Interconversion of homologous series !

"Hydrogenation" "Hydrogenation"
Ni/P+
+ H2 + H2 Ni/P+
°
T =
180 C °
T = 180 C I
I
CIC-
- C-
-
-

-c = C
e
-

↑
Alkyne Alkene
Alkane
Cn M2N-2 Inten
CnHan + 2
"Hydration"

"Denkedora
+ H2O
Ha PO4
°
300 C

60 atm

Alcohol
-
OH
Cn H2n + OH "Esterification"
concentrated H2SO4

4)
Oxidation Ester
+ [0]

kMnOp/H + CmH2m +, COUCH2n +1

KaCr20e/H
+

"H Hux" O
I
-
C-Om
carboxy
Acidic
CnH2N + COOH

-
-
On
Chemical Properties
Alkane Alkene Cattan
,
Cuten + 2 , Alcohol ,
Cuten+ carboxylic acid ,
Cuten + COOH
b) Hydration
-

very stable (single bond)

-
> %> alkane ( + H20) -
main : Ethanol ① Preparation =
Reflux
Catalyst :
HzPO4
-

fuel /uses) ethanol + 2[0] > ethanoic acid + H2O

&
- -

sootier flames combustion

°
-
-
T : 300 C

#H
He OH
-
P : 60 atm
① combustion
① H C C -OH + 2503 - + H20
combustion * alkene H20 > alcohol
② Fermentation of
- -

+
glucose
-

9) complete >
-
CO2 + Ho
HH H
9) complete >
-
CO2 + H2O
:
incomplete H20 2) Oxidation [O] obs
b)
glucose
>
-
CO +
b) incomplete > CO + H20 > 2SzHjOH + 2C02
(decolourises)
-
-

>
-
C + H20
>
-

Reagent : KMnox [gH 1206 ethanol ② Acidic properties

softst H2G
-

[0]+ alkane-n , m-diol

* alkene + > Ht
② substitution a) ethanoic acid => ethanoate
-

+
reaction Catalyst :
Zymase (yeast)
② Addition reactions T °
b) Carboxylic acid + metal > carboxylate salt + Hz
rayv (
-

a) Halogenation ( * UV
f) polymerisation) (n : 18-20 d
salt + H2O
# absence of oxygen c) Carboxylic acid + base >
carboxylate
Halogenalkane
-'In
-

- ,
°
>
Bethene 200 C
-

T :
+ A-B + + CO2 + H2G
P : (200 atm d) Carboxylic acid + COz2 --
> Carboxylate Salt

4) chlorination of methane A i HeO

③ Dehydration
v
* Oxygen -
alcohol > ester + H2O
e) Carboxylis acid + -

HC 9) Hydrogenation ( + H2)
CH4 + <12 T +
* esterification
Han H

fitn
M alcohol >
-
alkene + H2O
Catalyst : Nickel/Platinum
-
-

T 180 C
°

N 1 CnHIN+ IOH >

-
CnH2U + H2O

JCH2C2
- :

CH3C1 + 112 -
He = +
* alkene + H2 >
-
alkane -

Catalyst : < Porcelain chips

ii CONC . H2SO4

+in-haut i B CHy (H2 + H2 > CHz CHz

-
= -

4)
H
-
H
(polyethene) I
H +

*
H H

physical
Halogen (

state
b) Halogenation (+ -

-GH
-
-

Tetrachloromethane
* Brwater/tetrachloromethane 1
-
=> brown colour decolourises
ethanol >
-
ethene + H2O

>CH2-C
+
CH2 =
CH2 Br2 -

* Function of Br water & oxidation [s]

>
-

Reagent that test the presence of

alcohol IOS > carboxylic acid

gas
+

=>
-

4 (4
a carbon-carbon double bond in

organic molecules.
CnH2n + OH + [O] >
-

CuH2nt , COOH -

c) hydrohalogenation (thydrogen halide)

-

Reagent :
KMnO4

CH2 =
CH2 + HC) >
-
CH2-CH2
↓ '

4) propene + hydrogen bromide >

-
2-bromopropane
(major product)
4
(EGC
+H
-
H + H- Br -H * H

Hi itBr H
 .
4 butanol ,
C4HqOH
naming of esters
> Naming of alkene) 4 .
butyne C4HG
HH
,

HHHH <CmHam + COOCyH2n + &

H- C5 C<A
C-
1 . ethene, C2H4 1 +

C H
H C= C- C -
- -

3 4
21 I * bonded with C = acid
# H H H
butan-1-01 alcohol
3 i * bonded with 8
=

H c = H
but-1-yne
- -

4
C5H , 10H

#
.
5

=
pentanol ,

.
2 propene , C3HG C5Hg H H
5
. pentyne I + HH O-Culten+
Ham + (m
,
I
H C- OH
i H+
-
C- c C C - - -

HHi
- -
↓ 11 I I
H -H H HHH carboxy lic alcohol
H

I
-
H
I H-C = acid
H
↓ Hi pentan -
1-01
&

alkan + OIC
. butene C4Hg pent-1-yne root
+
↓
3

& namingof facid ChHentCo )

,
Alkanoid

# o
HHH
,
root +

H C= < naming of alcohol CuH2n +, OH)

(45
H
Methanoic acid , HCOOH
-

,
1

e
.

1 methanoic acid + Methanol > -

methyl methanoate
+ H2O

but-det
CHzOH
.

1 .
Methanol , -
HCOOH + HCOOCH
CHzOH
H-"-OH
3
H
↓ O H OH
1 I
double bond H -C-OH
ethanoic acid H-( f + &
Ho -
C -
H > H -" 0 - H + H2O
CHzCOOH
- - -

I .
2
H
,
H
.
4 Pentene , C5HIG H

2
. ethanol , CzH5OH -OH
H
H HHHH -H HH I .
2 Methanoic acid + ethanol >
-

ethyl methanoate
+ H2O
H
↓it in H -C-C-OH
ethan-1-oic acid
HCOOH +
CH5OH >
-

HCOOCHE
↑ H ⑧
# H
pent-1-ene HH O

3
. propanoic acid C2H5COOH H -" -OH
& + -
"

H-C-0--G-H
, Do -
C -
C -
H + He
1 I
> naming of alkyne) 3 Propanol [3H , OH
,
H H O
.

HH

1 .
ethyne ,
C2H2 # HH I H- - - -
OH
H-C-
3
(I C , OH 1
1 ( H H . ethanoic acid
3 + methanol > methyl ethanoate
H C = C- H
-

+ H2O
-

H H H
propan-1-oic acid
CHzCOOH +
CHzOH >
-

CHyCOOCHz
propan-1-01 O
Hi H
H O H
.
3 propyne C3H4 4. butanoic acid , C3H - COOH I I

&
C-c-0-4-H
! II
&
,
H C -
C-OH + HO- C-H > H
- -

& (
-
+ Ho
H
H H HO H H
I
H -
( = C- C -
H
-'2 1 1 H H H
H c-C-C-OH
H
-

I I I
H H H
butan-1-oic acid