Lab 7 Pressure Measurement Apparatus

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
A P PA R AT U S
M O D E L : L S - 1 8 0 85
LS-18 085 Pressure Measurement Apparatus
COPYRIGHT
This is an authorized copy of the Experimental & Operations Manual.

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Proudly Manufactured in MALAYSIA
Product Serial Number : 90415

Date of Production : April 2009
Manual Serial Number : 90415-1

Date of Print : Aug 2009
Project Manager : K.Y. CHONG
Authorized by : Y.W. LEE
II
CONTENT
1. Safety Instructions???????????????.???? 1
2. Theory?????????????????????.??... 2
3. Setup????????????????????????? 11
4. Experiments????????????????????...? 21
5. Manufacturer’s data?????????????????.?.. 26
6. Components List????????????????..???.. 31
III
SAFETY
READ INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE STARTING EXPERIMENT
Normal operation of the equipment is not considered hazardous. However, the RECOMMENDED
PROCEDURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED to be sure that the classroom instruction is performed
under the safest possible conditions. If the student knows and understands the principle and opera-
tion of the parts in the system, it will help him/her to operate the equipment safely.
THE STUDENT SHOULD ALWAYS BE ALERT to experimental procedures which may be a hazard
to the operator or be injurious to the equipment. Every control device and switch has a specific op-
erational application. Be certain that all connections and control settings are carefully managed. NO
SETTINGS SHOULD BE MADE INDISCRIMINATELY.
STUDENTS PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE SUPERVISED. Even the most ex-
perienced student should never be allowed to operate it while alone.
Always have good lighting and ventilation when performing the experiments.
Instruments used in testing, while durable, are sensitive to abuse. When connecting an electrical
instrument into a circuit, make sure that the instrument and its settings are within the voltage and
current range to be applied to the instrument. This will protect the supervisor, the student and the
equipment.
Use extreme CAUTION when making electrical measurements. Remember, it is too late to learn
that a circuit is live after one has touched it. Be certain that the STUDENT knows if the instrument
is on or off at all times. Never handle live circuits when in contact with pipes, other wires, or damp
floors.
Keep the floor clean of debris – oil, water, or other slippery material.
An electrical short across a ring or wristwatch can cause a severe burn. It is best to remove all
watches and jewelry when working on electrical equipment.
DISCONNECT the electrical power source before isolating any component from the instrument.
Lock the switches open to prevent someone from closing them during demonstration or test proce-
dure.
Hands-on experience is an important teaching tool. However, most accidents are the result of
CARELESSNESS - when students are concentrating on their lessons, they tend to momentarily ne-
glect safety. Therefore, like the service technicians, the students must train themselves to do things
safely. They must study the job for its safety problems before starting and think about safety aspects
before each step.
Refer all repairs to qualified personnel.
1
BACKGROUND
THEORY
2
THEORY
INTRODUCTION
Important characteristic of pressure in the fluid field has encouraged development of numerous de-
vices and techniques for pressure measurement. The pressure at a point can be designated either
as absolute pressure or gauge pressure. Absolute pressure is measured with respect to a perfect
vacuum (absolute zero pressure), while gauge pressure is measured relative to the local atmos-
pheric pressure. Therefore, a gauge pressure of zero simply denotes that the measured point has a
pressure equal to the local atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure always has a positive value,
whereas gauge pressure can either be positive or negative. A negative gauge pressure indicates
that the point has a pressure less than that of the local atmosphere, and is also referred to as suc-
tion or vacuum pressure. For example, 80 kPa (abs) can be referred to as -20 kPa (gauge) if the lo-
cal atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, otherwise as 20 kPa suction or 20 kPa vacuum. Refer to Fig-
ure 1 below for a graphical illustration.
Gauge pressure @ 1
Pressure
Local atmospheric
pressure reference
Absolute pressure @ 1 2
Gauge pressure @ 2
(suction or vacuum)
Absolute pressure @ 2
Absolute zero reference
Figure 1: Graphical representation of absolute and gauge pressure
Pressure is described as force per unit area, and the units used to measure it in the BG system are
lb/ft2 and lb/in2, commonly termed psf or psi respectively. In the SI system, the units are N/m2, also
known as pascal and is written as Pa (1 N/m2 = 1 Pa). Pressure can also be expressed in terms of
height of a column of liquid. The units will refer to the height of the column (mm, m, in., ft., etc.) as
well as the liquid in the column (H20, Hg, etc.). For example, the standard atmospheric pressure can
be written as 760 mm Hg (abs). As we carry on, note that pressures will be assumed to be gauge
pressures unless stated (abs). Since pressure differences are independent of the reference, no no-
tation would be made.
The mercury barometer is often used to measure atmospheric pressure, and the simplest design
consists of a glass tube closed at one end while the other being immersed in a container of mercury.
To make one, the glass tube is first filled with mercury (with its open end up) and then turned upside
down with the open end in the container of mercury. The column of mercury would eventually come
into an equilibrium position, due to the fact that its own weight plus the force caused by vapor pres-
sure (developed in the space above the column) balances off the force due to the atmospheric pres-
sure. Hence,
p atm = γh + p vapor
where γ is the specific weight of the mercury. The vapor pressure can usually be neglected since it is
too small compared to atmospheric pressure. Thus, patm ≈ γh.
3
THEORY
MANOMETRY
A common method used for measuring pressure utilizes liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes.
These pressure measuring devices are known as manometers, and the mercury barometer is a sim-
ple example. Three standard types of manometer widely used are the piezometer tube, the U-tube
manometer and the inclined-tube manometer.
PIEZOMETER TUBE
Open
γ1 h1
A
(1)
Figure 2: Piezometer tube
The simplest type of manometer comprises of a vertical tube with an open top, attached to a con-
tainer in which the fluid pressure is to be determined (Figure 2). Since manometers involve fluids at
rest, the equation which governs their use is
p = γh + p 0 Eqn. (2)
where the pressure at any elevation is given in terms of reference pressure p0 and the vertical dis-
tance h. Note that when dealing with static fluids, pressure increases as we move downward and
increases as we move upward. Thus for Figure 2, the pressure at A, pA would simply be equal to
p A = γ 1 h1 Eqn. (3)
where γ1 is the specific weight of the liquid inside the container. Now, consider the atmospheric pres-
sure to be equal to zero (using gauge pressure), and the height h1 is measured from the meniscus at
the upper surface to point 1. Since point A and point 1 are at the same elevation, pA = p1.
Although simple and accurate, the piezometer tube is not used very widely. This is because it is un-
suitable when the pressure in the container is less than atmospheric pressure (or else air would be
sucked into the system), and the pressure to be measured must be relatively small such that the
height of the column would be reasonable. Of course, the fluid in the container must be a liquid, oth-
erwise it would simply escape since the piezometer tube is open-ended.
4
THEORY
U-TUBE MANOMETER
An improvement on the piezometer tube, the U-tube manometer consists of a tube formed into the
shape of a U, filled with liquid called the gauge fluid. By knowing the density or specific weights of
the gauge fluid and the fluid in the container, we can determine the pressure inside the container by
simply measuring the height of the gauge fluid.
Open
γ1
A (1)
h2
h1
(2) (3)
γ2
Figure 3: U-tube manometer
We shall start at point A and work around to the open end. Since the elevation of point A and point 1
are the same, the pressure would be equal. As we move from point 1 to 2, the pressure increases by
γ1h1. The pressure at point 2 and 3 would also be equal, since the pressures at equal height in a
continuous mass of fluid must also be equal. Bear in mind that it is incorrect to “jump across” from
point 1 to the same elevation on the right-hand side tube, since the points would not be within the
same continuous mass of fluid. Then, as we move from point 3 to the open end, the pressure de-
creases by γ2h2. The resulting equation obtained would be
p A + γ 1 h1 − γ 2 h2 = 0
p A = γ 2 h2 − γ 1 h1 Eqn. (4)
A major advantage of the U-tube manometer over the piezometer tube is that the gauge fluid can be
different from the fluid in the container. Therefore, the U-tube manometer can be used to measure
pressure inside gas and liquid containers alike. When the container does contain gas, the pressure
contributed by the gas column, γ1h1, is often negligible due to the density difference between the
gas and the gauge fluid.
p A ≈ p2
p A = γ 2 h2
For a given pressure, the height of the column, h2, would depend on the specific weight, γ2, of the
gauge fluid. If the pressure is large, a heavier fluid such as mercury can be used to maintain a rea-
sonable column height. When the pressure is small, a lighter gauge fluid such as water can be used
so that a relatively large column height can be obtained for easier measurement.
5
THEORY
U-TUBE MANOMETER (cont.)
The U-tube manometer can also be used to measure the pressure difference between two contain-
ers or points in any given system. Consider Figure 4 below, where a U-tube manometer is con-
nected between two containers A and B;
B
γ1 (5)
h3
(4)
A γ3
(1)
h2
h1
(2) (3)
γ2
Figure 4: Differential U-tube manometer
This time, we shall work from both containers, towards point 2 and 3 of equal pressure. Once again,
points A and 1 are of equal pressure, and there is an increase of γ1h1 going down to point 2. From
point B, we move to point 5 of equal pressure, and then move downwards to point 4 with an increase
of γ3h3. Then, from point 4, we move further downwards to point 3, with an increase in pressure of
γ2h2. Thus,
p A + γ 1h1 = pB + γ 2 h2 + γ 3 h3
p A − pB = γ 2 h2 + γ 3 h3 − γ 1h1
When substituting in values, always ensure that the units are consistent.
For manometers, capillarity due to surface tension is usually ignored, since in a simple U-tube the
capillary effects cancel off each other. The capillary rise can also be made negligible by using larger
bore tubes (with diameters of at least 1/2”). Two commonly used gauge fluids are water and mer-
cury, as they both give a well defined meniscus and their properties are well-known. The gauge flu-
ids must also be immiscible with the other fluids it comes into contact with. Note that temperature
affects the specific weights of fluids, and must be considered when carrying out precise measure-
ments.
6
THEORY
INCLINED-TUBE MANOMETER
A variation of the U-tube manometer, the inclined-tube manometer (Figure 5) is used to accurately
measure small pressure changes. The differential reading l2 is measured along the tube inclined at
an angle θ. Thus, the differential pressure pA - pB can be expressed as
p A + γ 1 h1 − γ 2 l 2 sin θ − γ 3 h3 = p B
or
p A − pB = γ 2 l 2 sinθ + γ 3 h3 − γ 1h1 Eqn. (5)
where the pressure difference is measured based on the vertical distance between points 1 and 2,
which can be expressed as l 2 sinθ . Therefore, by using a small angle, the reading can be made
very large for small pressure differences. The inclined-tube manometer is typically used to measure
small differences in gas pressure such that if pipes A and B both contain a gas then
pA − pB = γ 2l 2 sinθ
or
p A − pB
l2 =
γ 2 sinθ Eqn. (6)
where the height of the gas columns h1 and h3 have been taken out. Equation (6) shows that the
differential reading can be increased as the angle θ decreases.
γ3
γ1 B
A h3
(2)
γ2
h1
l2
(1)
Figure 5: Inclined-tube manometer
7
THEORY
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES
Manometers are generally very useful, but are not well suited for measuring high pressures or pres-
sures that are rapidly changing with time. Furthermore, they constantly require the measurement of
one or more column heights, which can be troublesome and time consuming. This is the reason why
other pressure measuring instruments such as the Bourdon gauge and pressure transducer have
been developed.
Bourdon Gauge
The Bourdon pressure gauge works based on the principle that elastic structures deform linearly un-
der increasing pressure. A hollow, elastic curved tube (Bourdon tube) is found inside this device,
and this tube is directly connected to the pressure source. When the pressure inside the tube in-
creases, the tube tends to straighten, giving a deflection. This deflection is then translated into the
motion of a pointer on a dial which then indicates the pressure.
The Bourdon gauge must first be calibrated according to the desired unit system (psi, psf or pascal).
Since the movement of the tube is caused by the pressure difference between the outside and in-
side of the tube, the measured pressure is gauge pressure. Hence, tt atmospheric pressure, the
gauge will indicate a zero reading. This type of gauge can be used to measure negative gauge
(vacuum) pressures as well.
Aneroid Barometer
The aneroid barometer is another type of mechanical pressure measuring device, used mainly to
measure atmospheric pressure. It comprises of a hollow, closed, elastic element which is evacuated
such that the pressure inside the element is almost absolute zero. The external atmospheric pres-
sure change will then cause the element to deform, and its motion to be displayed on a dial.
Pressure Transducer
To measure pressure that is changing constantly with time, it is often required that the pressure be
converted into an electrical output. The pressure transducer is capable of measuring pressure and
then converting it into a signal to be fed to an electrical system. There are many different variants of
pressure transducers; some incorporate Bourdon C-tubes and linear variable differential transform-
ers (LVDT), while others use diaphragms and strain gauges. Based on their design, these pressure
transducers can be used to measure very high pressures (up to 100,000 psi) as well as very low
pressures accurately.
8
THEORY
Basic Hydraulic System
The transmission of pressure throughout a stationery fluid is the principle upon which many
hydraulic devices are based. This system works on the principles of equality pressures at equal
elevations throughout a system. The fundamental idea behind such devices and systems is
demonstrated in Fig 6.
F1= pA1 F2= pA2
Figure: 6
A piston located at one end of a closed system filled with a liquid, such as oil, can be used to
change the pressure throughout the system, and thus transmit an applied force F1 to a second
piston where the Resulting force is F2. Pressure acting on the faces of both pistons is the same and
the relation between pressure, force and area described below. In this case, the effect of
elevation changes is usually negligible for this type of hydraulic device.
p = F /A
p1 = p2
F1/A1 = F2/A2
Area parameter highly influences the force on the piston where a small force applied at the smaller
piston can be used to develop a large force at the larger piston.
Dead Weight Tester
Dead weight system works on the principle of transmission of pressure through stationery fluid as
mentioned above. Deadweight tester supply highly accurate pressures for calibrating other, less
accurate pressure measuring devices, such as transducers bottom-hole and bourdon-tube gauges.
This tester is used as a deadweight gauge to determine unknown pressures by connecting the
gas pressure to the gauge connector through suitable tubing and valve. Exact regulation of the
supply pressure to the tester is obtained by balancing the force exerted by the oil pressure on a
piston of known area against weight of known mass. Figure 7 shows the parts in dead weight
tester.
9
THEORY
Weight
Pressure
Adjuster
Pressure
Gauge
Oil
Figure:7
10
SETUP
11
SETUP
A
L
C
K
E J
G H I
Figure:8
LEGEND
A - Inclined-tube manometer
B - Vacuum gauge
C - Pressure gauge
D - Differential pressure gauge
E - Low pressure tank
F - Digital pressure meter
G - High pressure tank
H - Pressure/Vacuum pump
I - High vacuum tank
J - Low vacuum tank
K - U-tube manometer
L - Single manometer
12
SETUP
C
A
B
E
Figure:9
LEGEND
A - Piston
B - Cylinder
C - Adjuster
D - Bourdon type Pressure Gauge
E - Pvc stopper
13
SETUP
Figure:9
LEGEND
Pressure Line
Vacuum Line
14
SETUP
HOSING SCHEMATIC
Figure:10
INCLINED-TUBE MANOMETER ( Pressure Measurement )
Figure:11
INCLINED-TUBE MANOMETER ( Differential Pressure Measurement )
15
SETUP
HOSING SCHEMATIC
Figure:12
Single Manometer ( Pressure Measurement)
Figure:13
Single Manometer ( Differential Pressure Measurement )
16
SETUP
HOSING SCHEMATIC
Figure:14
U - Manometer ( Pressure Measurement)
Figure:15
U - Manometer ( Differential Pressure Measurement )
17
SETUP
HOSING SCHEMATIC
Figure:16
Differential Pressure Meter
Figure:17
Bourdon-Tube Pressure Gauge ( Gauge Pressure )
18
SETUP
PISTON & CYLINDER FRONT VIEW
Piston
Floating section Max allowable height – 20mm
Cylinder
Figure:18
19
SETUP
SETUP
1. Place the LS-18085 Pressure Measurement Apparatus on a level table. Adjust the levelling feet
if necessary.
2. Plug the 3-pin plug into a 240 VAC, 50 Hz single phase power supply and switch on the power.
3. Connect the pump’s inlet to the vacuum tank and the outlet to the pressure tank.
4. Open the valves connecting the pressure/vacuum tanks to the pump and close all other valves.
5. Switch on the pump and observe the pressure in the pressure/vacuum tanks. Ensure that they
are correctly connected.
6. Remove the pvc stopper on dead weight apparatus and allow the piston to adjust its level in
cylinder.
7. The unit is ready for use if all components are working and in order.
SAFETY AND PRECAUTION

1. Ensure that all pressure hosing are correctly connected, and the fittings are tightly connected to
prevent leakage.
2. Do not regulate the valve on low pressure/vacuum tanks as it is calibrated to control the pres-
sure/vacuum to all manometers.
3. Beware on the scale limits on all manometers and control the pressure accordingly to prevent
coloured liquid overflow.
4. Dead weight calibrator is designed for usage below 4 bar and do not exceed 10 kg of weight
limit.
5. Place the weight slowly on the cylinder of dead weight apparatus to prevent any damage to the
piston.
6. Take extra care when dealing with weights.
7. Always use the adjuster knob to control piston level. Do not pull the piston out by hand where
this may cause damage to the pressure gauge.
20
EXPERIMENTS
21
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT 1
OBJECTIVES
To compare the accuracy between the various types of pressure measurement devices.
PROCEDURE
HIGH PRESSURE/VACUUM MEASUREMENT
1. Plug the 3-pin plug into a 240 VAC, 50 Hz single phase power supply and switch on the power.
2. Connect the pump’s inlet to the vacuum tank and the outlet to the pressure tank.
3. Open the valves connecting the pressure/vacuum tanks to the pump and close all other valves.
4. Switch on the pump and observe the pressure in the pressure/vacuum tanks. Ensure that they
are correctly connected.
5. Allow the pump to increase the pressure in the pressure tank not more than 15 psi. Then, switch
off the pump and close all the valve. Control the top valve to adjust the pressure in the tank.
6. Connect the pressure and vacuum tanks, to the pressure and vacuum Bourdon gauges respec-
tively as illustrated in Figure 17.
7. Open the valve connected to the bourdon gauges and compare the results from pressure meter.
Readings from the pressure meter is used to compare the accuracy of bourdon gauges.
8. Observe and take down the pressure readings.
9. Close the valves to the pressure and vacuum gauges, then disconnect the hosing.
LOW PRESSURE/VACUUM MEASUREMENT
10. Open the top valve to reduce the tank pressure to 2 psi and vacuum to –20mmHg.In time of no
pressure/vacuum in tank, repeat step 4 to pump in air for the desired level.
11. Connect the pressure and vacuum tanks to the inclined-tube manometer as illustrated in Figure
10 and 11. Open the corresponding valves. Do not exceed scale limit of inclined-tube manome
ter. Refer your trainer for detail information.
12. Observe and take down the pressure readings. Compare the results with readings from digital
pressure meter.
13. Close the valves to the pressure and vacuum gauges, then disconnect the hosing.
14. Repeat steps 10 - 13 for the single, U-tube manometers and differential pressure meter. Refer
hosing schematics provided for different pressure measurement. Follow the instructions care
fully.
15. After the experiment, depressurize the pressure and vacuum tanks by opening the bleed valves.
16. Switch off the main power supply.
22
EXPERIMENTS
RESULT
High Pressure Reading
Vacuum
Pressure (psi) (mmHg)
Pressure Vessel
Bourdoun Gauge
Digital Pressure Meter
Low Pressure Reading

Column Height Digital Pressure Meter
(mm) Pressure (Pa) (Pa) Accuracy (%)
Incline Manometer
Single Manometer
U - tube Manometer
Diffrential Pressur Reading
Column Height Digital Pressure Meter

(mm) Pressure (Pa) (Pa) Accuracy (%)
Incline Manometer
Single Manometer
U - tube Manometer
Differential Meter
23
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
1. Define pressure, and the units used for expressing pressure.

2. Why is the piezometer tube unsuitable for measuring suction pressure?
3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages between using manometers and pressure trans-
ducers.
4. Sometimes, differential pressure measuring devices are used for measuring flow rate. Briefly de-
scribe this method. *Hint - use Bernoulli’s equation*
24
EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT 2
OBJECTIVES
To understand the principle of the Bourdon pressure gauge calibration.
Equipment and Accessories:

Pressure gauge, weight, adjuster, piston & cylinder
Procedure:
1. Remove the pvc stopper and allow the piston to stabilize position in cylinder.
2. Ensure the piston is floating in the cylinder. Adjust the knob to increase the piston level approxi-
mately 10 mm from top surface of the cylinder (Refer diagram 1). Do not exceed more than 20
mm.
3. Observe increment in pressure gauge and note down the pressure level.
4. Place a 2kg weight slowly on the piston and adjust the knob until the piston is floating. Do not
exceed the level limit more than 20 mm. Observe the pressure gauge and note down the reading
when pressure is stabilize.
5. Repeat step number 4 for different weights.
6. Depressurize the system by turning the knob counter clock wise after remove the weight from
the piston. It is recommended to adjust the knob after every weight removal.
7. After complete the experiment, adjust to knob to increase piston level about 15 mm and place
the pvc stopper between the piston and cylinder. Fully open the knob to depressurize the sys-
tem. Always use the adjuster knob to control piston level. Do not pull the piston out by hand
where this may cause damage to the pressure gauge
Result:
Complete the table below,
Mass added Actual Gauge Gauge

to piston (N) pressure (bar) reading (bar) Error (%)
0.355
2
4
6
8
10
Discussion:
Discuss the error between the experimental result with the theoretical value.
25
MAUFACTURER’S
DATA
26
MANUFACTURER’S DATA
SAMPLE RESULT
High Pressure Reading
Vacuum
Pressure (psi) (mmHg)
Pressure Vessel 8.25 -405
Bourdoun Gauge 8.5 -410
Digital Pressure Meter 8.72 -400
Low Pressure Reading

Column Height Digital Pressure Me-
(mm) Pressure (Pa) ter (Pa) Accuracy (%)
(188-40) sin 30 =
Incline Manometer 74 725.2 710 2.14
Single Manometer (132-30) = 102 1000.62 980 2.10
U - tube Manometer (449-358) = 91 892.71 930 4.01
Diffrential Pressure
Column Height Digital Pressure Me-

(mm) Pressure (Pa) ter (Pa) Accuracy (%)
(231-20)sin30 =
Incline Manometer 105.5 1035 1040 0.48
Single Manometer (125-31) = 94 922.14 920 0.23
U - tube Manometer (460-346)=114 1118.34 1140 1.90
Differential Meter nil 1245.87 1220 2.12
27
MANUFACTURER’S DATA
SAMPLE RESULT
Dead Weight Pressure Calibrator
Mass added Actual Gauge Gauge

to piston (kg) pressure (bar) reading (bar) Error (%)
0.355 0.11 0.1 10
2 0.76 0.735 3.41
4 1.38 1.36 1.47
6 2.02 1.98 2.02
8 2.62 2.61 0.38
10 3.21 3.23 0.62
Taking 1 N = 0.102 kg
Diameter of piston = 20mm = 2cm
Cylinder bore area = 0.000314m2
Sample Calculation:
Piston mass = 0.355 kg
Initial Gauge Reading = 0.1 bar
Mass added = 2kg
Total piston and added mass weight - 2.355kg
Weight = 2.355x9.81 = 23.103N
Gauge Reading = 0.735 bar
Actual Pressure of 23.103N weight = 23.103/0.000314

= 0.735 bar
Gauge Error = 0.76 - 0.735

= 0.025 bar
28
COMPONENTS LIST
29
COMPONENTS LIST
Storage Condition
Note : This machine may contain heat sensitive thermoplastic and

electronic components. Do not store in a place of temperature higher
than 40°C and lower than 10°C.
Any defects arising out of the improper storage condition will not be
considered a manufacturer’s defect and replacement of such af-
fected components shall be charged accordingly.
30
COMPONENTS LIST
1. Vacuum gauge x1
2. Pressure gauge x1
3. Differential pressure gauge x1
4. Pressure tank x1
5. Low pressure tank x1
6. Vacuum tank x1
7. Low vacuum tank x1
8. Single manometer x1
9. Inclined manometer x1
10.U-tube manometer x1
11.Pressure/Vacuum pump x1
12.Pressure calibrator x1
13.Digital manometer x1
14.Dead weight calibrator x1
31

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PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

This is an authorized copy of the Experimental & Operations Manual.

Limit of liability/disclaimer of warranty

Proudly Manufactured in MALAYSIA

Product Serial Number : 90415

Manual Serial Number : 90415-1

Project Manager : K.Y. CHONG

Authorized by : Y.W. LEE

READ INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE STARTING EXPERIMENT

Refer all repairs to qualified personnel.

Absolute zero reference

Figure 1: Graphical representation of absolute and gauge pressure

Figure 2: Piezometer tube

Figure 3: U-tube manometer

U-TUBE MANOMETER (cont.)

Figure 4: Differential U-tube manometer

Figure 5: Inclined-tube manometer

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

Basic Hydraulic System

F1= pA1 F2= pA2

Dead Weight Tester

INCLINED-TUBE MANOMETER ( Pressure Measurement )

INCLINED-TUBE MANOMETER ( Differential Pressure Measurement )

Single Manometer ( Pressure Measurement)

Single Manometer ( Differential Pressure Measurement )

U - Manometer ( Pressure Measurement)

U - Manometer ( Differential Pressure Measurement )

Bourdon-Tube Pressure Gauge ( Gauge Pressure )

PISTON & CYLINDER FRONT VIEW

Floating section Max allowable height – 20mm

SAFETY AND PRECAUTION

HIGH PRESSURE/VACUUM MEASUREMENT

LOW PRESSURE/VACUUM MEASUREMENT

High Pressure Reading

Low Pressure Reading

Diffrential Pressur Reading

Column Height Digital Pressure Meter

1. Define pressure, and the units used for expressing pressure.

Equipment and Accessories:

Mass added Actual Gauge Gauge

High Pressure Reading

Low Pressure Reading

Column Height Digital Pressure Me-

Dead Weight Pressure Calibrator

Mass added Actual Gauge Gauge

Actual Pressure of 23.103N weight = 23.103/0.000314

Gauge Error = 0.76 - 0.735

Note : This machine may contain heat sensitive thermoplastic and

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