Air conditioning Cycle

The air conditioning cycle involves compressing refrigerant to increase temperature and pressure,
releasing heat during condensation, reducing pressure in expansion, and absorbing heat during
evaporation. This cycle repeats to cool indoor spaces by removing heat from the air.

Refrigeration Cycle

Compression: The refrigerant is compressed, raising its temperature and pressure.

Condensation: Heat is released as the refrigerant turns into a high-pressure liquid.

Expansion: The refrigerant undergoes a pressure drop, turning into a mixture of liquid and vapor.

Evaporation: Heat is absorbed from the surroundings as the refrigerant evaporates into a low-pressure
vapor

This cycle repeats to maintain a continuous cooling process, essential for refrigerators, air conditioners,
and heat pumps.
Relate the two:

Refrigeration and air conditioning are two closely related processes that deal with the transfer of heat
from one location to another. Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a space or substance to
lower its temperature. Air conditioning involves both cooling and heating of air to maintain a
comfortable indoor environment.

In air conditioning and refrigeration systems, the refrigeration cycle involves a high-pressure side and a
low-pressure side. The high-pressure side, located after the compressor, is responsible for compressing
the refrigerant vapor, increasing its temperature and pressure. It includes the condenser coil. The low-
pressure side, located before the compressor, draws in the low-pressure, low-temperature refrigerant
vapor and compresses it. It includes the evaporator coil and expansion valve. The refrigeration cycle
involves the vaporization, compression, condensation, and expansion of refrigerant to achieve cooling or
refrigeration.

Window Type Aircon

A window-type air conditioner is a compact, self-contained cooling unit designed for individual rooms or
small spaces. Installed in a window or wall opening, it includes all components in a single casing, offering
a cost-effective and efficient cooling solution for specific areas.

Split Type

A split-type air conditioner is a versatile cooling and heating system composed of an indoor unit and an
outdoor unit. The indoor unit is mounted inside the room for quiet and flexible installation, while the
outdoor unit houses the compressor and condenser. This design allows for efficient and effective
temperature control in both residential and commercial spaces. With various models available, split-type
air conditioners offer options for single-room or multi-room installations, making them a widely used
and adaptable solution for climate control.

AHU (AIR HANDLING UNIT) - responsible for conditioning and circulating air within a building

Filters: Air entering the AHU passes through filters to remove dust, dirt, and other particles. This helps maintain
indoor air quality.

Coils:

Cooling Coil (Evaporator Coil): Cools the air by removing heat and moisture.
Heating Coil (Hot Water or Steam Coil): Heats the air as needed.

Fans:

Supply Fan: Moves conditioned air into the building.

Return Fan (optional): Assists in drawing air back into the AHU for recirculation.

Mixing Chamber/Dampers:

Return Air Dampers: Control the amount of return air.

Outside Air Dampers: Regulate the intake of fresh air.

Humidifier/Dehumidifier:

Humidifier: Adds moisture to the air if needed.

Dehumidifier: Removes excess moisture.

Mixer or Mixing Box:

Blends return air and outside air to achieve the desired temperature.

Vibration Isolators: Reduce transmission of vibrations from the fan to the building structure.

Controls and Sensors:

Thermostats: Monitor and control the temperature.

Humidity Sensors: Monitor and control humidity levels.

Pressure Sensors: Monitor airflow.

Drain Pan: Collects condensate from the coils and prevents water damage.

Access Panels: Provide access for maintenance and inspection.

Insulation: Helps prevent heat gain or loss and minimizes condensation.

These components work together to ensure that the air circulated by the AHU is appropriately conditioned before
being distributed throughout the building. AHUs are integral in maintaining comfortable indoor environments and
are commonly found in commercial buildings, hospitals, and industrial facilities.

Sprinkler Psi: most sprinkler systems are designed to use pressures of around 30 psi.

Purpose of a cooling tower is designed to remove heat from a building or facility by spraying water down through
the tower to exchange heat into the inside of the building.

Fire Pump:

Purpose:
 • Supplies high-pressure water for firefighting.
• Activated during fire events.

Parts:

• Pump Assembly: The main component that pressurizes water.

• Engine or Motor: Powers the pump.
• Control Panel: Monitors system conditions and initiates pump operation.
• Shaft Coupling: Connects the motor/engine to the pump.

Jockey Pump:

Purpose:

• Maintains steady system pressure during non-fire conditions.

• Activated for minor pressure adjustments.

Parts:

• Pump Assembly: Pressurizes water for pressure maintenance.

• Electric Motor: Powers the jockey pump.
• Pressure Switch: Monitors system pressure.
• Control Panel: Initiates jockey pump operation based on pressure levels.

Air

Positive pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure, used to prevent contaminants. Negative pressure is lower
than atmospheric pressure, used for containment, preventing the release of substances.

Refrigeration

Positive refrigeration is for temperatures above freezing, commonly used for general cooling. Negative
refrigeration is for temperatures below freezing, used in freezing applications.

Room cooling comfort typically involves maintaining a temperature range between 20-25 degrees Celsius (68-77
degrees Fahrenheit). Factors such as air quality, noise levels, and personal preferences contribute to the overall
comfort

Fresh air is essential in malls for maintaining good indoor air quality, ensuring occupant health and comfort,
controlling temperature and humidity, managing odors, and complying with building codes.

Hypoxia occurs when there is a lack of oxygen reaching the body's tissues, potentially causing symptoms like
shortness of breath, confusion, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. In contrast, hyperoxia results from an excess
of oxygen, often encountered in medical settings, and can lead to respiratory irritation and, in prolonged exposure,
oxygen toxicity with potential lung damage.