● However, the meaning and value

GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR placed upon women’s work did

change
● refers to the allocation of
different jobs or types of work to
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
women and men
● Socially defined gender roles ● Male and females have different
condition which activities and roles namely:
responsibilities are perceived as ○ Reproductive Role
male or female ○ Productive Role
○ Community Role
LABOR PATTERN THROUGH THE
HISTORY REPRODUCTIVE ROLE
● Unpaid domestic work assigned
(primarily) to women
WOMEN’S WORK
ex. Managing the household
● doing household chores
chores
● taking care of children
● This is mostly done within the
private domain of the home
MEN’S WORK
● doing labor for the family
PRODUCTIVE ROLE
● Paid work done outside the
● Women and Men worked in close
home and in the public arena
proximity to one another
● Women’s productive work is
● Labor of each gender was
often less valued than men’s
highly valued
work
● The work of provision was
equitably shared
COMMUNITY ROLE
● Industrialization changed labor
● Involves the collective
patterns
organization of social activities
● Factories appeared and
and services in the community
entrepreneurial capitalism began to
● Has no monetary value and
edge out agrarianism the nature of
involves voluntary service
world changed as well
● Men went away from their home
to their place of employment GENDER AND WORKFORCE
● Women remained at home. They
provide other essential household
WORKFORCE
labor
● More men started working for ● the group of people who work
wages, the meaning of “work” for a particular organization or
began to change business
● “Work” was something that ● the number of people in a country
happened outside of the home, or area who are available for
and something for which one work
received a paycheck
● Women’s work didn’t change all GENDER ROLES
that much.

1
 ● Men perceive that work should
MEN’s GENDER ROLE IN THE SOCIETY be completed independently
● expected to be strong without the assistance of others;
● aggressive more direct
● bold
WOMEN AND MEN IN A FILIPINO
MEN’s GENDER ROLE IN THEIR FAMILY WORKPLACE
● provider
● White collar and clerical
● protector
occupations are occupied
● leader
mostly by women.
● teacher
● Plant and machine operators,
and special occupation groups
WOMEN’s GENDER ROLE IN THE
were dominated by men
SOCIETY
● expected to dress in typically
feminine ways GENDER PAY GAP
● be polite ● refers to the average difference in
● accommodating men’s and women’s earnings,
● nurturing and is typically adjusted for hours
worked.
WOMEN’s GENDER ROLE IN THEIR ● the gender pay gap can refer to the
FAMILY
differences in mean or median
● man’s helpmate, partner and
annual earnings, weekly
comrade
earnings, or hourly wage
● assigns duties among family
● the current global labor force
members
participation rate for women is
● humble manager of the family
close to 49%
income
● for men, it’s 75%. That's a
● child bearing and greater part of
difference of 26% points , with
child rearing task
some regions facing a gap of more
than 50% points.
GENDER ROLES IN WORKFORCE
PRESSURE TO CONFORM
MODERN BUSINESS NOT AS BIAS ● There are still many people who
● evolved to a place where one believed it is unacceptable for a
generally expects to see a fair women to have a paid job
depiction of the two genders outside the home: 20% of men
working together with no and 14% of women globally, to
apparent preference for having be exact. Many women reported
either more male or female that their immediate family
employee disapproved of their decisions to
● Women perceive that individual work outside the home.
work styles should be (International Labour Organization,
collaborative where everyone 2019)
works as part of a whole; tend to ● Differences can lead to Gender
be more supportive managers Inequality

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 GENDER INEQUALITY ● Initially formulated by Becker
● Legal, social and cultural (1962) and Rosen (1976)
situations in which sex and/or ● Agues that individual workers
gender determine different have a set of skills or abilities
rights and dignity for women which they can improve or
and men, which are reflected in accumulate through training and
their unequal access to or education
enjoyment of rights, as well as
the assumption of stereotyped LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION
social and cultural roles. ● Defined as a situation where
● Example: workers or groups of workers
○ Unequal pay are treated differently in terms of
○ Unfavorable recruitment recruitment, pay, benefits and
strategy promotion from other workers or
○ Different opportunities groups due to their
○ Redundancies non-economic characteristics,
○ Bias including gender, race, and
○ Sexual harassment religion and age.
○ Holding sexist views
● Differences can lead to Gender
Discrimination

GENDER DISCRIMINATION
● unequal or disadvantageous
treatment of an individual or
group of individuals based on
gender. Sexual harassment is a
form of illegal gender
discrimination. (Langston
University)

PERSISTENT CHALLENGES IN GENDER

GAP
● Gender Roles
● Work-Family Balance
● Lack of Transport
● Lack of Affordable Care

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
GENDER PAY GAP
● Human Capital Theory
● Labour Market Discrimination

HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY