Name: __________________________

CHEMISTRY 20
UNIT 3 : SOLUTIONS
Lessons 14 - 20

1
 Pre-Solutions Review
1. Complete the following classification chart for matter, then give two examples for each:

Matter

Pure
Substances

Homogeneous
Elements Mixtures

Examples: _________ _________ Air _________

_________ Water _________ _________
Sulphur _________ _________ Gravel

2. In this unit you will work with many different solutions. What should you do immediately if some solution spilled on your
hand? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Solutions and Mixtures

3. Define the following terms. Include an example.
a. Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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b. Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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c. Solute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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d. Homogeneous mixture
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e. Heterogeneous mixture
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f. Electrolyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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g. Non-electrolyte
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2
 h. Aqueous solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4. Classify the following mixtures as homogeneous (HOM) or heterogeneous (HET). Justify your answers.

a. Fresh-squeezed OJ e. A rain cloud

b. White vinegar f. A box of Raisin Bran
c. An old lead water pipe g. A dirty puddle
d. Humid air h. An ancient Greek bronze spear

5. Which of the following substances are solutions?

a. Milk d. Exhaust filled air

b. Pop e. Silt filled water
c. Pure water f. Rainwater

6. Complete the chart below.

Solution Solute Solvent
Orange Juice Orange crystals or Concentrate Water
CO2 in air
Coffee
Bronze metal
Iodine tincture (antiseptic)
The Ocean

7. What is the universal solvent? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Explain what the following subscripts represent: NH3(aq) I2(alc)

9. Classify each compound as an electrolyte (EL) or non-electrolyte (NE).

a. sodium fluoride (in toothpaste) c. calcium chloride (a road salt)

b. sucrose (table sugar) d. ethanol (in wine)

10. Acids are molecular but they still conduct electricity. When and why do acids conduct electricity?
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11. Electrolytes are lost during physical activity and in hot weather through sweating. The body sweats in order to keep cool
(evaporation of the water from the surface of the skin results in net heat loss). Sweating removes not only water, but the
substances dissolved in the water, such as salts and other electrolytes, that are small enough to pass across the cell
membranes and out the pores. We replace lost electrolytes by eating and drinking. Athletes often choose to consume
electrolyte-rich energy drinks after heavy exercise to replace lost electrolytes quickly. By Canadian law, the ingredients of a
food item are required to be placed on the label of processed food in order of decreasing quantity.

Ingredients: water, dextrose, citric acid,

salt, sodium citrate, natural and artificial
flavours, monopotassium phosphate,

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 a. Classify each ingredient as electrolyte (EL) or non-electrolyte (NE).

b. How does the number and quantity of EL and NE compare?

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c. Which ingredients contain sodium ions? Potassium ions? Are there more sodium or potassium ions in the drink? . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Lesson 14: Explaining Solutions

12. List some properties that could be used to construct diagnostic tests to identify the type of solute in each of the following
solutions.
a. An aqueous solution of a molecular substance.
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b. An aqueous solution of a neutral ionic compound.

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c. An aqueous solution of an acid.

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d. An aqueous solution of a base.

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13. Define the following terms. Make sure you can distinguish the difference between them! (Hint: See page 198.)

a. Dissolving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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b. Dissociation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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c. Ionization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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d. Endothermic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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e. Exothermic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14. Suppose you place a sugar cube (sucrose) and a lump of salt (sodium chloride) into separate glasses of water. How is the
dissolving process similar / different for both solutes?
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4
15. Each of the following pure substances is placed in a water environment. For each mixture, state what process will occur when
placed in water (Dissolving/dissociating/ionizing – don’t forget your solubility table!)

a. ammonia b. silver sulphate c. aluminium

d. hydrogen chloride e. sodium tetraborate (borax) f. magnesium phosphate

g. barium hydroxide h. propane i. hydrogen nitrate

Why are chemists so good at solving problems? They have all the solutions!!

Ionization / Dissociation & Dissolving Equations

16. Write and balance the ionization, dissociation or dissociation equations where applicable, when each of the following
substances are added to distilled water. Don’t forget to indicate which type of reaction with water is occurring! (Check your
solubility table! In some cases, nothing will happen!)

a. hydrofluoric acid
h. hydrosulfuric acid

i. calcium sulphite

b. calcium nitrate

j. barium nitrate

c. iron (III) iodide

k. copper (II) chloride

d. ammonium acetate

l. copper (I) chloride

e. nitric acid

m. lactose (C12H22O11(s))

f. lithium bicarbonate

n. potassium permanganate

g. acetone (C3H6O(l)) o. strontium acetate

p. aluminum nitrate
5
 Lesson 15 - Solubility
17. Define the following terms. Include an example.

a. Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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b. Miscible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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c. Solute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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d. Unsaturated solution
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e. Saturated solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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f. Supersaturated solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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g. Dynamic equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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18. How do the following factors affect the solubility of a solute in solution?

a. Polarity (of solute /

solvent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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b. Temperature of solution (solid

solute). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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c. Temperature of solution (gas

solute). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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d. Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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e. Agitation
(stirring) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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19. Solubility also plays a role in flavour development of cooking food. Vegetables like beans and broccoli taste best when
cooked in water, but other vegetables like asparagus and garlic best retain their flavour when cooked in fat or oil. Based on
this information, classify the solubility and describe the molecular nature of the flavour molecules in each of these
foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Solubility Curves
Use the following graph to answer the questions #24 – 35 about the specific solubility of gases & solids in water below.

SOLIDS
20. What is the solubility of ammonium chloride at 88oC? What is the solubility of sodium nitrate at 20oC?

21. Which solid has the greatest solubility in water at 20oC? Which substance has the lowest solubility in water at 0oC?

22. What quantity of potassium chloride can be dissociated in 250g of water at 90oC?

23. A potassium nitrate solution contains 21 grams of solute and 100g of water at 35oC. Is the solution saturated? Explain.
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A sodium sulphate solution contains 58g of solute and 100g of water at 42 oC. Is the solution saturated? Explain what you
would see in a test tube of this solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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24. Which class of solids is represented in this graph? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25. Write the dissociation equation for the solid that has a solubility of 48g/100g water at 40oC.

26. A substance shows a solubility of 7.2g in 20mL of water. What is its solubility in 100mL of water?

27. The solubility of aluminium fluoride is 0.559 g/100mL water at 25oC.

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 a. Is it possible to dissolve 3.0g of solid to make 500 mL of solution at 25oC? Show your calculations.

b. What are two alternatives in order to dissolve 3.0 g of aluminum fluoride?

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28. A nichrome wire is dipped into a solution of one of the solids represented on the graph. The resulting flame colour is violet.
Based on the graph, which substances might this be? (See PT for ion flame colours.)
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29. What is the reasoning behind the trend of the solubility of solids versus temperature? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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30. What is implied regarding low solubility ionic compounds in water? Why do they have low solubility? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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31. Based on the graph, which substances show a direct relationship between their solubility in water as temperature increases?

32. Honey is the only food substance in the world that never spoils or rots. It does, however, crystallize over time. Explain the
best method to de-crystallize a jar of
honey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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LIQUIDS
33. Classify the following liquids as miscible or immiscible in water:

 gasoline  ethanol
 vinegar  cooking oil

GASES
34. Explain why gases (most are non-polar) have greater solubility at colder temperatures.
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35. A glass of cold water left sitting on a counter at room temperature usually develops many small gas bubbles on the inside of
the glass. Describe what is likely
happening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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36. Bottled soft drinks contain high levels of dissolved CO 2(g) (carbonation). Describe two methods used in bottling plants, to
ensure saturated soft drinks.
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37. From the list given below, circle those substances that have good solubility in water and highlight those that have good
solubility in tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4):

Cl2(g) CH3OH(l) C6H14(l) NH3(g) Br2(g)

8
 Lesson 16 – Qualitative Analysis
Ion Colors
1. What color would a solution be if it contained the following species:
a. dichromate ion
b. nickel (II) ion
c. potassium chromate
d. copper (I) nitrate
e. iron (III) dichromate
f. chromium (II) nitrate mixed with cobalt (II) nitrate

2. What ions could be present in the following solutions given their colors assuming one colored ion is present:
a. Purple
b. Red
c. Pink
d. Green
e. Orange

Selective Precipitation Thought Lab

Introduction.
Knowledge of precipitation reactions allows us to use the technique of selective precipitation to separate and identify mixtures
of ions. (NOTE: please use the solubility table in the textbook for this activity.)

Example. We have a solution that contains the following cations:

Ag+ / Cu2+ / Mg2+

We wish to isolate each ion by causing them to precipitate out of solution, one at a time. Once a solid precipitate forms, we can
filter the solid precipitate out, leaving the other ions still in solution. We are given the following solutions to use.

Na2S / NaCl / NaOH

The trick is figuring out which order we add the solutions to the cation mixture so that you achieve ONE AND ONLY ONE
precipitate with the first addition. This will remove one of the cations from the solution, and then you continue until all the
cations are isolated from each other.

To help determine the order, create a chart to show which cations will precipitate with which anion (solution).

Anions In this case, we would add, in order:

+ 2+ 2+
(Solutions) / Ag Cu Mg
Cations I. NaCl to precipitate out the Ag + ions. Filter out the
precipitate to leave only the Cu 2+ and Mg2+ ions in
S2 – ( Na2S ) ppt ppt NONE solution.

Cl – ( NaCl ) ppt NONE NONE II. Na2S to precipitate out the Cu2+ ions. Filter out the
precipitate to leave only the Mg2+ ions in solution.

9 III. NaOH to precipitate out the Mg2+ ions. Filter.

OH – ( NaOH ) ppt ppt ppt

10
Problem. You are required to separate the cations from a mixture containing the following solutions:

Ba(NO3)2 / Mg(NO3)2 / AgNO3

You are provided with the following solutions which you may use to selectively precipitate the above cations.

K2SO4 / K2S / KOH

38. In what order should we add the separate solutions in order to remove the cations by selective precipitation?
Design a procedure to selectively precipitate the cations.

39. List the materials that will be needed to perform this

experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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40. What, if anything, would still remain in solution at the end of the experiment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Flame Test
1. What flame color would be seen if the following species were combusted on a Bunsen burner:
a. copper
b. potassium
c. calcium

2. What metals could be present in the following flame colors were observed during combusting:
a. Blue-White
b. Red
c. Yellow

11
Combined Analysis
1. A student performed a series of precipitation reactions, flame tests and observations of solution colour tests
on a solution known to contain 2 metal ions. The identity of the metals is unknown. Use the data collected
by the student in Table 1 and your periodic table to answer the questions below.

Table 1: Observations from 5 tests on a Observation

solution of 2 unknown metal ions Test
The solution is colourless.
Solution colour

A white precipitate is initially produced. After

Effect of adding NaOH(aq) to solution and filtering the product, the filtrate is colourless.
filtering the products

The flame color is blue green.

Flame test on precipitate from test 2

A second white precipitate is produced. The

Effect of adding Na2SO4(aq) to the filtrate filtrate is again colourless.
from test 2 and filtering again.

The flame colour is red.

Flame test on precipitate from test 4

a. List all the possible ions that give a blue green flame test and a white precipitate in the presence of
hydroxide ions.

b. List all the possible cations that give a red flame test and white precipitate in the presence of sulfate
ions.

c. In the experiment above, if all traces of the 2 metal cations are removed from the solution at test 4,
what might the flame colour be when a sample of the solution is tested? Explain your prediction.

2. Write predictions for what you would observe if you used solution colour and precipitation reaction tests to
identify the metal ion(s) in the following unknown solutions. Indicate at least 2 solutions you would add to
get a positive precipitation test.
a. Solution 1: contains Na+(aq) only
b. Solution 2: contains Cu2+(aq) only
c. Solution 3: contains Na+(aq) and Ag+(aq)
d. Solution 4: contains Cu2+(aq) and Ag+(aq)

12
 Lesson 17 - Net Ionic Equations
For each of the following reactions, show all three types of reaction equations (complete chemical equation,
dissociated ionic equation with crossed off spectator ions, and overall net ionic equation).
Treat any acid/base reactions as double replacement reactions.

41. A solution of lead (II) nitrate reacts with a sodium iodide solution.

42. A solution of nickel (II) chloride is added to a beaker containing sodium carbonate solution.

43. Nitric acid reacts with a sodium hydroxide solution.

44. A barium hydroxide solution is completely neutralized by sulphuric acid.

45. A piece of aluminum is placed in a flask containing hydroiodic acid.

46. A sodium bromide solution is added to a beaker containing aqueous chlorine.

47. Acetic acid is added to a beaker containing a potassium hydroxide solution.

48. A zinc strip is dipped into an aqueous solution of silver nitrate.

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49. Chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium iodide.

50. An iron nail is dropped into a beaker of sulphuric acid.

51. When a can of pop is opened, the pressure is released, and aqueous carbonic acid begins to decompose into carbon dioxide
gas and water. (FYI in your body, most of the CO 2 that is a cellular waste product and will be eventually exhaled out your lungs
is carried as carbonic acid in your blood stream, using this very same reaction. Why would it be a bad idea to have acidic
blood? How does the body fix this problem? Keep these questions in mind for our next unit!!)

52. In a water treatment plant hard water is softened by adding sodium phosphate to remove calcium ions.

Lesson 18 - Concentration of a Solution

Show all work, including units and correct significant digits.

53. What is the concentration of the following solutions?

a. 1.50 mol of copper (II) sulphate dissolved in 2.00 L of solution. (0.750 mol/L)

b. 0.240 mol of sodium carbonate dissolved in 480 mL of solution. (0.500 mol/L)

c. 0.210 mol of iron (II) sulphate dissolved in 8.40 x 102 mL of solution. (0.250 mol/L)

54. Find the number of moles of solute in the following solutions:

a. 1.00 x 102 mL of 0.660 mol/L sodium bicarbonate solution. (0.0660 mol)

b. 2.00 L of 0.100 mol/L sodium phosphate solution. (0.200 mol)

c. 500.0 mL of 0.242 mol/L potassium sulphate solution. (0.121 mol)

14
55. What is the volume of solution that contains the given number of moles of solute, with the given concentration?
a. 1.20 mol of lithium phosphate in 0.0750 mol/L solution. (16.0 L)

b. 0.300 mol of hydrogen chloride in 0.600 mol/L solution (hydrochloric acid). (0.500 L)

c. 3.60 mol of sodium hydroxide in 0.100 mol/L solution. (36.0 L)

56. Cow’s milk contains 4.5 g of lactose per 100 mL of milk (4.5% W/V). What mass of lactose is present in 250 mL (one glass) of
milk? (11 g)

57. A 10% W/V salt solution is used for making pickles. What mass of salt is present in 750 mL of this solution? (75 g)

58. A 250 mL measuring cup of cleaning solution contains 1.2 mol of dissolved ammonia. What is the molar concentration of this
solution? (4.8 mol/L)

59. Fish require a concentration of about 4.5 mg/L (4.5 ppm) of dissolved oxygen in water. What volume of water would contain
100 mg of oxygen? (22 L)

60. What volume of concentrated, 14.6 mol/L, phosphoric acid would contain 2.00 mol of solute? (0.137 L)

What do you call a tooth sitting in a glass of water? A one molar solution!
61. Hard water contains at least 120 ppm of dissolved minerals. If 2.0 L of hard water in a kettle is boiled to dryness, what mass of
minerals would be obtained? (0.24 g)

62. What amount of table salt is needed to prepare 12.0 L of a 5.20 mol/L solution? (62.4 mol)

63. What is the concentration in ppm of selenium if 1.3 milligrams is found in 2,500 kg of soil? (5.2x10-4 ppm)

64. What is the concentration of HNO3(aq) if 2.3x10-3 moles is found to be in 56 mL of water? (0.041 mol/L)

65. Seawater contains approximately 0.055 mol/L of magnesium chloride. Determine the chemical amount (moles) of magnesium
chloride present in 75 L of seawater. (4.1 mol)

66. Acid rain may have 355 ppm of dissolved carbon dioxide.
a. What mass of carbon dioxide is present in 1.00L of acid rain? (355 mg)

15
 b. Calculate the molar concentration of carbon dioxide in the acid rain sample. (8.07x10-3 mol/L)

67. A bottle of wine has 72.0 mL of ethanol in a 750 mL bottle.

a. What is the concentration in %V/V? (9.60% V/V)

b. If the density of pure alcohol is 0.789 g/mL, what is the %W/V? (7.57% W/V)

c. Calculate the concentration in g/L. (75.7 g/L)

d. What is the concentration in mol/L? (1.64 mol/L)

68. The concentration of acetic acid in a sample of vinegar is determined to be 0.878 mol/L. If the density of acetic acid is 1.045
g/mL calculate the volume percent of acetic acid in the vinegar sample. (5.05%)

Lesson 19-Concentration of a Ions within a Solution

For the following five questions, write the dissociation equation, and calculate the concentration of each ion present.

69. 0.090 mol/L sodium phosphate tile cleaner. (0.27 mol/L; 0.90 mol/L)

70. 0.0143 mol/L sodium hydrogen carbonate eyewash solution. (0.0143mol/L)

71. 0.00135 mol/L calcium hydroxide solution in a water treatment plant. (0.00135 mol/L; 0.00270 mol/L)

72. A fence preservative solution prepared by dissolving 800 g of zinc chloride in enough water to make 4.50 L of solution. (1.305
mol/L; 1.31 mol/L; 2.61 mol/L)

73. A solution formed by dissolving 7.50 mg of Al 2(SO4)3 in each 1.00 L of water processed by a water treatment plant. (4.38x10-5
mol/L; 6.58x10-5 mol/L)

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 For the following four questions, write the dissociation equation, and calculate the
concentration of dissolved ionic compound necessary to give the stated ion concentrations.

74. sodium carbonate to give 0.500 mol/L sodium ion solution. (0.250 mol/L)

75. ammonium sulfate to give 1.20 mol/L ammonium ion concentration. (0.600 mol/L)

76. potassium dichromate to give 1.35 mol/L potassium ion concentration. (0.675 mol/L)

77. What is the lithium ion concentration for a 0.545 mol/L solution of lithium borate. (1.64 mol/L)

78. What mass of calcium chloride is required to prepare 2.000 L of 0.120 mol/L chloride ions? (13.3 g)

Prepare a Solution of Specific Molar Concentration

79. If 3.42 g of solid Ba(OH)2 is dissolved in water to make 500 mL of solution, what is the concentration of the final solution?
(0.0399 mol/L)

80. What mass of copper (II) nitrate will be required to prepare 10.0 L of 0.100 mol/L solution? (188 g)

81. What is the volume of water required to prepare a solution that contains 12.62 g of calcium hydrogen carbonate in a 1.28
mol/L solution? (60.8 mL)

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82. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution made by dissociating 20.0 g of sodium hydroxide to make 300 mL of solution.
(1.67 mol/L)

83. What is the concentration of a solution prepared with 176.2 g of iron (III) sulfite and 1.42 L of water? (0.353 mol/L)

84. What mass of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is present in 120 mL of a 0.100 mol/L solution? (2.96 g)

85. What volume of 0.400 mol/L solution may be prepared from 83.0g of solid potassium iodide? (1.25 L)

86. What mass of solute is needed to produce 136 g of a 14.2% W/W LiNO3(aq) solution? (19.3 g)

MORE Solution Stoichiometry

1. What is the molar concentration of a KOH (aq) solution if 12.8 mL of this solution is required to react with 25.0 mL of 0.110 mol/L H 2SO4(aq)?
(0.430 mol/L)

2. What volume of 0.125 mol/L NaOH(aq) is required to react completely with 15.0 mL of 0.100 mol./L Al2(SO4)3(aq)? (0.0720 L)

3. If 300 mL of a 0.02 mol/L silver nitrate solution were added to an excess of sodium chloride solution, calculate the mass of any precipitate
that would form. (0.9 g)

4. In a chemical analysis, a 10.0 mL sample of H 3PO4(aq) was reacted with 18.2 mL of 0.259 mol/L NaOH (aq). Calculate the molar concentration
of the phosphoric acid. (0.157 mol/L)

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5. The concentration of magnesium ions (assume magnesium chloride) in seawater was analyzed and found to be 50.0 mmol/L. What
volume of 0.200 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution would be needed in an industrial process to precipitate all the magnesium ions from
1.00 ML of seawater? (500 kL)

6. 15.0 g of sodium oxide was added to water to produce sodium hydroxide. If the final volume of solution was 350 mL, calculate the sodium
hydroxide concentration in mol/L. (1.38 mol/L)

7. Consider the following unbalanced equation: ___ Ca(OH)2(aq) + ___ HCl(aq)  ___ CaCl2(aq) + ___ H2O(l)

a) What type of chemical reaction is taking place? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

b) Write the net ionic equation for this reaction (remember modified Arrhenius!)

c) How many liters of 0.100 M HCl(aq) would be required to react completely with 5.00 grams of calcium hydroxide? (135 L)

Dilution Formula:

Lesson 20- Dilution of a Solution

87. A student needs 100 mL of a 0.200 mol/L solution of copper (II) chloride. There is a stock solution that is 1.50 mol/L. How can
the student use this stock solution to make the required solution? Make the calculation, and then outline the procedure,
including equipment, that the student would use. (13.3 mL)

88. Household ammonia (0.70 mol/L) must be diluted to clean golf clubs. What volume of household ammonia is required to
prepare 250 mL of 0.14 mol/L solution? (50 mL)

89. What volume of a 500 ppm reagent is required to prepare a 2.5 L solution with a 100 ppm concentration? (0.50 L)

90. In chemical analysis, a 25.0 mL sample was diluted to 500.0 mL and analyzed. If the diluted solution had a molar concentration
of 0.108 mol/L, what was the molar concentration of the original sample? (2.16 mol/L)

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91. If 750 mL of 0.50 mol/L sodium chloride solution is left uncovered on a windowsill and 150 mL of the solvent evaporates, what
will the new concentration of the sodium chloride solution be? (0.63mol/L)

92. 340 mL of a 1.50 mol/L sugar solution is boiled until the concentration of the solution is 2.50 mol/L. What volume of water
must have been lost while boiling? (136 mL)

93. Radiator antifreeze (ethylene glycol) is diluted with an appropriate quantity of water to prevent freezing in an car radiator. A
4.00 L container of 94% V/V solution is diluted to 9.00 L. What is the final concentration? (42% V/V)

94. Research question: For many years the adage “The Solution to Pollution is Dilution!” described the views of some
individuals, industries, and governments. They did not realize at that time that chemicals, diluted by water or air, could build
up and become concentrated in another system later on.

a. What is biomagnification? Describe briefly using a specific chemical or species

example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................................................................
.................................

b. What implication does this effect have for the introduction of new
technologies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................

Solutions Review Self-Test

1. What is the most common solvent in everyday life? a) 2.12 M c) 10.0 M
b) 0.36 M d) 0.60 M
a) Nitrogen c) Water
b) Ethanol d) Carbon based chemicals 6. When the half of the water in a 1.0 M solution of sucrose is
boiled off, what happens to the concentration of sucrose?
2. What is the minor component of a solution called?
a) Doubles c) Halves
a) Electrolyte c) Ether b) Triples d) None of the above
b) Solvent d) Solute
7. Why is it essential that the denominator for the mass percent
3. When two liquids mix they are said to be calculation must be the total mass of the solution?

a) Missable c) Solvable a) It is not essential

b) Miscible d) Insolvable b) Because the solute is the minor component
c) Because the solvent is the major component
4. What does it mean when a solution is supersaturated? d) So that the percentage of a solute is never > 100%

a) Too much solute (no more will dissolve) 8. What is the % by mass concentration of NaHCO 3 that has 20.0
b) Not enough solute (more can still dissolve) grams of solute in 600 mL of water?
c) Just enough solute (no more will dissolve)
d) None of the above a) 3.23% c) 3.45%
b) 3.33% d) 4.00%
5. What is the molarity of a solution prepared from 10.0 g NaCl
with a final solution volume of 286 mL? 9. Which of the following observations indicates that the
mixture you possess is not a solution?
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 a) It is coloured. I’m running out of chemistry jokes …
b) It conducts electricity. If you zinc of any, will you let me know?
c) It has a taste different than the solvent.
d) It is opaque due to the presence of barely visible
particles.

10. What is the percent by volume of ethanol that contains 35.0

mL of solute dissolved in 115 mL of water?

a) 13.3% c) 30.6%
b) 23.3% d) 48.0%

11. If you have 100 mL of a 30% V/V ethanol solution, what

volume of ethanol do you have?

a) 30 mL c) 100 mL
b) 70 mL d) None of the above

12. Scuba divers who ascend too quickly experience a paralyzing

disorder known as the “bends”. Given that the divers breathe
a mixture of O2 and N2 gas (compressed air), which of the
following offers the most likely description of this disease?

a) The sudden increase in pressure due to decreasing depth

causes the amount of N 2 dissolved in their blood to
suddenly increase which blocks haemoglobin’s ability to
bind to oxygen.
b) The sudden decrease in pressure causes the bones of the
divers, which were stressed by the depths to become
weak, which causes them to bend and sometimes break.
c) The sudden decrease in pressure causes the large
amount of N2 dissolved in their blood to come out of
solution and collect in the joints, pulling them apart.

13. In most lakes, there exists a temperature gradient. The

warmest water is near the surface and the coldest is at the
bottom. However, certain situations can cause a lake to "turn
over" placing the coldest layers on top. Such an event is
extremely dangerous to the people living nearby because it
can cause suffocation. Which of the following best explains
why?

a) A stochastic (utterly random) event like that requires no

explanation.
b) The warmest layers can dissolve the most oxygen. As the
cool layer is placed on top, it suddenly warms, dissolving
massive amounts of oxygen. Without oxygen, people can
die of suffocation.
c) The coolest layers can dissolve the most carbon dioxide.
When placed on top of the lake, this layer rapidly warms
by the sun's heat, releasing massive amounts of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere, which can suffocate those
nearby.

14. Which of the following does not increase its solubility in water
with increasing temperature?

a) NaCl c) sucrose
b) CuSO4 d) hydrogen

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