Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 87, No.

5, 1997

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN THE SPACE OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS WITH AREA INTEGRABLE DERIVATIVE, AND IN SOME RELATED SPACES
S. A. V i n o g r a d o v

UDC 517.5

We study the possibility of multiplication and division by inner functions (in the sense of Beurling) in A~ (0 < p < 2), the space of functions analytic in the unit disk D and such that

f lf'(z)lP(1 - Iz12) Idz m d~l < q-oo p-1

D

(m2 is the planar Lebesgue measure). In particular, a simple description is given for multipliers of the space A~ for p E (0, 2). Conditions on zeros for the Blaschke products are given under which a product is a multiplier or a divisor in A~(0 < p < 2). It is shown that the singular function exp ~ is a multiplier but not a divisor in the space A~,(0 < p < 2). Bibliography: 17 titles.

Our main goal in the present note is the study of division and multiplication by inner functions (in the sense of Beurling) in the spaces A~ (0 < p < 2); A~ consists of all functions f analytic in the unit disk D and satisfying Izl2)p -1 <

f lf'(z)lpO-

d,,,~(z) +o~,

D where m2 is the planar Lebesgue measure normalized by the condition m2D = 1. In particular, we give a simple description of the multipliers of A~ for p e (0, 2) (precise definitions are given in Sec. 1 below), indicate some conditions on the zeros of a Blaschke product B ensuring that B is a multiplier or a divisor of A~ (0 < p < 2), prove the existence of Blaschke products that are not divisors of A~ (0 < p < 2), and show that the singular function exp ~ is a multiplier but not a divisor of A~(0 < p < 2). The contents of this paper is closely related to that of [1-4]; the results were partly announced in [5]. w i. BASIC NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS; PRELIMINARIES 1.1. C stands for the complex plane and N for the set of natural numbers, D d=eI {z E C : Izl < 1},

T de-f { z e C : Izl = 1}. We denote by A the space of all functions analytic in D; this space is endowed with the standard topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of D. Depending on a particular situation, f ( n ) stands for either the nth Taylor coefficient or the nth Fourier coefficient of a function f. LP(X, #) is the standard LP-space determined by a measure # on X; it is endowed with the usual (quasi) norm 1

IlfllL~ d~j

Ifl p d~

( f E L P ( X , # ) , 0 < p < +co);

= IlfllL~ d~S ess sup If(x)l ~EX

( f E L~176 #)).

Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 222, 1994, pp. 45-77. Original article submitted September 1, 1994. 3806 1072-3374/97/8705-3806518.00 Plenum Publishing Corporation 9

lP(X ) d~=lLP(X ' u), where u(x) = 1 for every x e X.

rnl is the normalized linear Lebesgue measure on T ( m l T -- 1). m2 is the normalized planar Lebesgue measure (m~D = 1). U'(T) d,J

LP(T,m,), L'(D) a'd LP(D, m2).

H p def

1.2. }lfl}n~ d,__.fsup {I}f~tlL~(r) : r E (0,1)} (f E A, p E (0, +oo]), fr(Z) dL--/f(rz); = { f E A: IlfllH' < +~o}

(0 < p ~ +~);
I

Ilfllp =
I}fll~ =

def

If(z)l'(1 -Iz12) p-~ dm2(z)

sup{If(z)}(1-1zl2):zeD}

(f e A, p e (0, +~));

def

(f e A);

Ap d,=l {f E A: IIf}lp < +c~}; A~ d~/={ f E A : f ' E A p } (0 < p < +oo);

Ilfll(p) d~=Imax {If(O)l, Ill'lip)
1

(f e A, 0 < p _< +oo);

(vpf)(() a,=1 f lf'(r()tP(x- r2)p-Xrdr (r e T, 0 < P < +~).

0

1.3. Let y run through a set Y. The formula

f(~,u) < 9(~,u)

means that there exists some constant

(- e x )

C(V) E (0, +oo) such that

v x : : E x --~ f(:,u) <_o(u)g(~,u).

The formula

f(x,y) x g(x,y) (x e X) means that f(z,y) <9(x,y)

and

g(x,y) < f(x,y)

(x e X).

L e m m a 1.4. Let p E (0, 2].

Then
A~ C H p.

(1.1)

Proof. For p = 1 this inclusion is an immediate consequence of the following inequalities:

If(P()[ <-[f(0)l +

<_[f(O)l +

f If'(rr
0

( e T.

If p = 2, then A~ = l~4 = H 2. Now, for arbitrary p E (1,2) inclusion (1.1) follows from a Riesz-Torin type interpolation theorem (see [16]). It remains to consider the case p E (0,1). Setting r , = 1 - 2 -~, we obtain for ~ E T and f E A~ the inequality
[ rk+l ~ P

If(o)lP

+ Z(rk+l k=0

- rk) p

sup
0<r<rk+l

]f'(rr

v,

n E N.
3807

Integrating this inequality, we get

t~

i If(r,,+,C')l"d-',,((;)- If(O)l" _<~(r~+, -r~)' i

T k=0
T
1

0<r<r~+t

sup

If'(rr

<

k=0
<

f If'(z)lP(1 -Izl2)V-~dm2(z)
D

0
(f

T
9 Air , n 9 N).

Consequently, A~ C H v, p E (0, 1). In the above inequalities, we used standard estimates of the radial maximal function and the monotonicity of the Abel-Poisson means. L e m m a 1.5. If p 9 (0,21, then IPAC Alv.

Proof. Let p 9 (0,2) and let f 9

l~.

Then

1
IIf'll~ - i
0

)(/
( 1 - r 2 ) V - 1 2 r d r <_
0

) s 2
If'(r()12dml(r
(1 - ri)V-12r dr =

[f'(rr162

=i

[](n)i2n2r 2(n-i)

( 1 - r2)p-12r dr < 2

I](n)lP. ,

rV(--1)r(1 _ r2)V-ldr.

0 1
Since sup n p f rV('*-l)(1 - r2)V-lr dr < +oo, the result follows.
n_>l Lemma 10" o

n>l

1.6. Let p E [1,2). Then

1
< Ilfll, (f e A~); (1.2)

2~ For every sequence a = (cr(k))k_>o (a C 12(N)) there is a function f (f 9 H ~176 such that ](2") = a(n) 30 . H~ (n 9 N);

v # H ~176 (1 < _ p < 2 ) .

Clearly, 3 o is an immediate consequence of 1~ and 2 ~ For p = 1, statements 1~ and 3 o are due to Mergelyan (see [10]). Statement 30 for p = 1 w~s also proved by Rudin in [11] (in fact, [11] contains much stronger statements). We establish (1.2) for other values of p using the method of [10]. If p ___1 and S 9 A~, then

i if'(r~)[Vdrnl(~) > I](2n)[V2Pnr (2"-1)p

(n E N, r E (0, 1)),

D
3808

E i

1 --2 - ( k + l )

I](2~)l"2"~r(~-'>"(1-"~)"-'2"d"'

k>O i_2_ k

thus it only remains to observe that

l_2-(~+t)

f
1-2 -k

r(2~-l)( l _ r2)p-lr dr 2-kp

(keN).

Statement 20 is well known (see [15, 17]). R e m a r k 1.7. We denote by B;q(T) the Besov spaces on T (s E (-oo, +oo); p, q E [1, +oo]) which may consist of functions or of distributions. Let/C be the Cauchy transform of f in D,

(Ef)(z) aft ~-~.~(k)z k (z ED, f E B;~(T)).

k>0

Then Ap = K:(B~-~), A~ = IC(B~ (p E [1, +cr The properties of the Besov classes and their Cauchy images that we use in this paper are well known; we refer the reader, e.g., to [6]. 1.8. As a rule, A will denote a subset o l D \ {0} satisfying the Blaschke condition, ~] (1 -I)~1) < +oo. Set
)tEA

Let B ^ d,=S r l ~ bx be the Blaschke product generated by A and let

AEA

*(A)d*---Sinf{xe^\{r

IbA(~)I:~A)(AcD).
(Vges

The condition 8(A) > 0 plays a weU-known role in the problems of free interpolation in the Hardy spaces and some other classes of analytic functions (see, e.g., [7, 8]). We refer the reader to [7] for basic properties of a set A related to the condition ~(A) > 0. 1.9. If E is a Banach or Fr6chet space of functions analytic in D and the embedding E C A is continuous, then we denote by mult E (or mE) the space of multipliers of E, i.e., multEd&${feA:fges Set

Ilfll~e d,__IsuP{llfglle : Ilglle < 1}, (here I1" lie is the (quasi) norm in E).

/ e A

(1.3)

From the closed graph theorem it easily follows that the quantity defined by (1.3) is finite if and only if f E mult E. Moreover, we have the following simple statement. L e m m a 1.10. /_rE # {0} is as above, then mults C H ~176 IIflIH~ _< Ilfllme for f E mult E. and

Proof. Let )~ E D. Since s is continuously embedded in A, there exists a constant cq E (0, +oo) such that
I~(~)1 --- ~xll~ll~
This inequality implies that

(v~ ~ E).

IIf"(A)g(A)ll ___~ [If"gll* < ~xllfll~ellglle <- ~xllfll~e

if g E s \ {0}, Ilgll~ -< 1, f E mult s n E 1~1. Further, If(A)llg(A)l~ < (~x)~llflle
and

(Vn E N)

If(A)l < IIflI~E

(A E D, g(A) # 0).

It remains to observe that the set {~ :E D : g(~) = 0} is discrete in D and f is continuous on D.

3809

1.11. Let s be a space of functions analytic in D. 1~ We say that in s division by a B1aschke product B is possible if for every F ( F E A) the relation B . F E s implies that F E s 2~ We say that in s division by an inner function I is possible if'for every function F belonging to some H p with p > O, the relation I F E s implies that F E s
Definition

R e m a r k 1.12. Assume that s is a (quasi-)Banach space and the embedding s C A (or s C H p, p > 0) is continuous. Then the possibility of division by a Blaschke product B (or by an inner function I) in S can be expressed in terms of the following inequalities:

IIF. Bile ~> IIFIle (F E A, B F e s

IIF. Zlle ~> IIFII~

(F e HP, IF E s

This is an easy consequence of the closed graph theorem. We need the following simple statement. L e m m a 1.13 (see [9]). Forp, q e (0,+c~) we set

Ap'qdff{f6A:flf(z)lP(1-lzl2)q-ldm2(z)<+~176 " v
/f A C D and 6(A) > O, then

f IF(z)BZX(z)lP(1 -Izl=) '-1 dm2(z)~ f

D D

IF(z)l p (1 - I z [ 2 ) q-1 dm2(z)

(A C A, F 6 Ap,q).

w 2. MULTIPLIERS OF THE SPACE A 1 (0 < p < 2)

T h e o r e m 2.1. Let p E (0, 2] and let p be a positive Bore/measure on D. The following statements are equivalent: 1~ A~ C LP(D,#), 2 ~ The measure p satisties the Carleson condition, i.e., sup

{1
i1

-#(Kr
+ ~g r

e>O < + o o

(here nr
30 .

= (r~'e : r e [ 1 - ~, 1), 0 e (argr

sup

~z12 dp(z) : A E supp/z

< +c~

(here supp # is the Borel support of #).

Proof. Replacing A~ with H p in 1~ we turn Theorem 2.1 into the well-known Carleson embedding theorem (see, e.g., [12]). By Lemma 1.4, A 1 C H p (0 < p < 2); hence, if the equivalent conditions 2 o and 30 are fulfilled, then A~ C LP(D,/z). Assume now that 1~ is fulfilled. Then, assuming that p E (0, 2), we obtain

/
D

Iflpd# < If(0)l p +

/
D

]f'(z)lP(1

Izl2)P- 1 dm2(z), f

1 EAv.

(2.1)

3810

Substituting the function z ~ (~-IXl=)~. , [A[ < 1, for f in (2.1), we obtain z (1-Xz) p /
D

I1 - ~z[ 2 d#(z)

1-[A[2

<

(1 -[A[ 2) + PD 11 - Az[2+p

2/

1-[A[2 (1-[z[2)p-ldm2(z) t

,XED.

It remains to observe that sup { D (1 -IAI2)(1Ty f = X~+-~-Iz12)'-din2 : A E D } '

< +oo.

Theorem 2.2. 10.

Let p E (0,2]. Then

1 mult Ap = { f E H ~ : sup -

1/
K~,,

If'(z)l p (1 - I z l 2 F -1 dm2(z) < +oo

2~.

mult A~ = { f E H ~176 : supllfx~obxll(~) < +oo}, where bx(z)= 1-Xz" x-~ Proof. We start with the observation that

IlfllH~ ~ Ilfll~a~ (f ~ mult A~)

(see Lemma 1.10). Next, it is clear that

(f E mult A~)-.'' ~.-(f E H ~, sup{II(fg)'llp : Ilgll(p) < 1} < +oo).'. ;.

( f E !'I~

/[f'(z)g(z)+ g'(z)f(z)[ p ( 1 D

[z[2)1~-1 dm2(z)~ []gll~p)(VgE A~))<

',,

". ?" ( f E Hmand /Ig(z)l/' If'(z)[' ( 1 - [zl2)p-1 dm2(z)< [[g[l{,,(VgE A;)).

(2.2)

D
We introduce a measure # by the formula d# = If'(z)l" (1 -Izl2F -' dm2(z). Applying Theorem 2.1 to #, we deduce that the inequality occurring in (2.2) is equivalent to each of the relations I / : _ sup If(z) (1 Izl2F - l d m 2 ( z ) < +oo ~ET,e>0 Ke., and sup / (1 -IAI2)(1 -Iz12) p-~
aeDa ~ 73,-71g If'(z)F dm2(z) < +oo. (2.3)

D Now, we observe that the change of variables z = bx({) in the integral from (2.3) yields the relation
sup [
XEDJ

(1_ -IAI2)(1 .---Izl2)p -' If'(z)[ p dm2(z) = sup f I(f I1 - Az[2 XEDd

o bx)(~)lP(1 - I~l~)p-1 d.~(~).

3811

Thus, for p E (0, 2] we have

f E muir A~ .'. '.. ( f E H ~176and \

-: ',- (sup{lit

sup

-1

[ if,(z)lP(1J

Izl2) p-1

dm2(z)

.'

).

Kr

o bxll(.) : ~ e D ) <

+~).
f E
1 Ap. Ilfll(p-+p).

Remark

2.3. The theorem implies that for p E (0, 2) we have

Ilfll~A~ suP{lit o b~ll~p) : ~ ~ D},

(2.4)

In what follows, the quantity on the right in (2.4) will be denoted by C o r o l l a r y 2.4. Assume that f E H ~176 < p < 2, and Vpf E L~176 0

Then

Proof. For e > 0, O E [-Tr, 7r], and (

dew e i0 w e

write

lf'(z)lP(1 -Iz12) p-' dmi(z) <<_ 1

<

7"(:
0 k0

If'(r,")l'(1 - r 2 ) ' - ' ~ dr) dt <_

~llVpfllLoo, f e A, Vpf e L~176 7r

It remains to apply T h e o r e m 2.2 (statement 1~ Lemma 10 . 2.5. Let f E I I ~ and let 0 < pl < p2. Then

(vpJ)(O _< Ilfll~/= p' (vp, f)(r

20. HOO O A1 c HOO O Ap: 1 i,,
3 0.

r e v;

and

m~{llfll.::,llf'llp.)<_m~{llfll.::,ll.:'ll,,,);

mult AJ, C mult A~= and Ilfll(p~-+,=) -< Ilfll(p,-+,,)

(see 1.2 for the definition of Vl,f ). Proof. Let f E H ~176 h e n T

Ilfll.~ If'(z)l ___ 1 - I z l 2'

Consequently, for 0 < pl < p2 we have
1 1

z e D.

f If'(,~;)l"'(1o

r2)p'-lr dr~ i
0

If'(r~;)l"' \ 1 - r~

(ILftI.=)"5-"'(1 - r2) p~-I rdr <_

(llfllH~) p~-p' (( e T).

_<

(:)
If'(rr

- ~2),,-lrdr

Integrating over T, we arrive at

(llf'llp~) p~ <_ (lit'lip,) p' 9 Ilfll~= p',

IIf'llp~< (lit'lip,) ~ 9 IlfllHoo <- max{llfllH~, lit'lip, }. 1--'~2

Now, 3 0 follows from 2 0 and T h e o r e m 2.2, statement 2 ~ 3812

Lemma 2.6. Let S=(z) a~__/exp (a ~'--~I) (z E D, a > 0). Then (VpS~) E L~(T) and
sup IIV,S.llL~ < + ~
a>O

(v > o).

Proof. We take a, p E (0, +oo), and ~ E T. Clearly,

1 l

(VpSa)(() = (2a) p

S
0

e-"PV:7~

1-'2 (1--r2)p-lr
[l---r-~

dr < (2a)P2 p

f
0

-ap

1-~2 (l--r)p-1 V=Tgr I1 _ r~l 2p dr

l--r2 and ~1--r2 = (l--r)2+r~, where We estimate ( lip S. )(~ ),

2-P(VpSa)(() < (2a)'

1

i-"
e
0

~ "

'-"

(I- r) 2 + c2r

'-'

)'

dr
1--r

= (2a) p
C

I
0

_,p

(
U

u u2 + (f - u)c2
oO

)'

du -u- < -

_< (25)'
0

~-~'~
O0

\ c2 )

__dUu t-(2a)P i e - " ' 2~-~" ( u ~ ) 2 __dUu <

r CO

/ 0
O0

(ua) P d u + 2 p
0
O0

4 ap e _p.2 Z ~ d u = UP + I
OO

= 8v f e-w v-1 dt + 2Pi e-{t t'-l dt = 2"(4" + l) i 0 0 0

consequently, VpSa e L~176 and sup.>0 [iVpSaliLOO(v) < +oo.

t'-l dt,

T h e o r e m 2.7. For every a(a E (0, +oo)) and every p(p E (0,2)) we have S, E mult A~ and

IIS~ll(,-.,) = IIS, N(p-.p) (0 < p < 2).

(2.5)

Proof. For p E (0, 2), Lemma 2.6 implies that VpS~ e L~176 (a > 0); now from Corollary 2.4 we deduce that S~ E mult A~. In order to prove (2.5), it suffices to observe that bx(-z) + 1 b~(-z) - 1 1-~ l+,k z+l z-1 (where

(z e D , ~ e (-1,1)),
,k- --, l+a
1--a

Sa = $ ' l o ( - b ) , ) and

a>0),

IlSall<,-p) = ItS1 o (-b~)ll<,-~p)= IIS~II<,-,).

3813

Lemma 2.8. Consider the Stolz set f~,, ae=I {z 9 D: I1 - zl < a(1 -Izl)} (o 9 [1, +~) ) . Then
(2 + ~)-1 < f --lgz < (2 + o), Izl < 1, ~ e a ~

(2.6)

Proof. If

Izl ~ 1 and

A EfL,, then

I1 - Xzl _ I(1 -I.Xlz) + z(I,Xl- X)I < 1 + (1 -I.Xl) + I1 - ,Xl < 1 + (1 -I,Xl) + I1 - AI 5 2 + o. 1 -I.Xl I1 -I,Xlzl I 1 -I.Xlzl ll -I,Xlzl -

The other inequality is proved similarly. Theorem 2.9. Assume that a 9 [1, +cx~), h C fl~, and
~-~'(1 -I~1) < + ~ XEA

Then the Blaschke product related to A belongs to

Proof. W e p u t

O<p<2

N mult A~.

B de I ~ bx, f=
AEA

Bx de ~_X 1 f= B .

Taking into account the relations

Ibx(~)l ~ = 1 - (1

-Izl2)(1 -p,I 2)

I1 - Xzl 2 ' 1 (1 -IzlD(~, -I~,12) (z e D), lnlb~,(z)l = ~ ln(1 - (1 -It, x(z)12)) _ -~ 1 < I1 _: ,Xzl 2
(2+~)

I1 -1AI~I < I1 - X~I < (2 + ,011 -IAI~I, (~ e A c f ~ , z 9 D)

(see (2.6)), and the relation

--~((1-r)+(1-p)+ltl)<ll-pre"l<((1-r)+(1-p)+ltl),
we e s t i m a t e

(r, p 9 [0, 1), ~ E [-Tr, ~]),

tB'(rei')l,
I-IAI 2 I-IAI 2 -} E ('-Ib'(~)12

[B'(reit)l < ~
XEA

I1- Xreitl2 ]B~,(re")l < ~

XEA

I1--ir-~12 e

e~^x,~ "

<

_< v~

I1 - ~r~"l ~7 ~

$~

"-~'"'~
-~ ~

~..,-.)+<,-,~,)+,,,)~

_< v/.~( 2 + ~r)2(27r)2

1 - I~I ~ ~,~ ((1 -I.Xl) u ,-) + Itl) ~

= co ~((1 - r) + ltl)~ -:'(~-')~((1-')+l'l),

(r 9 [0, 1), t 9 [--~',~']),

,

where ~(u) def ~

XEA 3814

(u"k(1-lAD) 2

1-1~1

(u 9 [o, + ~ ) ) ,

co = e 7 ( 2 + ~ ) 2 ( 2 - 7

Cl =

2 ( 2 + a ) 2"

Let p 6 (0,2). We check that the measure IB'(z)IP(1 -Iz12). - ' (see part 20 of Theorem 2.1). If e 6 (0, 1], a 6 [0, r], and [a,a +~] C [0,~r], then
1 ot+~ 1 a+e

dm~(z)

satisfies the Carleson condition

/
1 --~

J [Bt(reit)'p(1-r)p-lrdrdt<c~ J J ~PP((1--r)+t)c-c*p(1-r)~((1-r)+t)(1--r) p-lrdrdf'=

c~ 1 --e ct

~-~00

J j
1--e

a+~+(1-r)

qaP(t)e-PC~(1-r)~(t)(1--r)p-lrdtdr<-

<_ f ( J c"o
ct

1-~ ~ + ( 1 - r ) 1 o~+2e

~PP(t)e-c*(1-r)~(t)dt)(1- r)P-l dt <_

<co p

~/~'(t)e-""'(t)u'-adudt_~2e e-'""x'-'dx.
k0 0

Since the function ~(Itl)~-c~(t'D is even, the above estimates imply that the measure IB'(z)l p (1 - I ~ 1 ) ~-' dm2(z) satisfies the Carleson condition. By Theorem 2.2, B fi mult A~. R e m a r k . Clearly, Theorem 2.9 remains true for Blaschke products of the form

B(z/=

X6A

l-I

where A C ~ , k(~) e N, and E k(~)(X -I~1) < +oo. a>_l).

L e m m a 2.10. Assume that A C D and 6(A) > 0. 1~ / f p 6 [1, +cr then

A6A Furthermore, the norm [[B[[m,it A~ can be estimated by a constant depending only on p and a (p 6 (0, 2),

Then the following statements hold:

1 1

; 2~

(2.7)

If p 6

[1, 2], then

1

(Dr t~:'A ~(~)(1 -- I~'1)(Iln(1 -- I~'1)1+ 1) I~ (1 - - I Z 1 2 ) p - 1 ~ ---~z)~

< const

dT/%2(z ) l

<__

(2s)

I~(),)IP(1 -I),l)(lln(1 - I ~ l ) l 2 + 1)

(in both cases, the constant depends only on 6(A)). Proof. I ~ For p = 1 inequality (2.7) is obvious since

sup[ ]1 -~z[3'~m2~z) 1-[~l xeD.I

2 ~ /

< +0r
3815

Now we consider the case p = cx),

~(~) (1 -I,Xl2)2(1
s

-Izl~)[

< 2 (sup [x(A)[)\~ei E

),EA

( 1 - - I A ' 2 ) ( 1 - ]z[2)

_< 2 \~*(sup Iz(A)I) (1 +

(see, e.g., [7] concerning the latter estimate). Applying the Riesz-Torin theorem to the operator x ~-+ A6A x(A)(~-[x[2)2(~-lz12) y~ [l_Xz[ a result. 2 ~ For p = 1 inequality (2.8) is obvious since

21ln~(A)l) (z 6D)
obtain the required

, we

/
D

dm2(z)

I1 - ~zl 2

(lln(1

IAI)I+I)

(AeD).

For p = 2 inequality (2.8) is also true. Indeed, A~ = H 2 and, since 5(A) > 0, the family of rational fractions ') 89 ) 1-~z is an unconditional basis of the subspaces it generates, the coefficients space coinciding with 12 (see, e.g., [12]). It remains to apply the Riesz-Torin theorem to the operator

((1-lXJ

z~ E
X6A

z(A)(1 -I,Xl)lln(1 -I~1)1 ~-~ _--~-~

(1 -Izl ~)

and

the spaces IP(A, tt) and L p (D,l_-i=-[;-[r/dm'(z)'(1 <_p_< 2); here/~({A}) a,f= (1 - I~1)(I ln(1 - I~1)1 + 1), A 6 A. ~

L e m m a 2.11. Let B ^ be the B1aschke product related to a set A (A C D \ {0}). The following statements hold: 1~ / f p 6 (0, 1), then
1

, II(BA)'II, _< ~--~J1-l,Xl~)(lln(1-1),l~l)+ 1)

AEA

(2.9)

(the constant depends only on p); 2 ~ Kp E (1,2) and 6(A) > 0, then
1

II(BA)'IIp _<const (~(1 - IAI2)(1 4-Iln(1 -IAI)I) 2-p) ~

(the constant depends only on 5(A)). Proof. 1~ If p e (0, 1], then

(2.10)

II(BA)'IIp --<
D

11 Xzl~ ]
I

/
em2(z)

= i;T2;

3816

Since for p 6 (0, 1) we have sup/

~.~

(1 --Izl~) ~-~ dm2(z) +oo,

if : : ~

<

and for p = 1 we have

f
D

i~-_~zl~ -Iln(1-1~l ) 1 ~

dm2(z)

(~D),

the required result follows. 8(a) 2~ Assume that p ~ [1,2] and ~(A) > 0. For short,we write B instead of B A. Since IB'(A)I _> ~ for A 6 A, it follows that
1 1 1

B(z) -- B(O---)+ ~

AB'(A) 1 - Xz'
1

z e D,
(2.11)
D.

B'(~)

= ~

1 B'(~)

(1

~z)~'

~e

To the right-hand side of the latter identity we apply Lemma 2.11 (statement 2 ~ with x(A) = B'(X) 1 (A 6 A). This yields (1- I,X I)(I l,,(a - IXl)l+ 1) [[B'[[p -< const (xe~A(1 - [A')(1 + [ln(1 -I~Xl)l T h e o r e m 2.12. Let A C D \ {0}. /A'p 6 [1, 2) and sup ~-"~(1~eD ~'~

2-p)
!

[bx(~)[2) (In

1 -I~(~)l 2

)2--p
< +oo,

~_D XEA Proof. The statement follows by direct application of Lemma 2.11 and Theorem 2.2 (part 20). C o r o l l a r y 2.3. /.fp 6 (0, 2), A satisfies the assumptions of Theorem 2.12, and inf{Ibx(5)l : ),, 5 e A, A # 5} > 0,

then B A E mult A~; ifp E ( 0 , 1 ) a n d sup ~ ( 1 - Ibxff)l*), < +oo, then B ^ e mult A~.

then R^(mult A~,) = t*~

(here R^f is the restriction of the function f to a).

The proof readily follows from the Earl theorem (see [14, 18]) about interpolation by Blaschke products combined with Theorem 2.12. L e m m a 2.14. Let H i d,__y{f E A : f ' E Hp } (p > 0), then N ( H ~176 a~) D U ( H ~176 H~). Iq f'l
p>0 p>0

Proof. If f E H i with p > 0, then

/ [f'(z)lP(1 -Izl=) "-adm2(z) = [_

D 0

[f'(rr162

(1 - r2) p-1 2r dr _<

f <- (IIf'IIH, /(1 F

J

r2)P -I 2r

dr =

1_

-(IIf'IIH, FP

It remains to observe that for 0 < P0 < Pl we have H p0 ~ H pl a I and A p0 f3 H ~ 1 (see Lemma 2.5 for the latter inclusion).

A pl f-) H ~176 1

3817

C o r o l l a r y 2.15. If f 9 H~176

G~ d~d {(u + 1)z - u" z 9 D} (u > 0), then fib E A~ (p 9 (0,2)).

Proof. Let u > 0. Clearly, H~176 g\-~-_Fyj:geH ~1769

Setting f ( z ) d~l g ( ~,_ ~/ (z 9 D, g 9 g~176 we estimate ]f'(z)l , = k, +l

I
\:,-~]

<,,,.,,+---i-- u + i

__ [.+~ 2 u_..+_..~
I

_
U "{- 1

= Ilgll-- 9 (u + 1) - l u + zl ~ p>0

_ _--

ll - ~12

Obviously, f'l,, e H ' , P 9 (0, 89 by Lemma 2.14 we obtain :1,, e N (A~ n H ' ) .

Th orer, 2.10. Up 9 (0,2), the mult 4

4n

'.

Proof. Let 0 < p < 2. The inclusion mult A~ C H " M A~ is obvious. We show that mult A~ r A~ f3 H ' . Assuming the contrary, we obtain

Ilfllcp--.p) < max{llf'llp, llflIH-},

P~(H~176

f ~ A~ f3 H ~176

For ~, e (0,11 we put a , a,_S { - u + (1 + ~,)z : z e D}. From CoroUary 2.15 we deduce that ' C AI, ( . 9 (0.11. p 9 (0,2)),
where H~176 is the space of all b o u n d e d analytic functions on G . . B y / ? ~ we denote the operation of restriction to D. Consequently,

I1~1,,11r
Next, let a , d~I 1+3. (u 9 (0, 1]) and let = 1-,

~ I1~11.-r

9 H~176

(2.12)

It can easily be checked that

into account, we obtain

w,(G1)
< Ill~

w,(z) dr__/ z - - a , 1 -- a . z

(z e G1, u e (0,11).

= G, (u 9 (0, I]),hence llf~

-llfllH-ta.), Taking
H~176 u 9 (0,I]).

(2.12)

Illo~.IDllr

= llfllH-(C.) (Y 9

Since w.(D) = D, we obtain ( f o w . ) ] . =

(fl.)

o (w.t.),

II(f o ~.)l.llr
and

--IIflDIlr

(f 9 H~176

u 9 (0,1)),

[I:I.II~-~>< llfl[.-~o.> ( f 9 H~176

The latter inequality implies that

u 9 (0, 1]).

Ilg \ 1 + u )LDII~,-,~ < Ilgll-=

and

((:)_+_-

(g 9 H ~176 H~176 =
t

u 9 (0, 11)

(fD lg'(Z+U'~l.)p (1 -Izl~) p-1 dm~(z)); 1 (1 +

Passing in (2.13) to the limit as u --~ +0, we get desired result. 3818

< ]lg]lH'-

(g 9 H~176 9 (0, 1]). u

(2.13)

lig'iiv < I]gllH', g 9 H~176 i.e., H ~176 AapMH ~176 < p < 2). B u t this is not true (see L e m m a 1.6). This contradiction implies the = (0

w 3. DIVISION IN THE SPACES A~(0 < p < 2) L e m m a 3.1. Let $ be a space of functions analytic i n D a n d l e t $~ d,=l { f E A : f' E g}. If B E (muir s n (mult s ) is a Blaschke product such that division by B is possible in s then division by B is also possible in s

Proof. If B 9F E El and F E A, then B2F E E1, B B ' F + B2F ' E E, 2 B B ' F + B2F ' E $.

Consequently, B2F ' E $ and F' E g, i.e., F E s T h e o r e m 3.2. /s A C D, 5(A) > 0, 0 < p < 2, and B ^ E mult A~, then in A~ division by B A is possible.

Proof. We apply Lemma 3.1 to g = A p and $1 = A~, observing that mult Ap = H ~ and that, by Lemma 1.13, division by B h is possible in Ap if 5(A) > 0.
T h e o r e m 3.3. Let S~(z) = exp a Z_-~ (z E D, a > 0). Then division by Sa isnot possiblein A~ (0 < p < 2).

Proof. Assume that for some a0 E (0, +co) and some p E (0, 2) division by Sa is possible in A~. Then, clearly, division by 5'a is also possible in mult A~, i.e., there exists a constant 70 (70 E (0, +co)) such that

II&o Fll(r-.p) >- ~ollFIl(,-~,)

(VF e

H~176

(3.1)

See Remark 2.3 for the definition of [l" II(,-~,). We show that, combined with Theorems 2.2 and 2.7, inequality (3.1) imphes the estimate

IIS.. FII(,-,) > ~olIFII(,-~,)

Indeed, if A E ( - 1 , 1), then i-1. + 1 "-~ 1 1 --Az 1- A
~--

(a > 0, F e H~~
z+ 1
z
__ 1 ~

II&o-F(b~(--))II(,-~,) _> ;olIF(b~(--)II(,--,),

IIS~o o (-b~)). P o(b~ o b~)ll(,-~)_> 7olIF o(b~ o b~)ll(~-.~), IIS~. rll(,-~,) > 7ollFIl(p-.p), F e H ~176
1-1 where a = 1+I" Since A E ( - 1 , 1) is arbitrary, we obtain

tlS.. FIl(,-p) > "rollFIl(,-.,)

(F e H ~,

a >

0).

(3.2)

For h E H ~176 with [[h[[H~O < 1, we introduce the following family of functions:

9o(z)a~I h ( ~ - 1z a =
a

~)

(Izl<l,z#l,a>l).

We estimate Ig'~(z)l,

Ig'~(z)l = lh' (a-a I

a-- 1

(a - 1)a

<
-

a
< - -

-1a

z+

~ -I(a-

1); + II 2

- I1 - zl ~
Now we show that g~S~ E mult A~ (a >_ 1) and

(Izl < 1, a > 1).

sup{l[g~S~ll(p-.p) : a > 1) < + ~ .

3819

Indeed, if F E A~, then

2a

I(g~" & " F)')z)l ~ IF'(z)l + Ig'Jz)l IS~(=)l- IF(z) + Ig~(=)l I&(z)l 9
3a _< IF'(z)l + I1 _ zl------il&(z)lIF~(z)l, Since S~ E mult A~ and z E D.

I1

z[ 2 IF(z)l _<

= IISlll(p-+p), it follows that

(1 - z) ~ " S~. r
P

[l(ga " Sa. F)'Hp < [If'lip + Consequently, sup

a~l

< IIFH(p),

a >_ 1, r 6 Ap.

Ilga&lt(p-p) <

+o~. Inequality (3.2)implies that

t de__/sup IIg.ll(~-,)
a>_l

< +co

and, in addition,

/ Ig'a(z)lP(1 -Izl2F- ' dm2(z)

-

=fl '(aa
D

(1 - Izl2) p-1 dm2(z) ~ tiP,

a >_ I.

Passing to the limit in the latter integral as a ~ +oo, we obtain Ih'(z)lP(1 - I z l 2 ) p-1 dm2(z) < t p < + ~ .
D

Thus, from the assumption that division by S~ o is possible in A~ we have deduced the inclusion H ~ C Alp, which contradicts Lemma 1.6. L e m m a 3.4. Let p e [1,2), 1 + ~ = 1, and let A0 be a finite subset of D. FinMly, let

x(~)
(Jyx)(z) a~__f E
.~EAo

Y(~)I-~---~

(z E D; xly E ~(A0)).

Then

where/A(A0) is the set of a11 functions on Ao with values in the set =t=1,and s(A0) is the set of a11 numerical functions on A0. Proof. First, we observe that for every function f analytic in the closed disk olD, the mapping ~ Ef(k)~(k)'
k>

~ E A~,,

3820

is a continuous linear functional on A~, , and

'l
IIJ,~llr ~ ];,~o o(~x)W,)x(~,)
+~
1

~< Ilfll(,) ('~ e A~,, I1r

<

1).

(3.3)

Therefore, substituting f = Svx (x e s(Ao), y E H(Ao)) in (3.3), we obtain

y(A)Re(r
AEAo

1
~EAo

y(A) Im(O(A). x(A))

(llr

<_ 1, v c U(A0),

E s(h0)).

Passing to supremum over y E H(A0), we arrive at the desired statement. L e m m a 3.5. Let p E [1, 2), let A0 be a finite subset of D, and let ~ + ~ = 1. We set
77o = min{lA[ : A E A0}. Then
1__1_ def

7p = sup

del

{ ~ o IO(A)l I~(A)I :,,0,,(0 1 } > <

C,~ho/x(A),)(lnl_--e o)

x e s(Ao).

Proof. Let p e [1,2), ~ + , 1 = 1. For a e lq(N) with I1=11~'< 1 we set

=
,',>o

z 2"

(z ED,

~ E T).

Then

sup{llCe,.llr

I1~11~,-< 1,~ e T} < +oo and

1

T AEAo n>O > Ix(~,)l

n>O

AEAo
t

n>O
,

14(,,)1,70

x ~ s(Ao),

If IlZllt~ <- 1, then

cz =

IZl89 c zq(N) and II~ll~, <- 1, hence

l

we

obtain

"rp ~>
o

Ix(~X)

1~(,~)1,7
1

,
1

11,o11,,,~ 1;
e.

"rp >~

Ix(X)l

,~" ~

Ix(X)l

in 1

770

;-7

x c s(Ao).

3821

T h e o r e m 3.6. Let p E [1, 2). Assume that A (A C D) satistles the following conditions:

~(A) > 0,

_
XEA

(1 -IM)lln(1 -I)`1)1 ~- 9 8

)'

= +~,

(3.4)

X~A, 2.--a!+n- 1- IXI< r <

and B ^ E A~, where B a a~__/ H ~ b ~ (zx c A). Then there exist infinitely many subsets A C A with the property B A ~ Alp. Proof. Let p E [1, 2). First, we prove the estimate

I(A) a~2 B a

\lea

" (1

1-

)`z) 2 ] + ( B a )'
p

< c, < +0%

AcA

(3.5)

(with c8 depending only on 8(A)). For this it suffices to observe that

I(A) =
D

(1

~z) 2 " T

)` i'----'~-z Ba\{M

'

(1-1zl2)'-ldm2(z)<-

f
D

1 Xd2 1 -IM I1 -I)`12 "211-Xzl

(1 -Izl2F -~ d~2(~) (,',cA),

and to apply inequality (2.7) from Lemma 2.10 in the case x()`) = 1. Next, Lemma 1.13 implies the relation

)` (1
Taking (3.5) into account, we get

)`~)2

<

ii.
p

1-1__)`12 '1 )` (1)`z)2Jllp

&cA.

(zx c A).

)` (1 - )`z) 2

1<: II< (11B~)'II, + cs),

Xz)2
p

(3.6)

Putting Ca(),) = 1 ()` E A) and g~(A) = - 1 ()` E A \ A), we deduce from (3.6) that

XeA

(1

<ce +II(B~)'II, +It(BA)'IIp,

/X C A.

(3.7)

= We define A, dey {)` E A : I)`l E (1 - ga-, 1 - 2.--~:r]} (n E N). Let yn E / / ( A n ) (i.e., yn is a function on A~ ' taking only the values 4-1). Denoting by (Rn)neN the sequence of the Rademacher functions, for every fixed t E [0, 1] we define a set A C A by the relation

&()`) = Rn(t)v~()`)
Then, putting

()` e An, ~ e N).

qp,(z) d~__S
XEA~

(1-xz)2' we obtain by (3.7),

< c~ + II(Ba)'ll, + II(BA)'[Ip.

(3.8)

3822

Now, let E be a measurable subset of [0, 1], [E I > 0. Applying a version of the Khinchin inequality for E (see [13]), we deduce that

ti

E
n>-nE

R.(t)~o.(z)

(1

-Izl~F -'

dm;(z) >_ %
D

I~,.(;11;

( 1 - I~I~) ,'-'

dm~(z)>
(3.9)

ko.(z)lP(1 -1~12) p-'

dm2(z))

l<p<2,

for some natural number n E and some positive constant C E depending only on E. By Lemma 3.4 and 3.5, for each n there exists y, E U(A,) such that

11
AEA,-,

lnl -I, I

(~D[~n(Z)iP(1-izi2)p-ldm2(z)) ~,

hEN.

Therefore, under condition (3.4) we see that (3.7), (3.S), and (3.9) imply the existence of a sequence (y,),eN (yn e / 4 ( h , ) for n e N) such that

Xz)2
D AriA,.,

]'

(1- I~1~)'-' drn2(z)= +oo

for almost every t E [0, 1]. By (3.8), the theorem follows. R e m a r k 3.7'. If a set A(A C D, 6(A) > 0) satisfies (3.4) for all p(p e (1,2)), then there exists a subset A of A with the property
q<2

This can easily be deduced by a slight modification of the above argument. L e m m a 3.8. Let (ak )k~N be a numerical sequence such that

0 < la01 < la, I < . - . < 1 and

y~(1 -lakl) < +oo.

k>O

Then there exists a strictIy increasing sequence (n(k ))k>_o o[ natural numbers with the property that the set A A d~=/ U {( e D : (,~(k) = ak}
kEN

satisfies the relation

lira I(B A)'(~)I(1 - I~q 2) = 1.

~EA

Proof. We take a sequence (n(k))k>o with the following properties:

~(k) < ~(k + 1) (k ~ ),

k---,+er

(3.10) (3.11)
3823

lira l a k l ~

= 0,

k-1

~--.+oo n( k ) E n(j ) - O.
j=O

lira

(3.12)

Clearly, such sequences exist; moreover, (3.12) is a consequence of (3.10) and (3.11). We observe that
i - lak, I~

1 > ](BA)'(()I(1 -1~[ 2) = (1 -1~12)11 _ ak,~.(kOi 2 9 n(ke)l~l ~<ko-' 9 II Ib~(~"~)l----k~ke

2

---

IX
kCk e

l_l~l.(k)lakl

" l_lakel ~

"n(k~)l~k~ -.-r~.

Now, for k r 1 6 2 we estimate the quantity

[~['(~)-I=~l [ from below. If k < ke, then I

I

I1~1"(k)f : ~T~Tk)ITk[ if k > k~, then

lakll=2-1aLI+ [ak, I~-ec~ >__1 1_ lakllak,[_~

1-

- lake [2.-~. 1-1a~l '

11~1 "r -lakl lakl- I~k,I ~-W~ 1- I~kl I~l"(k) [ = 1 - I~111~k,l~-~ >

2 1 - lak, I~-~"' '

1 -[akl

Together with (3.10)-(3.12), this implies the desired result.

R e m a r k . If A is the set constructed in the preceding lemma, then for every e > 0 there exists a finite set A~ C A such that 6(A \ A,) > 1 - e. L e m m a 3.9. Let (ak)~_>o be a sequence of positive numbers satisfying

O<ak<l,

~-'~(1-a~)'-l<+oo,
k>O

Vpe(1,2);

fox a ~equence (r~(k))k_>0 o~"n ~ t u r ~ number~ we put

k>e
Then (n(k))k>o can be chosen in such a way that (3.10), (3.11) are fultilled and

Proof. We construct (n(k))k>o by induction, setting n(0) de__/ I. Next, assume that we have constructed a family (n(j))k=o of natural numbers such that n(J+l)(l~(j) --[aj[) >_ j (j E {0,1,2,... ,k}). Defining qok(z) d~=I 1-I ba~(z'~(D), we clearly have ~ok E l~. Therefore, there is a natural number n(k + 1) such that
j=0
k

j_>n(k+l) 3824

5-, ,--,

1-[a I~k(J)l _< (k +1 1)2 k>_0 k

and

+ 2 ) ( 1 --lak+ll) > k + 1. n(k + 1)

Now we estimate the quantity II~kll,~,,

_<

( ~-~1~k-l(J)zJ) "bat(zn(k') + j=o l~ 1

<

~k-l(J)zJl "bak(zn(k))]]l ~
J )

I~k-,(j)l p

Ilba~ll,~+

I~k-,(J)l

Ilba~llt~ <

< (I}~k-1 }ll~+ ~k~2(0))I[ba, I't~< ( 1 + ~--5)I'~k-1 ,It~ll ba, Ill~t <

-< II~01l,: 1-[ 1 + ~

j----1

H IIb~ I1,:
j=l

Since

Ilbxllp - 1 ~< (1
for p > 1, it follows that

-I~1)'-' (~ eD)
1

)
i=1

(I + : , ( I - a , ) ' )

(k

m,

thus, IIBIIt~<+~
Lemma 3.10. Let p E (0,+oo), then

f lf'(z")n:-aW(1 -Iz12)p-I dm2(z)<~f

D D

If'(z)lP(1 -Iz12) p-a

dm2(z) (f e

A~, n

e N).

Proof. Setting

= " E~d': { re't : 0 <

we have

r < 1, 27rk

~<t< r~
/

27r(k + 1)
n

(ke{0,1,...,~-l}),

.-,

1 dm2(w),

E~

(3.13)

ke {0,1,...,n-1}

(the change of variables in the integral involves an appropriate branch of the power function). Summing in (3.13) over k, we arrive at the required result after simple elementary calculations. Theorem 3.11. For every e E (0. 88 there exists a set A C D with the following properties: 10. 6(A) e (1 - ~ , 1 ) ;

3825

3~ There exists a subset A of A such that

U
0<p<2

Ap.

Proof. We put a~ d~I=1 - 2 -(~+~) (k E N). It is easily seen that there exists a sequence (n(k))~>0_ of natural
numbers satisfying the assumptions of Lemmas 3.8 and 3.9. Let A d,__=/ U {~ E D : ("(~) = a~ }. Then kEN

B*(z) = 1-[
k>0

B* e N
~>~

,(A) e (1-

Next, if p E (0,1) and B~,(z) de___ll-I baj(Z"O)), then j#k

II(BA)'II~ <_f
D

IBk(z)llb',~(~"(~))n( l~)z"(k)-~l (1-1zl~)P-'d,n2(z) <

- Izl2F -~ dm2(z).
D k>o

< f ~ Ib'~(z"(k))n(k)z"(k)-IlP(1

By L e m m a 3.10 and the argument from the proof of L e m m a 2.10 (part i~ we obtain that

II(BA)'II~ < const ~

] Ib'~(z)lP(1 - Izl2) p-~ dm2(z) < const E ( 1

k_>0

- a k ) p < +cr

k_>O D J

(the constant depends only on P). Let p E [1,2) and let Ai % / { A E A: 1 -I~I e Then E j_>0

[2-(#+'),2-J)} e (j

N).

(I-I~I)11n(1-I~I)I" '--89
k_>0
> ~(2-~ln k_>0

I I I 2~c~ (~(2t~ ~(k)))r-~(k)

(1 _< p < 2),

~>

n(k))~ -~ = +oo

provided that the sequence n(k))k>o satisfies the following additional condition:

(1-a~)ln~(k)=2-kln~(k)>_
It remains to apply Remark 3.7 (after Theorem 3.6).

1, k~N.

R e m a r k 3.12. I ~ Theorem 3.11 implies the existence of a Blaschke product B such that division by B is not possible not only in A~ (0 < p < 2) but also in l~ (1 < p < 2). In a different way, similar results for IP4(p E [1,2) U (2, +oo]) were obtained earlier in [4]. 2 ~ Clearly, in the above results the condition 6(A) > 0 can be replaced in many instances by the
Ft

condition that A is representable as a finite union A -- U Ai with 6(Ay) > 0 (3 E {1,2,... ,n}). j=l 3 o. Theorems 2.7 and 3.2 imply that 1-~Sa" E
-- Sa

N
O<p<2

mult Ap

(~ED,~0;aE(0,+cx~)),

3826

and division by this Blaschke product is possible in A~ (p E (0, 2)). This investigation was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, grant 94-01-01-32, and the International Science Foundation, grant R3M000. Translated by S. V. Kislyakov. Literature Cited 1. V. P. Gurarii, "Factorization of absolutely convergent Taylor series and Fourier integrals," Zap. Nauchn. Semin. LOMI, 30, 15-32 (1972). 2. N. A. Shirokov, "Some properties of primary ideals of absolutely convergent Taylor series and Fourier integrMs," Zap. Nauchn. Semin. LOMI, 39, 149-161 (1974). 3. I. E. Verbitskii, "On the multipliers of the space Ip ,, Funkts. Anal. Prilozh., 14, 67-68 (1980). ~ 4. S. A. Vinogradov, "Multiplicative properties of power series with coefficients from lP,'' Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 254, 1301-1306 (1980). 5. S. A. Vinogradov, "Multiplicative properties of some LP-spaces of analytic functions," in: Functions Theory, Abstracts [in Russian], Sykt. Gos. Univ. (1993), pp. 10-11. 6. V. V. Peller and S. V. Khrushchev, "Hankel operators, best approximations, and stationary processes," Usp. Mat. Nauk, 37, 53-124 (1982). 7. S. A. Vinogradov and V. P. Khavin, "Free interpolation in H ~176 in some other classes of functions. and I," gap. Nauchn. Semin. LOMI, 47, 15-54 (1974). 8. S. A. Vinogradov and V. P. Khavin, "Free interpolation in H ~176 in some other classes of functions. and II," gap. Nauchn. Semin. LOMI, 56, 12-58 (1976). 9. C. Horowitz, "Factorizion theorems for functions in the Bergman spaces," Duke Math. J., 44, 201-213 (1977). 10. S. N. Mergelyan, "On an integral related to analytic functions," Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Set. Mat., 15, 395-400 (1951). 11. W. Rudin, "The radial variation of analytic function," Duke Math. J., 22, 235:242 (1955). 12. N. K. Nikol'skii, Lectures on the Shift Operator [in Russian], Moscow (1980). 13. A. Zygmund, Trigonometric Series, Vol. 1, Cambrige Univ. Press (1959). 14. J. P. Earl, "On the interpolation of bounded sequences by bounded analytic functions," J. Lond. Math. Soc., 2, 544-548 (1970). 15. S. A. Vinogradov, "Paley singularitives and interpolation theorems of Rudin-Carleson type for certain classes of analytic functions," Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 178, 511-514 (1968). 16. J. Bergh and J. LSfstrSm, Interpolation Spaces. An Introduction, Springer-Verlag (1976). 17. J. Fournier, "An interpolation problem for coefficients of functions," Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 42, No. 2 (1974).

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