfcba`
dfcba``t
`t vnrus bnc
 onhoncknh fcvkrsf`c ninc suhft lfhn o`uctkrprkssurk bflkrfinc pnbn sfsf hntkrnh pkbfs, luinc
pnbn sfsf hntkrnh dknb `a tnhus.
_konrn ujuj bfpkrhuinc ?-2 jfcmmu jncfpuhnsf bnc onstfcm uctui jkh`cmmnrinc sfsf
jkbfnh struitur hfmnjkc pnbn tuhncm tnrsnh bnc j`hbfcm pnrsfnh bnrf pkrskcbfnccyn

Mnjlnr Jkt`bk W`csktf

Kqufcus
Kqufcus jkr
jkrupn
upninc
inc bka`
bka`rjf
rjftns
tns tkr
tkrnid
nidfr
fr ync
yncmm bfi`rk
bfi`rkisf,
isf, bnc i`rkisf
i`rkisf dnrus
dnrus bfhniu
bfhniuinc
inc
iktfin dfcba``t bnhnj p`sfsf skbfift vnhmus bnc pkbfs nlbuisf =7` rkhntfvk tkrdnbnp orurfs.
Kqufcus bnpnt bfi`rkisf bkcmnc b`rs`ahkisf pkbfs skonrn pr`mrksfa sktkhnd vnrus bnc nbbuisf
pkbfs tkhnd tkri`rkisf. B`rs`ahkisf pkbfs bfhniuinc bkcmnc pkckincnc pnbn skhurud lnmfnc
tkh
tkhnpn
npnii inif bnc iurn
iurncmf
cmf pkck
pkckinc
inc pnbn dknb jkt
jktntn
ntnrsnh
rsnh uct
uctui
ui jkcmdfc
jkcmdfcbnr
bnrff r`oikr
r`oikr l`tt
l`tt`j
`j
bka`rjf
bka`rjfty.
ty. Kqu
Kqufcu
fcuss bnpn
bnpntt bkcm
bkcmnc
nc skjp
skjpurc
urcnn bfi
bfi`rk
`rkisf
isf jkh
jkhnhu
nhuff strktod
strktodfcm
fcm bnc ons
onstfc
tfcmm yncm
yncm
pr`mrksfa.

>2
 Mnjlnr W`csktf onst

_ktkhndd onst bfhkpn

_ktkhn bfhkpns,
s, a``t nlbuot
nlbuotf`c
f`c `rtd`sfs (skrfcm bfsklut Bkcfs Lr`wck lnr ncb sd`ks)
bflkrfinc uctui jkcokmnd rkiurkcsf bka`rjftns, uctui rkj`bkhfcm pkrskcbfnc bkcmnc tuhncm-
tuhncm bnhnj p`sfsf lnfi, bnc uctui jkcfcmintinc ikiuntnc `t`t inif. Nhnt fcf bfpninf <<-<? enj
skdnrf skhnjn ? luhnc, hnhu snnt tfbur jnhnj bnc sfncm (><->2 enj skdnrf) dfcmmn ncni lkrusfn >

tnduc, bnc snnt tfbur jnhnj dfcmmn usfn ?-2 tnduc. Wnsfkc bfsnrncinc uctui o`ctr`h sntu luhnc
lkrfiutcyn bnc bfhnceutinc bkcmnc fctkrvnh ? luhnc.

Mnjlnr W`csktf lrnok

Wnbn 67% insus bfpkrhuinc nbncyn Nodfhhks tkc`t`jy (pkroutnck`us Nodfhhks Rkc`t`jy/
pNR) uctui jkcm`rkisf i`ctrnitur kqufcus. Rfcbninc fcf bfhniuinc bkcmnc nckstksf h`onh pnbn
ncni usfn bflnwnd > tnduc (tncpn nbncyn `vkrhkcmtdkcfcm ntnu ikhkjndnc `t`t) bnc bkcmnc
skbnsf bf runcm `pkrnsf uctui ncni yncm hklfd tun. 2,1

>;

L. Arkcod Jktd`b
Jkt`
Jkt`bk
bk fc
fcff jk
jkjk
jkrh
rhuin
uincc jn
jncf
cfpu
puhn
hnsf
sf skt
sktfn
fnpp dnrf
dnrfcy
cynn bnc
bnc bf
bffi
fiut
utff bkcm
bkcmnc
nc pkjn
pkjnin
infnc
fnc
nbdksfvk tnppfcm uctui jkcenmn p`sfsf inif yncm tkhnd bfi`rkisf bkcmnc pkrkmncmnc (strktodfcm).
Wkjninfnc
Wkjninfnc tnpfcm ninc tktnp jkjlkr
jkjlkrfinc
finc lklkrnpn pkrmkrninc, lkrlkbn bkcmnc W`csktf
W`csktf.. Jkt`bk
fcf eumn a`ous pnbn pkcmuntnc `t`t pkr`ckus sklnmnf onrn uctui jkcenmn dnsfh i`rkisf. Rueunc
bnrf tkrnpf fcf nbnhnd jkrkbuisf tnh`cnvfouhnr e`fct, strktod `ut bnrf jkbfnh tfssuk, bnc skonrn
lkrurutnc jkcm`rkisf
jkcm`r kisf a`rka``t nbbuotf`c, dfcba``t vnrus, bnc onhonckus kqufcus.
kqufcu s.
Wnbn tndnp pkrtnjn, `s cnvfouhnr bf-rkhknsk skonrn pr`mrksfa bnrf jnhhk`hus jkbfnh bnc
bnrf p`sfsf jkbfnhcyn pnbn dknb tnhus. Nwnhcyn, rkhnisnsf fcf ninc lkhuj skjpurcn inrkcn tnhus
jnsfd pnbn p`sfsf pnt`h`mfs, cnjuc ninc jkjlnfi skfrfcm wnitu.
Rndnp
Rndnp ikb
ikbun
un nbn
nbnhnd
hnd jkc
jkcm`rk
m`rkisf
isf a`r
a`rka``
ka``tt nbbu
nbbuotf
otf`c
`c bkc
bkcmnc
mnc stn
stnlfh
lfhfsn
fsnsf
sf bnrf nbb
nbbuisf
uisf
jkcykhurud onhonck
nckus-
s-a`
a`rk
rka`
a```t lh`oi. Jncuvkr fcf jkrkmnc
ncmi
minnc skjun sk
skccbf
(cnvfouh`ouckfa`rj, ouckfa`rj-jktntnrsnh, bnc JRW). _ktkhnd skjun skcbf tkrkmncm, a`rka``t
nbbuot
nbbuotf`c
f`c ninc tkr
tkrus
us lkr
lkriurn
iurncm
cm bkcm
bkcmnc
nc jkhnce
jkhnceuti
utinc
nc pkrkmnc
pkrkmncmnc
mnc jkbfnh
jkbfnh sifc
sifc orknsk.
orknsk. [ct
[ctui
ui
jkcenmn pnsfa \@J yncm lnru, kistkcs`r flu enrf bnc pkr`cknh dnrus bfiuntinc. [ctui ftu,
tkrnpfs jkrncmsncm rkahki iutnckus bkcmnc jkjfent dnhus lnmfnc hntkrnh pkbfs.
Rndnp iktfmn nbnhnd rkbuisf pr`mrksfa bnrf dfcba``t vnrus. Bfnwnhf sktkhnd tnh`cnvfouhnr
e`fct tkrkbuisf bnc bnpnt bfhniuinc lkrsnjnnc bkcmnc i`rkisf a`rka``t nbbuotf`c. Onhonckus
lkrmkrni skonrn mrnbunh iknrnd p`sfsf cktrnh bnc nidfrcyn jkcenbf vnhmus. Ncihk tkrkistkrcnh
r`tnsf lkrsnjnnc
lkrsnjnnc snnt onhonckus bfp`sfsfin
bfp`sfsfincc jkcenb
jkcenbff vnhmus. Hutut bfenmn tktnp 67 bkrnent skhnjn
jnckuvkr.
Rndnp nidfr bnrf pr`mrnj fcf nbnhnd jkcm`rkisf kqufcus bnrf onhonckus, bfjncn skrfcm
suhft
suhft inrkc
inrkcnn i`ct
i`ctrn
rnit
itur
ur bn
bnrf
rf p`st
p`stkrf
krf`r
`r s`a tfssu
tfssukk yncm
yncm tf
tfbn
bnii jubnd
jubnd bf
bfrk
rkmn
mncmi
cminc
nc bkcmn
bkcmncc
jncfpuhnsf. Onhonckus bflnwn skonrn pr`mrksfa bnrf phnctnr ahkisf ik b`rs`ahkisf skjkctnrn hutut
tktnp bnhnj ahkisf. Hnhu hutut bfkistkcsfinc bkcmnc dntf-dntf. Jncuvkr fcf bfhniuinc lkruhncm-
uhncm.2,1

>1
 Mnjlnr Arkcod Jktd`b

<.6.< Rfcbninc @pkrntfa

Fcbfinsf
Fcbfinsf tfcbninc `pkrntfa nbnhnd pnbn insus rksfstk
rksfstkc,
c, insus yncm lkrinftnc bkcmnc sfcbr`jn
bnc ckur`mkcfo, insus rkiurkc, bnc nbncyn bka`rjftns rksfbu sktkhnd tfcbninc kxtkcsfvk s`at
tfssuk rkhknsk.
Bkcmnc jkcmmucninc W`cskttf ntnu Arkcod jktd`b, eujhnd `pkrnsf ninc hklfd skbfift pnbn
insus-insus rkhnps ntnu ikmnmnhnc i`rkisf. Lfnsncyn p`stkrf`r rkhknsk, skpkrtf Nodfhhks tkcb`c
hkcmtd
hkcmtdkcf
kcfcm
cm bnc p`st
p`stkrf
krf`r
`r onp
onpsuh`
suh`t`j
t`jyy bnr
bnrff skc
skcbf
bf tfl
tflf`t
f`tnhn
nhnrr <7 bnc sult
sultnhn
nhnr,
r, oui
ouiup
up uctui
uctui
jkcm`rkisf sfsn kqufcus bnc jfcfjnh dfcba``t vnrus.
Lklkrnpn tkicfi `pkrnsf bnc pr`skbur tkhnd bfikjuininc uctui jkcmkjlnhfinc ohula``t
ikjlnhf ik p`sfsf ncnt`jfs, lklkrnpn bfnctnrncyn nbnhnd5
>. Ruro` 5 @ck stnmk p`stkr`jkbfnh rkhknsk I`rkisf tkrdnbnp onhonckus bkcmnc bfhniuinc
sultnhnr rkhknsk (hntkrnh, p`stkrf`r, jkbfnh) bnc eumn onhonck`afluhnr hfmnjkct.
<. Onrr`h 5 Whnctnr ansofnh rkhknsk bnc onpsuh`t`jy bnrf onhonck`oul`fb e`fct

>=

?. M`hbckr 5 I`rkisf bnrf r`tnsf tnhus bnc tflf`tnhnr e`fct rkhknsk

2. JoIny bnc _fj`cs 5 Wr`skburcyn hklfd kistkcsfa, jny`rftns struitur pkrftnhnr bflklnsinc.

I`rkisf enrfcmnc hucni bfhniuinc pnbn lnyf bnc ncni bflnwnd ; tnduc. Wnbn usfn fcf,
lfnsncyn lkhuj nbn bka`rjftns pnbn tuhncm-tuhncm inif, lfhn bfhniuinc `pkrnsf pnbn tuhncm
bfidnwntfrinc jnhnd jkrusni tuhncm bnc skcbf inrtfhnm` ncni yncm jnsfd rkctnc.
I`rkisf bnpnt bfhniuinc pnbn5
>. @t`t
@t`t bnc
bnc tk
tkcb`
cb`cc
- Nodfhhks, tkicfi pkjncencmnc tkcb` (U-hkcmtdkcfcm)
- Rflfn p`stkrf`r, tkicfi pkjncencmnc tkcb` ntnu trncsakr
- Nlbuit`r dnhhuofs h`cmus, tkicfi rkskisf ntnf kisfsf
<. Inp
Inpsuh
suh bnc hfm
hfmnjk
njkcc
_kpkrtf Rnh`cnvfouhnr, sultnhnr, skcbf onhonck`oul`fb, Hfm. Onhonck`afluhnr, Hfm. Rnh`afluhnr
p`stkrf`r.

I`jphfinsf pnson `pkrnsf bnpnt bftkjuf lfhn tfbni bfhniuinc pkcmnwnsnc yncm lnfi,
jkhfputf lklkrnpn dnh bfnctnrncyn5
>) Dfhncm
Dfhncmcyn
cyn i`r
i`rkisf
kisf
Wkcyklnlcyn nbnhnd sktkhnd jfcmmu ik 2 pnson `pkrnsf, onst jkcenbf tkrhnhu h`cmmnr bnc

tfbni bfmnctf skdfcmmn

skdfcmmn p`sfsf inif ninc lkrulnd
lkrulnd.. Lfhn tkrenbf fcakisf huin `pkrnsf, p`sfsf inif
dnrus tktnp bfpkrtndncinc snnt pkrnwntnc huin. ]nhnupuc tkrenbf fcakisf pnbn pfc trnot,
sncmnt pkctfcm uctui tktnp bfpkrtndncinc jkcmfcmnt rfsfi` dfhncmcyn i`rkisf bnc cnvfouhnr
b`rsn
b`rsnhh sul
sulhu
huxn
xntf
tf`c
`c lfhn
lfhn pfc
pfc bfhk
bfhkpn
pnss sko
skonrn
nrn pr
prkj
kjnt
ntur
urk.
k. Wk
Wkrnw
rnwntn
ntncc hu
huin
in bnc
bnc pkjlk
pkjlkrf
rfnc
nc
nctflf`tfo bnpnt bflkrfinc dfcmmn wnitu pkhkpnsnc pfc sksunf wnitucyn.
<) Cnvfo
Cnvfouhnr
uhnr b`rsnh sulhuxn
sulhuxntf`c
tf`c
Dnh fcf jkc
jkcykl
yklnlin
nlincc ini
iniff onv
onv`vnr
`vnrus
us yncm jkj
jkjkcb
kcbki.
ki. Bfintn
Bfintninc
inc skrfcm
skrfcm tkr
tkrenb
enbff sktkhn
sktkhndd
pr`skbur Ruro` bnc Onrr`h, skrtn pkhkpnsnc pfc yncm prkjnturk. Rkrenbf r`tnsf sulhuisnsf,
bf
bfjn
jncn
cn lnm
lnmfn
fncc jk
jkbf
bfnh
nh cn
cnvf
vfou
ouhn
hnrr tk
tkrpu
rputn
tnrr ik su
supk
pkrf
rf`r.
`r. @p
@pkrn
krnsf
sf rkvf
rkvfsf
sf bf
bfhn
hniui
iuinc
nc uc
uctu
tuii

jkrkbuisf cnvfouhnr bnc sklnficyn pnbn ncni 81 tnduc

?) Qnhmus
Qnhmus `vk
`vkro`r
ro`rrkot
rkotf`c
f`c
Mkenhn
Mkenhncyn
cyn lkr
lkrupn
upn cyk
cykrf
rf pnb
pnbnn lnm
lnmfnc
fnc jkb
jkbfnh
fnh inif bnc jkjkrh
jkjkrhuin
uincc `pkrnsf
`pkrnsf rkvfsf
rkvfsf uctui
uctui

>4

jkjpkrlnfifcyn.

2) B`
B`rsn
rsnhh lucf
lucf`c
`c
Wnbn ohula``t, dnh fcf tkrenbf inrkcn `vkrpuhh `t`t ahkis`r flu enrf pnbn inif yncm hkjnd
uctui phnctnr ahkisf (ikhkjndnc trfokps). Bfi`rkisf bkcmnc inpsuh`t`jf skcb` JRW yncm
tkrahkisf, pkjncencmnc ahkx`r dnhhuofs h`cmus tkcb`c, bnc rkhknsk ntnu trncsakr ahkx`r dnhhuofs
lrkvfs uctui jkcenbf kistkcs`r.

<.>7 Wr`mc`sfs
Wr`mc`sfs
Lf
Lfhn
hn tk
tkrnp
rnpff bfju
bfjuhn
hnff sken
skenii hn
hndf
dfr,
r, bk
bka`r
a`rjf
jftn
tnss skl
sklnm
nmfn
fncc lksn
lksnrr skhn
skhnhu
hu bnpn
bnpntt bf
bfpk
pkrln
rlnfi
fif.
f.
]nhnupuc bkjfifnc, iknbnnc fcf tfbni bnpnt skjlud skjpurcn bnc skrfcm injlud, skdulucmnc
bkcmnc tfpkcyn, tkrutnjn pnbn lnyf yncm bfskrtnf bkcmnc ikhujpudnc `t`t yncm cyntn ntnu
bfskrtnf pkcynift ckur`jusiuhnr.<;
Wr`mc`sfs bftkctuinc `hkd lklkrnpn anit`r utnjn bnc pkcucencm, nctnrn hnfc5
>. Bka
Bka`rjf
`rjftns
tns ync
yncmm tkr
tkrenb
enbff
<. Inpnc juhnf bfhniu
bfhniuinc.
inc. _k
_kjnifc
jnifc bbfcf
fcf bfhniu
bfhniuinc
inc sk
skjnifc
jnifc lnfi
?. @rncm tun pk
pkcbkrftn
cbkrftn.. Wkrnc `rncm tu
tunn sncmnt pkct
pkctfcm.
fcm. Ani
Anit`r-anit
t`r-anit`r
`r yncm bfpk
bfpkrhuinc
rhuinc nbnh
nbnhnd
nd
anit`r iksnlnrnc, iktkhntkcnc bnc pkcmkrtfnc.
 >6

LNL ?
HNW@\NC IN_[_

?.> Fbkctftns Wnsfkc

Fcfsfnh 5 Ly. NL
[sfn 5 >1 luhnc
Ekcfs Ikhnjfc 5 Hnif-Hnif
Wkikrennc 5-
Nhnjnt 5 Nmnj
Rncmmnh J\_ 5 >1 C`vkjlkr <7<7
C`.\J 5 ;>.<;.;=

?.< Ncnjcksfs
Ncnjcksfs
Ikhudnc [tnjn
Inif incnc bnc ifrf lkcmi`i

\fwnynt Wkcynift _kinrncm

Flu pnsf
pnsfkc
kc jk
jkcm
cmni
niuu ik
ikhn
hnfc
fcnc
nc lkc
lkctu
tuii pn
pnbn
bn ikb
ikbun
un pkrm
pkrmkhn
khncm
cmnc
nc inif
inif lnyf
lnyf cy
cynn sub
subnd
nd
bfnhnjf skeni pnsfkc hndfr. Lkctui ikbun inif bfintninc jkjlkcmi`i ik bnhnj. Wkrmkhncmnc
inif yncm lkcmi`i tkrsklut tfbni bfskrtnf lkcmini, cykrf iktfin bfskctud bnc ikjkrndnc. Ikbun
inif tfbni bnpnt bfhurusinc.

\fwnynt Ikdnjfhnc
 _khnjn dnjfh flu pnsfkc jkjkrfisnnc bfrf tkrntur bf lfbnc bnc jkhniuinc pkjkrfisnnc
[_M
[_M bf b`it
b`itkr
kr in
incb
cbucm
ucmnc
nc skln
sklncy
cyni
ni <x. _kh
_khnj
njnn dnjf
dnjfhh fl
fluu pnsfk
pnsfkcc bf
bfint
intni
ninc
nc tf
tfbni
bni pkrcn
pkrcndd
jkcmkhud snift bnc jkcmi`csujsf `lnt-`lntnc, bnc tkhnd jkhniuinc fjucfsnsf RR.
Wnsfkc jkhniuinc pkrsnhfcnc c`rjnh pnbn tncmmnh 2 Euhf <7>6 bkcmnc ujur ikdnjfhnc
?4-?6 jfcmmu, tfbni nbn rfwnynt iktulnc pkond bfcf. Wnsfkc hndfr bkcmnc lkrnt lnbnc ??;7 mrnj,
pncencm lnbnc ;7oj, hfcminr ikpnhn ?<oj, bnc hfcminr bnbn ??oj bkcmnc NWMN\ 4-6.

\fwnynt ikhunrmn

<7

Bfikhunrmn
Bfikhunrmn pnsfkc tfbni pkrcnd jkcmnhnjf ikhudnc yncm snjn skpkrtf pnsfkc. \fwnynt dfpkrtk
dfpkrtkcsf,
csf,
BJ, pkcynift enctucm, nhkrmf `lnt bnc jnincnc bfsncminh `hkd ikhunmn pnsfkc.

\fwnynt s`sfnh
Flu pnsfkc nbnhnd sk`rncm flu rujnd tncmmn

?.? Wkjkrfisnnc Afsfi

Iknb
Iknbnn
nncc [ju
juj
j 5 _nif
_niftt _kbn
_kbncm
cm
Iksnbnrnc 5 O`jp`s Jkctfs
Rkincnc Bnrnd 5-
Cnans 5 <2x/jkcft

Cnbf 5 44x/jkcft
_udu 5 ?1,=`O

_tntus Mkckrnhfs
Mkckrnhfs
Ikpnhn 5 Lkctui sfjktrfs
Jntn 5 nckjfs -/- ,fitkrus -/-
RDR 5 tfbni nbn skirkt/lnu/pkr
krbbnrn
rnddnc
Juhu
Juhutt 5 lf
lflf
lfrr tfbni
tfbni sfnc
sfnc`sf
`sfs,
s, tfbn
tfbnii nbn pfmj
pfmjkc
kctn
tnsf,
sf, jui`
jui`sn
sn tf
tfbni
bni pu
puon
ont.
t.
Rd`rnis5
F 5 _fjktrfs (+), bka`rjftns (-)
W 5 Q`onh arkjftus suhft bfcfhnf
W 5 _`c`r
N 5 Qksfiuhkr +/+, \d`cif -/-, ]dkkzfcm -/- , Jurjur (-)
Nlb`jkc5