GSS614 - GLS614 - CHAPTER 6 - Survey Guidelines and Planning

CHAPTER 6 :
Survey Guideline
and Planning
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 6 : SURVEY GUIDELINE AND PLANNING 7/4/2022 MOHD 1 MOHD SAID
SHAHMY
7/4/2022 1
LECTURE’S CONTENT
1. GENERAL HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY GUIDELINES
2. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY PLANNING
3. SBES : RUN LINE VS CROSS LINE
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 6 : SURVEY GUIDELINE AND PLANNING 7/4/2022 2 MOHD SAID
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GENERAL GUIDELINES
CHAPTER 6 : SURVEY GUIDELINE AND PLANNING
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SBES LINE LAYOUT
 Lines are designed to run normal to a slope
 Due to the limits of a single beam, slope details are
resolved better perpendicular
 Potential safety concern if the area to be mapped is in
very shallow water
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MBES LINE LAYOUT
 Line spacing is a function of swath coverage which is a
function of water depth
 Surveying parallel to contours allows line spacing to remain
the same
 Safer due to lateral swath coverage
 Less changing of sonar range setting
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COVERAGE : OVERLAP
• Swath coverage is a function of water depth, up to 7.4x water depth (150°)

• Line spacing is based on desired coverage density
• Average overlap between lines of 25% is considered suitable
• Overlap should not be less than 10%
• Excessive roll can affect swath coverage
• Vessel steering off line can affect swath coverage
• For equi-angle systems sounding density is increased
• Most error prone beams are mapped twice
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COVERAGE : OVERLAP
• Swath coverage is a function of water depth, up to 7.4x water depth (150°)

• Line spacing is based on desired coverage density
• Average overlap between lines of 25% is considered suitable
• Overlap should not be less than 10%
• Excessive roll can affect swath coverage
• Vessel steering off line can affect swath coverage
• For equi-angle systems sounding density is increased
• Most error prone beams are mapped twice
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TOO LITTLE OVERLAP
With too little overlap, excessive roll or bad steering can cause gaps between the lines.
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MBES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Requires knowledge of approximate depth
– Used to plan line spacing

– Unlike single beam surveys where line spacing is based on the scale of the
survey (say 1:1000), multibeam line spacing is based on swath coverage which
is a function of water depth
– If water is well mixed, then the deepest portion of the survey area is the place
where the sound velocity profile should be taken.
• Check water conditions.

– Is there any fresh or salt water entering survey area
– Is the survey in an area of different bottom types
• Determine whether there is vessel traffic in the survey area, if so is it general or

channel traffic.
• Hazards in the area: rocks, shallows, reefs
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MBES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• If the survey area has different water conditions, sound velocity profiles will need to
be taken in those areas, to correct for refraction.
• The bottom type determines the amount of reflected and absorbed energy.
– In a soft bottom, the parameters of the multibeam may need to be adjusted to
compensate for the higher degree of energy absorption
• In the case of different water types or different bottom types the survey should be
adjusted for these differences
– The survey should be designed so that all lines are within one type of
environment.
– The surveyor should be aware of where the conditions change and be prepared
to act on that.
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 6 : SURVEY GUIDELINE AND PLANNING 7/4/2022 MOHD 10MOHD SAID
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SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
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SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
• In shallow areas, single beam is limited to where the vessel can go
• With multibeam, the area covered is much wider than where the ship can go, so
that very shallow water can be surveyed safely
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SURVEY SPEED
• Noise due to Speed
– The first and foremost factor in determining the maximum speed of a survey is
how well the multibeam is installed and how much noise is generated at speed.
• Bottom Search Requirements

– The second factor is the desired bottom search specification for the survey. The
faster the vessel goes, the more distance is travelled, but the bottom search may
be reduced (inter-ping spacing increased) .
• Sonar Ping Rate

– Sonars that can ping fast mean that the required bottom search specification can
be reached at greater speeds
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RECORD KEEPING
Multibeam surveying is more complex than singlebeam surveying
• The surveyor collecting the data may not be the one that processes the data
• Possibly, years in the future, the data may need to be used
• All of the above, plus common sense, means that Proper Record Keeping is a MUST
• On the vessel a rough log should be maintained

– Start and stop time of survey line
– Line name
– Direction surveyed
– Speed
• The log should contain information about all sound velocity casts (time and position).
• Anything that may have influence on the data or the survey, itself, should be
recorded.
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ROUGH LOG VS SURVEY LOG
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SURVEY PLANNING
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HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING PRACTICE
1. Planning of the survey work base on specifications
 List of equipments
 List of personal
 Accuracy of surveys
 Number of line
 Direction of line
 Total distance
 When to mob and demob
 Duration
 Size of survey area
 Location of survey area
 Get the relevant information of the survey area
 Final scale
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 6 : SURVEY GUIDELINE AND PLANNING 7/4/2022 17MOHD SAID
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2. Final scale of drawing should be used to confirmed
(if not stated)
 Line interval (10 mm on the drawing)
 Fix interval (5-7 mm on the drawing)
 Offline within 20% - 30% of the line interval
3. Collect all relevant information of the survey area

 List of BMs
 List of CPs
 Topo map of the area
 Any record on CD or TBM or control point
 Previous survey record, data or plan
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 Site visit to identify
 the best location for tide gauge installation
 control point monuments
 nearest BM or other control point
 any jetty in vicinity
 any boat for rental
 rental rates
 owner and contact number
 boat size
 general condition of survey area.
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4. Horizontal control point
 Method to be used
 GPS static mode
 DGPS
 traversing
 intersection
 resection
 Acceptable accuracy
 Selection of control point
 Datum or reference point
 Number of control
 Monuments
 Equipment
 Coordinates transformation program
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5. Vertical control point
 Selection of control point
 Reference BM or TBM
 Tide gauge or tide pole location
 Acceptable accuracy
 Leveling method
 Equipment
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6. Tide gauge installation
Selection of site
Tide gauge types
Method of installation
Personnel
Observation interval 10 – 15 min
Duration
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7. Survey boat
Owner and contact number
Rate per day
Helmsman
Watchman at night
Size acceptable
Installation of equipment
Permit
Safety gears
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8. Positioning fixing
Method of fixing
• DGPS
• EPF
• Acoustic
• Optical
Accuracy (+/- 2 meters)
List of equipments
List of transformation parameters
Final working coordinate system
 UTM
 MRSO
 BRSO
 Cassini
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9. Depth measurement
Use echo sounder
Bar check calibration
Installation gears/accessories
Type of echo sounder
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10. Sounding
Generate sounding line (SOL and EOL coordinates)
Generate crosslines (SOL and EOL coordinates)
Line and fix interval
Speed of survey boat (4 – 7 knot)
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The Principles of SOUNDING
These slides describe the general requirements and basic methods
that can be employed for manual in sounding operations.
PLANNING LINES OF SOUNDING

Sounding is the primary method by which the topography of the
seabed is determined.
It involves running along pre-determined tracks using an echo
sounder to continuously measure depth.
Position fixes are taken at regular intervals. Subsequently, the depths
obtained from the echo sounder can be related to the track followed
and a measured depth superimposed upon it.
Before commencing depth sounding operations, hydrographers must
decide on a plan. This plan must satisfy two basic requirements:
 It must provide for the delineation of the topography of the seabed in

the most economical and expedient manner.
 When it has been completed it must ensure that there is very little
possibility that dangers to navigation will have been overlooked.
MOHD SHAHMY
SCALE OF SURVEY
In general the scale on which the survey is conducted is dictated by
a combination of the nature of the bottom, the general depth, and the
complexity of the area.
LINE SPACING
Planned lines of sounding must cover the seabed in a precise

manner.
They should therefore be straight or nearly straight and evenly
spaced.
The accepted spacing interval in the RAN for lines of sounding is
5mm on paper. The internationally accepted minimum is 10mm.
MOHD SHAHMY
DIRECTION OF LINES
The direction of sounding lines should aim to satisfy the following

criteria. Lines should be run:
 at right angles to contours, and
 at right angles to coastlines.
However these may conflict with:
 the best direction for Side Scan Sonar,
 other sounding requirements, and
 navigational safety.
The above are guidelines, not rigid rules. It may be necessary to
compromise over conflicting requirements, for example, running lines
parallel to contours for boat's safety.
FIXING INTERVAL
Generally the fixing interval should be as short as possible and the

boat's speed as fast as possible, so long as it does not exceed the limits
of carefulness.
Manually plotted fixes should be spaced between 10-25mm apart on the
fix plot.
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MOHD SHAHMY
Crosslines
 Crosslines are lines of soundings run at an angle (generally about 90°) to
the normal lines in a sounding plan at intervals of 20 times the line spacing
of the main line soundings.
 They should normally be run first.
 Crosslines are run for the following reasons:
• to provide a check against work which has already
been carried out
• to delineate a contour line accurately, where for
some reason the normal lines fail to do this
11. DGPS integrity check

Establishment of check point
Near edge of alongside jetty
Check at SOD
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12. Datum for sounding
Selection of datum
Datum transfer
Tidal observation
Relationship between LSD and Chart Datum
13. Navigation software

Selection of navigation software
Geodetic parameter
Cables
Port set up
System configuration
Accessories
Manuals
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14. Other surveys
Current metering
Tidal analysis
Soil sampling
Water sampling
Wave observations
List of equipment
List of personnel
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15. Logistic
Accommodation and foods
Charging the batteries
Safety of the equipment/store
Transportations
Crew change
Communication device (hand phone, walkie-talkie)
Permit and documents
Safety gears
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16. Processing
Reduced sounding
Track plot
Bathymetric plan
Title block
Report
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Survey Area.
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Location of current meters and water level measurements.
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Location of grab samplings.
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SBES:
SOUNDING LINE VS
CROSS LINE
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Sounding /Run Line vs Cross Line
- Plan Sounding line direction and
line spacing (IHO standard)
- Should 90° of expected contour.
Reason: not to miss shoals
- Line spacing at 10mm of the final
scale if not stated by client
- Fix interval at 4-7mm of the final
scale: generally 5mm
40
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Run Line vs Cross Line
L1 L2 L3 L4
Land ( coast line)
10m 15m 25m

Shoal 10m 20m
Sea
5m
Sounding lines parallel to coast line
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L1
L2
L3
Seabed Cross-sections
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L1
Land ( coast line )
Shoal
10m 15m 25m L2
10m 20m
Sea
5m L3
L4
Sounding lines normal to coast line
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L1
Land ( coast line )
Shoal
L2
L3
Seabed Cross-sections
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• Line spacing at 10mm of the final scale if
not stated by client
• Fix interval at 4-7mm of the final scale:
generally 5mm
Question 1:
• Determine line spacing and fix interval if
the final scale is 1: 2500
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• Cross line is used to check the sounding

quality
• Cross line should be 90° of the sounding
line direction
• Cross line spacing should be 3 or 5 or 10
times of the sounding line spacing.
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Question 2:
A single-beam echo sounder is proposed for bathymetry survey work.

Survey area is 2 km to seaward and 4 km along the coast. The final
scale is 1:2000. According to the International Hydrographic Organization
Standard (IHO), identify and calculate the following specifications if
survey speed is 5 knots and turning distance is 10% of the total run line
distance.
Calculate :
1. Line direction
2. Line spacing
3. Fix interval
4. Number of sounding line
5. Total distance sounding line if the cross line is 5 times of sounding line spacing
6. Number of hours required for sounding
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4 KM
2 KM
COASTLINE
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ANSWER Q2
1. LINE DIRECTION 3. FIX INTERVAL
Sounding Line – Perpendicular to Coastline IHO Guideline = 5 mm

Crossline – Seaward direction
1 = 5 mm
2. LINE SPACING 2000 Dist On Ground
IHO Guideline = 10mm Dist on Ground = 2000 X 5mm = 10000mm

Plan scale = 1:2000
1 = Dist On Plan 4. NUMBER OF SOUNDING LINE

2000 = Dist On Ground
Along the Coast Distance / Line spacing + 1
1 = 10mm
2000 = Dist On Ground = 4000 meter / 20 = 200 + 1 = 201 Lines
Dist G = 2000 X 10mm
Dist G = 20000 mm = 20 M
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ANSWER Q2
5. TOTAL SOUNDING DISTANCE
= SOUNDING DISTANCE + CROSS LINE DISTANCE + TURNING ALLOWANCE DISTANCE TOTAL SOUNDING
DISTANCE
Sounding Distance,
= 402 + 84 + 48.6
201 Lines X 2 KM ( Seaward Length) = 402 Km
= 534.6 KM
Cross Line Distance,
Cross line spacing = 5 times of sounding line spacing = 20 X 5 = 100m
Number of cross line = Seaward length / cross line spacing = 2000 / 100 = 20 lines + 1
Cross line distance = 21 Lines x 4 KM (Sounding Lines Length) = 84km
Total Sounding Distance = Sounding Distance + Cross Line Distance = 402 + 84 = 486 KM
Turning Allowance, 10% x 486 km = 48.6 km
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ANSWER Q2
5. NUMBERS OF HOURS REQUIRED FOR SOUNDING
1 Knot = 1.852 km/h
5 Knots = 5 X 1.852 km/h = 9.26 KM/H
Number of Hours = Total Sounding Distance / Speed

= 534.6 KM / 9.26 KM/H
= 57.73 Hours
~ 58 Hours
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• Spot any line that contains error
Intersection of
lines
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What items to check when sounding does
not agreed at the intersection point:
• Time of computer and tide observation
• Offset of various equipment onboard
• Datum for reduction
• Geodetic and projection parameters
• Tidal data
• Zero gauge and zero datum are not the same
• Sounding reduction process
• Bar check/ s.o.s
• Draft
• Heave compensator application??
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25% overlap: 150% coverage
25% overlap
L = (D) - (25%)(D)
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7/4/2022 54
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?
SEE YOU AGAIN

LATER
NEXT SEMESTER?
55
SHAHMY
7/4/2022 55

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CHAPTER 6 :

2. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY PLANNING

3. SBES : RUN LINE VS CROSS LINE

• Swath coverage is a function of water depth, up to 7.4x water depth (150°)

• Swath coverage is a function of water depth, up to 7.4x water depth (150°)

• Requires knowledge of approximate depth

– Used to plan line spacing

• Check water conditions.

• Determine whether there is vessel traffic in the survey area, if so is it general or

• Hazards in the area: rocks, shallows, reefs

• In shallow areas, single beam is limited to where the vessel can go

• Bottom Search Requirements

• Sonar Ping Rate

• Possibly, years in the future, the data may need to be used

• On the vessel a rough log should be maintained

3. Collect all relevant information of the survey area

PLANNING LINES OF SOUNDING

 It must provide for the delineation of the topography of the seabed in

Planned lines of sounding must cover the seabed in a precise

The direction of sounding lines should aim to satisfy the following

Generally the fixing interval should be as short as possible and the

11. DGPS integrity check

13. Navigation software

Land ( coast line)

10m 15m 25m

Sounding lines parallel to coast line

Sounding lines normal to coast line

• Cross line is used to check the sounding

A single-beam echo sounder is proposed for bathymetry survey work.

Sounding Line – Perpendicular to Coastline IHO Guideline = 5 mm

IHO Guideline = 10mm Dist on Ground = 2000 X 5mm = 10000mm

1 = Dist On Plan 4. NUMBER OF SOUNDING LINE

Dist G = 2000 X 10mm

Cross line spacing = 5 times of sounding line spacing = 20 X 5 = 100m

Cross line distance = 21 Lines x 4 KM (Sounding Lines Length) = 84km

Turning Allowance, 10% x 486 km = 48.6 km

1 Knot = 1.852 km/h

5 Knots = 5 X 1.852 km/h = 9.26 KM/H

Number of Hours = Total Sounding Distance / Speed

SEE YOU AGAIN

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