NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSTY

Bachelor of Science in Apparel Manufacturing

Department of Clothing

Assignment no. 01
TITLE:

SUBMITTED BY: Syed Fakhir Ali

REG # 21-ntu-am-1189

SEMESTER: 3rd
COURSE TITLE: Introduction to computing

COURSE CODE: CS-1071

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Muhammad Noman

SUBMISSION DATE: 07/11/2022

Contents:

Memory
 Bytes and Addressable Memory
 Types of Memory
 RAM
 ROM
 Cache
 Flash Memory
 CMOS
 Memory Access Times

Adapters
 Adapter Cards
 USB Adapters
 Buses
 Types of Buses
 Power Supply and Batteries

Memory:
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory
is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location
or cell has a unique address.
“OR”
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily, like RAM (random
access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory). Memory devices utilize integrated
circuits and are used by operating systems, software, and hardware.

 Bytes and Addressable Memory:

In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit
most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol.
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Address space is the amount of memory allocated for all possible addresses for a computational entity
for example, a device, a file, a server or a networked computer. The system provides each device and
process address space that holds a specific portion of the processor's address space.
 Types of Memory:
Computer memory is of two basic types
 Primary memory (RAM and ROM)
 Secondary memory (hard drive, CD, etc.).

 RAM:
RAM stands for random access memory, and it's one of the most fundamental elements of computing.
RAM is a temporary memory bank where your computer stores data it needs to retrieve quickly.

 ROM:
Read-only memory, or ROM, is a type of computer storage containing non-volatile, permanent data
that, normally, can only be read, not written to. ROM contains the programming that allows a
computer to start up or regenerate each time it is turned on.
A simple example of ROM is the cartridge used in video game consoles that allows the system to run
many games. The data which is stored permanently on personal computers and other electronic
devices like smartphones, tablets, TV, AC, etc. is also an example of ROM.

 Cache:
Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as follows

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows

 Cache memory has limited capacity.

 It is very expensive.

 Flash Memory:
Flash memory, also known as flash storage, is a type of nonvolatile memory that erases data in units
called blocks and rewrites data at the byte level. Flash memory is widely used for storage and data
transfer in consumer devices, enterprise systems and industrial applications.

 CMOS:
CMOS or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor is a small amount of memory in the
motherboard of your computer and is used to store BIOS settings. They are very important for your
computer as they store system files that keep track of your date and time and some hardware settings

 Memory Access Times:

(1) Memory access time is how long it takes for a character in RAM to be transferred to or from the
CPU. Fast RAM chips have an access time of 10 nanoseconds (ns) or less.
(2) Disk access time is how long it takes to obtain the first data character after initiating a request.

 Disk vs. SSD:

While access times of fast hard disks are typically from 5 to 10 milliseconds, solid state drive (SSD)
access times are in the 25 to 100 microsecond range. SSDs are as much as 100 times faster

Adapters:
An adapter in regard to computing can be either a hardware component (device) or software that
allows two or more incompatible devices to be linked together for the purpose of transmitting and
receiving data.

 Adapter Cards
An adapter card (also known as an expansion card) is simply a circuit board you install into a
computer to increase the capabilities of that computer.

 USB Adapters
The wireless USB adapter is a small device with prominent uses. These handy devices can help you
connect your laptops or PCs to wireless networks like Wi-Fi. This can help you prevent the need for
additional tools and services. You can achieve a stable internet connection for your devices through
these adapters.

 Buses:
A bus is a subsystem that is used to connect computer components and transfer data between them.

 Types of Buses:
Three types of bus are used.
1. Address bus:
Carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such as primary storage and
input/output devices. ...
2. Data bus:
Carries the data between the processor and other components.
3. Control bus:
Carries control signals from the processor to other components.
 Power Supply and Batteries:
By definition, a power supply is a device that converts the output from an ac power line to a steady dc
output or multiple outputs.

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All personal computers have a small battery on the motherboard that provides power to the
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chip, hence the name CMOS battery. The chip
has the information about all the system's configuration, such as the hard disk, date and time, etc.